洞庭湖生态风险评价及阶段性特征
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摘要
采用"压力-响应"模式,按3个阶段评价了洞庭湖1991～2015年生态风险状况,并识别了不同阶段的主要压力源、胁迫因子及受影响较大的生态系统指标与生态系统服务.结果表明:(1)1991～2015年,洞庭湖生态风险总体呈不断增加趋势,期间造成洞庭湖生态风险增加的主要压力源发生了较大变化;主要胁迫因子和受影响大的生态系统指标也变化明显,而受影响较大的生态系统服务功能无明显变化.(2)不同阶段,洞庭湖生态风险影响因素不同,其中1991～2002年,受自然源和人为源共同影响;2003～2010年,自然源影响明显减弱,而人为源影响逐步增加;2011～2015年,自然源影响继续降低,而人为源的影响则进一步增加;(3)近年来洞庭湖生态风险增速虽有所减缓,但生态风险增加趋势尚未根本性改变,仍需加强洞庭湖保护治理,重点是进一步加强流域人为源的污染控制,同时密切关注自然源影响,尤其是水文情势变化所引起的生态风险增加问题.
To protect Dongting Lake more effectively, it is very important to evaluate the ecological risk of Dongting Lake quantitatively. In this paper, the "Pressure-Response" model was adopted to evaluate the ecological risk status of Dongting Lake from the viewpoint of three stages from 1991 to 2015 and identify the main pressure source, stress factors and the main affected ecosystem indicators, ecosystem services of different stages. The results showed that(1) the ecological risk of Dongting Lake increased continuously from 1991 to 2015, and its main pressure source changed greatly. The main stress factors and the main affected ecosystem indicators were also changed obviously, but the main ecosystem services had no significant change.(2) The ecological risk factors of Dongting Lake were different at different stages. From 1991 to 2002, the ecological risk was influenced by both natural and social sources; From 2003 to 2010, the influence of natural sources was weakened, the influence of social sources began to emerge. From 2011 to 2015, the influence of natural sources was relatively small, and the influence of social sources was big.(3)Although the growth trend of ecological risks has slowed down in recent years, but which was still needed to strengthen protection and governance. It was to strengthen the pollution control of social sources continually in the basin, and to pay close attention to the changes of natural sources, especially the increasing of the ecological risk caused by the changes in hydrological conditions.
To protect Dongting Lake more effectively, it is very important to evaluate the ecological risk of Dongting Lake quantitatively. In this paper, the "Pressure-Response" model was adopted to evaluate the ecological risk status of Dongting Lake from the viewpoint of three stages from 1991 to 2015 and identify the main pressure source, stress factors and the main affected ecosystem indicators, ecosystem services of different stages. The results showed that(1) the ecological risk of Dongting Lake increased continuously from 1991 to 2015, and its main pressure source changed greatly. The main stress factors and the main affected ecosystem indicators were also changed obviously, but the main ecosystem services had no significant change.(2) The ecological risk factors of Dongting Lake were different at different stages. From 1991 to 2002, the ecological risk was influenced by both natural and social sources; From 2003 to 2010, the influence of natural sources was weakened, the influence of social sources began to emerge. From 2011 to 2015, the influence of natural sources was relatively small, and the influence of social sources was big.(3)Although the growth trend of ecological risks has slowed down in recent years, but which was still needed to strengthen protection and governance. It was to strengthen the pollution control of social sources continually in the basin, and to pay close attention to the changes of natural sources, especially the increasing of the ecological risk caused by the changes in hydrological conditions.
引文
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[3]Harwell M A,Gentile J H,Bartuska A,et al.A science-based strategy for ecological restoration in South Florida[J].Urban Ecosystems,1999,3(3/4):201-222.
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[6]Glenn W Suter II.Ecological risk assessment in the United States environmental protection agency:A historical overview[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,2008,4(3):285-289.
[7]李莹杰,张列宇,吴易雯,等.江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物重金属GIS空间分布及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1321-1329.Li Y J,Zhang L Y,Wu Y W,et al.GIS spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Shallow Lakes in Jiangsu Province[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1321-1329.
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[10]Ke X,Gui S,Huang H,et al.Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area,China[J].Chemosphere,2017,175:473.
[11]Li F,Huang J,Zeng G,et al.Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongting Lake,Middle China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,132(3):75-83.
[12]Pintadoherrera M G,Wang C,Lu J,et al.Distribution,mass inventories,and ecological risk assessment of legacy and emerging contaminants in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary in China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,323(Pt A):128-138.
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[14]Liu J,Chen Q,Li Y.Ecological risk assessment of water environment for Luanhe River Basin based on relative risk model[J].Ecotoxicology,2010,19(8):1400-1415.
[15]Jr M W,Rea A W,Martin L,et al.Ecosystem services as assessment endpoints for ecological risk assessment[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment&Management,2016,12(3):522-528.
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[26]李琳琳,卢少勇,孟伟,等.长江流域重点湖泊的富营养化及防治[J].科技导报,2017,35(9):13-22.Li L L,Lu S Y,Meng W,et al.Eutrophication and control measures of key lakes in the Yangtze River Basin[J].Science&Technology Review,2017,35(9):13-22.
[27]熊剑,喻方琴,田琪,等.近30年来洞庭湖水质营养状况演变特征分析[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(6):1217-1225.Xiong J,Yu F Q,Tian Q,et al.The evolution of water quality and nutrient condition in Lake Dongting in recent 30 years[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(6):1217-1225.
[28]王丑明,张屹,石慧华,等.洞庭湖大型底栖动物群落结构和水质评价[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(2):395-404.Wang C M,Zhang Y,Shi H H,et al.Macrozoobenthic community structure and bioassessment of water quality in Lake Dongting[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(2):395-404.
[29]张屹,王丑明,石慧华,等.洞庭湖近30年大型底栖动物的群落演变[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(8):1348-1353.Zhang Y,Wang C M,Shi H H,et al.Macrobenthic community succession during last thirty years in Dongting lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(8):1348-1353.
[30]向泓宇.东洞庭湖越冬候鸟与环境因子的相关性研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2016.Xiang H Y.A study on the correlation between wintering migratory birds in Dongting lake and environmental factors[D].Changsha:Hunan university,2016.
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