在困境中前行——论《还乡》与《卡斯特桥市长》中的俄狄浦斯形象
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摘要
自古希腊悲剧以降,无困境不悲剧,不行动非英雄。《还乡》与《卡斯特桥市长》是哈代小说创作的转折期作品,且后者堪称经典,这两部作品的主人公克林与亨察德所遭遇的困境及所采取的行动均呈现俄狄浦斯的痕迹;法夫瑞的上升之路又与俄狄浦斯的早期经历层层重合。哈代遵循"困境—行动"的脉络,借助俄狄浦斯这一经典悲剧人物,完成了对三位男性主人公的人物塑造和小说情节设计,实现了从喜剧到悲剧的成功转型。
Plight and action have emerged as two significant elements of tragedy in the wake of ancient Greek tragedies. The Return of the Native and The Life and Death of the Mayor of Casterbridge are the outcomes of Thomas Hardy' changes of style, and the latter is referred to as classic. In these two novels, the tragic image of Oedipus can be traced in the plight that the two main characters-Clym and Henchard encountered and the actions they took, and Oedipus' early experience in another character-Farfrae's journey of success as well. Hardy, following the plot "plight to action", with the help of the tragic image of Oedipus, which gradually emerges, fulfills the three main men characters and designs the related plots. In such a process, the transition from comedy to tragedy has also been achieved successfully.
Plight and action have emerged as two significant elements of tragedy in the wake of ancient Greek tragedies. The Return of the Native and The Life and Death of the Mayor of Casterbridge are the outcomes of Thomas Hardy' changes of style, and the latter is referred to as classic. In these two novels, the tragic image of Oedipus can be traced in the plight that the two main characters-Clym and Henchard encountered and the actions they took, and Oedipus' early experience in another character-Farfrae's journey of success as well. Hardy, following the plot "plight to action", with the help of the tragic image of Oedipus, which gradually emerges, fulfills the three main men characters and designs the related plots. In such a process, the transition from comedy to tragedy has also been achieved successfully.
引文
[1] 聂珍钊.悲戚而刚毅的艺术家[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1992.
[2] 何宁.哈代研究史[M].南京:译林出版社,2011.
[3] 聂珍钊.哈代学术史研究[M].南京:译林出版社,2014.
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[7] 别林斯基.别林斯基论莎士比亚[C]//李邦媛,译.古典文艺理论译丛编辑委员会.古典文艺理论译丛:第3册.北京:人民文学出版社,1962:133-150.
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[16] 哈代.还乡[M].张玲,张扬,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2004.
[17] 埃斯库罗斯,索福克勒斯.罗念生全集:第2卷:埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种、索福克勒斯悲剧四种[M].罗念生,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
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[19] 冯茜.亨察尔:十九世纪的俄狄浦斯王[J].中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(2):102-106.
[20] 陈习芝.《卡斯特桥市长》的悲剧模式[J].安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(1):41-43.
[21] 哈代.卡斯特桥市长[M].张玲,张扬,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2004.
[22] THOMPSON E P.Customs in common[M].London:Penguin Books Ltd,1993:404-466.
[23] HILL B.Eighteenth-century women:an anthology[M].London:George Allen & Unwin,1984:110.
[24] 弗吉尼亚 W.托马斯哈代的小说[M]//刘文荣,译.伍尔夫读书随笔.上海:文汇出版社,2006:132-139.
[25] GIERG J Y T.The letters of David Hume:Vol.2[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1932:310.
[26] 赵立平.近代早期英格兰与苏格兰合并问题研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2003:92.
[27] 聂珍钊.哈代的“悲观主义”问题探索[M]//文学伦理学批评及其它:聂珍钊自选集.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2012:115-126.
[2] 何宁.哈代研究史[M].南京:译林出版社,2011.
[3] 聂珍钊.哈代学术史研究[M].南京:译林出版社,2014.
[4] 刘小菠.哈代思想的一次发展与变化:小说《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》比较[J].贵州社会科学,2008(2):83-86.
[5] 程孟辉.西方悲剧学说史[M].北京:商务印书馆国际有限公司,2009.
[6] 叔本华.作为意志与表象的世界[M].石冲白,译.北京:商务印书馆,1982:427.
[7] 别林斯基.别林斯基论莎士比亚[C]//李邦媛,译.古典文艺理论译丛编辑委员会.古典文艺理论译丛:第3册.北京:人民文学出版社,1962:133-150.
[8] 车尔尼雪夫斯基.艺术与现实的审美关系[M].周扬,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2009:30.
[9] 布拉德雷 A S.莎士比亚悲剧[M].张国强,朱涌协,周祖炎,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1992.
[10] 任生名.西方现代悲剧论稿[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998:6.
[11] 亚里士多德.诗学[M].陈中梅,译.北京:商务印书馆,1996.
[12] 祁寿华.论哈代小说的悲剧效果[M]//祁寿华,WILLIAM W M.回应悲剧缪斯的呼唤:托马斯·哈代小说和诗歌研究文集.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001:17-36.
[13] 朱光潜.悲剧心理学[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1996:202.
[14] DODDS E R.On misunderstanding the“Oedipus Rex”[J].Greece & rome,1966 (1):37-49.
[15] HARDY F E.The early life of Thomas Hardy,1840-1891[M].London:Macmillan Press Ltd.,1928:157.
[16] 哈代.还乡[M].张玲,张扬,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2004.
[17] 埃斯库罗斯,索福克勒斯.罗念生全集:第2卷:埃斯库罗斯悲剧三种、索福克勒斯悲剧四种[M].罗念生,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
[18] PATERSON J.“The Mayor of Casterbridge”as tragedy[J].Victorian studies,1959 (3):151-172.
[19] 冯茜.亨察尔:十九世纪的俄狄浦斯王[J].中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(2):102-106.
[20] 陈习芝.《卡斯特桥市长》的悲剧模式[J].安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(1):41-43.
[21] 哈代.卡斯特桥市长[M].张玲,张扬,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2004.
[22] THOMPSON E P.Customs in common[M].London:Penguin Books Ltd,1993:404-466.
[23] HILL B.Eighteenth-century women:an anthology[M].London:George Allen & Unwin,1984:110.
[24] 弗吉尼亚 W.托马斯哈代的小说[M]//刘文荣,译.伍尔夫读书随笔.上海:文汇出版社,2006:132-139.
[25] GIERG J Y T.The letters of David Hume:Vol.2[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1932:310.
[26] 赵立平.近代早期英格兰与苏格兰合并问题研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2003:92.
[27] 聂珍钊.哈代的“悲观主义”问题探索[M]//文学伦理学批评及其它:聂珍钊自选集.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2012:115-126.