基于遥感数据的秸秆焚烧源排放清单及时空分布特征
|
摘要
分析秸秆焚烧事件引起的空气污染状况,常使用CMAQ、NAQPMS、WRF-CHEM等模型进行空气质量模拟,而污染源排放清单是模拟模型的关键输入.为满足模型清单输入要求,以2014年5月7日四川盆地内发生的一次由油菜秸秆焚烧引起的重污染事件为例,采用排放因子法进行污染物年排放量估算,结合卫星火点数据、土地利用数据对其进行空间特征分析,并使用Bluesky CONSUME模型估算了污染物的烟羽抬升,结合激光雷达获取了气溶胶消光系数以分析其时间特征.结果表明:以2013年为基准年,全年区域内CO、NOx、SO2、PM2. 5、PM10及NMVOC (非甲烷挥发性有机化合物)的年排放量分别为5 791. 022、193. 842、43. 268、574. 602、1 495. 350和1 495. 350 t,成都市、德阳市、绵阳市、眉山市、资阳市各污染物排放量占比分别为13. 90%、22. 39%、31. 81%、12. 11%、19. 79%.各污染物排放量均在地面层呈3个大值中心、2个空值带的分布趋势.采用环境1B卫星和MODIS火点数据结合提取焚烧火点分析发现,5月7日四川盆地内5个城市均存在不同程度的秸秆焚烧情况.经空间分配后发现,此次排放的重点在德阳市及绵阳市南部,污染物排放量最大值出现在德阳市中部,成都市秸秆焚烧火点最少,污染物排放量也最小.受当天大气边界层高度的影响,污染物垂直分布主要集中在35 m以下,并在30 m左右形成污染物极大层.另外,受秸秆焚烧管制影响,在16:00—翌日04:00排放量呈逐渐上升趋势,09:00—16:00排放量较少.研究显示,秸秆焚烧源排放清单与前人研究结果较为一致,排放清单的烟羽抬升结果与气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布较为吻合.
To analyze the air pollution caused by straw burning,CMAQ/NAQPMS/WRF-CHEM models are often used for air quality simulations and the emission inventory is the key input of the simulation models. To meet the input requirements of the air quality models,we conducted this study by taking a heavy pollution incident caused by a rape straw open burning happened in Sichuan Basin on May 7 th2014 as a case. The emission factor method was adopted to estimate the annual emission. The burning point data retrieved from Satellite and the land use data were used to analyze the spatial features. The Bluesky CONSUME model was used to estimate the plume uplift of pollutants. Finally,the aerosol extinction coefficient gained by laser radar was used to analyze the temporal features. Taking 2013 as our base year,the results showed that the total emissions of CO,NOx,SO2,PM2. 5,PM10 and NMVOC( non-methane volatile organic compounds) in the region were 5791. 022,193. 842,43. 268,574. 602,1495. 350 and 1495. 350 t. The emissions of different kinds of pollutants in Chengdu City,Deyang City,Mianyang City,Meishan City and Ziyang City accounted for 13. 90%,22. 39%,31. 81%,12. 11% and 19. 79% of the total emissions respectively. The emissions of different kinds of pollutants show a trend of three large-value centers with two null zones on the ground. The burning points extracted by two satellite data( HJ-1 B and MODIS) showed that there were various degrees of straw burning in 5 cities in the basin on May 7 th. After spatial allocation,the key emission areas were in the southern part of Deyang City and Mianyang City,and the maximum emissions were in the central part of Deyang City. As for Chengdu City,the straw burning points were the least and so were the emissions. Effected by the height of the atmospheric boundary layer on that day,the vertical distribution of pollutants was mainly concentrated below 35 m,and the maximum layer of pollutant was formed around 30 m. Due to the control of straw burning,the emissions gradually increased from 16: 00 to 04: 00 of next day and decreased from 09: 00 to 16: 00.The study shows that the estimates are consistent with the straw burning list of previous studies,and the plume uplift results of the emission inventory are consistent with the vertical distribution of the aerosol extinction coefficient.
To analyze the air pollution caused by straw burning,CMAQ/NAQPMS/WRF-CHEM models are often used for air quality simulations and the emission inventory is the key input of the simulation models. To meet the input requirements of the air quality models,we conducted this study by taking a heavy pollution incident caused by a rape straw open burning happened in Sichuan Basin on May 7 th2014 as a case. The emission factor method was adopted to estimate the annual emission. The burning point data retrieved from Satellite and the land use data were used to analyze the spatial features. The Bluesky CONSUME model was used to estimate the plume uplift of pollutants. Finally,the aerosol extinction coefficient gained by laser radar was used to analyze the temporal features. Taking 2013 as our base year,the results showed that the total emissions of CO,NOx,SO2,PM2. 5,PM10 and NMVOC( non-methane volatile organic compounds) in the region were 5791. 022,193. 842,43. 268,574. 602,1495. 350 and 1495. 350 t. The emissions of different kinds of pollutants in Chengdu City,Deyang City,Mianyang City,Meishan City and Ziyang City accounted for 13. 90%,22. 39%,31. 81%,12. 11% and 19. 79% of the total emissions respectively. The emissions of different kinds of pollutants show a trend of three large-value centers with two null zones on the ground. The burning points extracted by two satellite data( HJ-1 B and MODIS) showed that there were various degrees of straw burning in 5 cities in the basin on May 7 th. After spatial allocation,the key emission areas were in the southern part of Deyang City and Mianyang City,and the maximum emissions were in the central part of Deyang City. As for Chengdu City,the straw burning points were the least and so were the emissions. Effected by the height of the atmospheric boundary layer on that day,the vertical distribution of pollutants was mainly concentrated below 35 m,and the maximum layer of pollutant was formed around 30 m. Due to the control of straw burning,the emissions gradually increased from 16: 00 to 04: 00 of next day and decreased from 09: 00 to 16: 00.The study shows that the estimates are consistent with the straw burning list of previous studies,and the plume uplift results of the emission inventory are consistent with the vertical distribution of the aerosol extinction coefficient.
引文
[1]毕于运,王亚静,高春雨.我国秸秆焚烧的现状危害与禁烧管理对策[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(27):13181-13184.BI Yuyun,WANG Yajing,GAO Chunyu.Problems of burning straw and its management countermeasures in China[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(27):13181-13184.
[2]兰春剑.长三角地区秸秆焚烧所引起的黑碳气溶胶排放及环境影响研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2012:16-24.
[3]程良晓,范萌,陈良富,等.秋季秸秆焚烧对京津冀地区霾污染过程的影响分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(8):2801-2812.CHENG Liangxiao,FAN Meng,CHEN Liangfu,et al.Effects on the haze pollution from autumn crop residue burning over the Jing-JinJi Region[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(8):2801-2812.
[4]毛宇清,李聪,沈澄,等.两次秸秆焚烧污染过程的气象条件对比分析[J].气象,2013,39(11):1473-1480.MAO Yuqing,LI Cong,SHEN Cheng,et al.Comparative analysis on meteorological condition for two air pollution events from crop residue bunning[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2013,39(11):1473-1480.
[5]杨婷,晏平仲,王自发,等.基于数值模拟的2015年11月东北极端重污染过程成因的定量评估[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):44-51.YANG Ting,YAN Pingzhong,WANG Zifa,et al. Evaluation and formation mechanism of a severe air pollution in northeast China in November 2015[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):44-51.
[6] ZHOU Yike,HAN Zhiwei,LIU Ruiting,et al.A modeling study of the impact of crop residue burning on PM2. 5concentration in Beijing and Tianjin during a severe autumn haze event[J].Aerosol&Air Quality Research,2018,18(7):1-15.
[7]钟方潜,苏琪骅,周任君,等.秸秆焚烧对区域城市空气质量影响的模拟分析[J].气候与环境研究,2017,22(2):149-161.ZHONG Fangqian,SU Qihua,ZHOU Renjun,et al. Impact of crop straw burning on urban air quality based on WRF-CHEM simulations[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2017,22(2):149-161.
[8]杨怀荣,刘茂,刘付衍华.利用CALPUFF对安徽和河南秸秆焚烧的模拟与研究[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(11):1368-1375.YANG Huairong,LIU Mao,LIUFU Yanhua. Research and simulation of straw crop burning in Anhui and Henan Provinces using CALPUFF[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(11):1368-1375.
[9] ZHUANG Yan,LI Ruiyuan,YANG Hao,et al. Understanding temporal and spatial distribution of crop residue burning in China from 2003 to 2017 using MODIS data[J]. Remote Sensing,2018,10(3):390-407.
[10] BORGE R,LUMBRERAS J,PEREZ J,et al. Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans:application to Madrid(Spain)[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,46(1):809-819.
[11] XIE Huan,DU Li,LIU Sicong,et al. Dynamic monitoring of agricultural fires in China from 2010 to 2014 using MODIS and GlobeLand30 data[J]. International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(10):172-187.
[12]许青云,顾伟伟,谢涛,等.秸秆焚烧火点遥感监测算法实现[J].遥感技术与应用,2017,32(4):728-733.XU Qingyun,GU Weiwei,XIE Tao,et al. Crop straw fire remote sensing monitoring and its algorithm implementation[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2017,32(4):728-733.
[13]李亚君,郑伟,陈洁,等.气象卫星遥感火情监测应用[J].上海航天,2017,34(4):62-72.LI Yajun,ZHENG Wei,CHEN Jie,et al. Fire monitoring and application based on meteorological satellite[J]. Aerospace Shanghai,2017,34(4),62-72.
[14]齐少群,张菲菲,万鲁河,等.哈尔滨秋季雾霾期秸秆焚烧区域识别提取研究[J].自然灾害学报,2016(4):152-158.QI Shaoqun,ZHANG Feifei,WAN Luhe,et al. Study on identification and extraction of straw burning area in autumn haze period in Harbin[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters,2016(4):152-158.
[15]郑伟,邵佳丽,王萌,等.多源卫星遥感草原火灾动态监测分析[J].自然灾害学报,2013(3):54-61.ZHENG Wei,SHAO Jiali,WANG Meng,et al. Dynamic monitoring and analysis of grassland fire based on multi-source satellite remote sensing data[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2013(3):54-61.
[16]何敏,王幸锐,韩丽,等.四川省秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单及时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1208-1216.HE Min,WANG Xingrui,HAN Li,et al.Emission inventory of crop residues field burning and its temporal and spatial distribution in Sichuan Province[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1208-1216.
[17]四川省统计局.四川统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:23-40.
[18]成都市统计局.成都统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:55-70.
[19]眉山市统计局.眉山统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:33-50.
[20]资阳市统计局.资阳统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:45-60.
[21]德阳市统计局.德阳统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:37-43.
[22]绵阳市统计局.绵阳统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:51-62.
[23] LI Jing,BO Yu,XIE Shaodong. Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,44(6):158-170.
[24]王艳,郝炜伟,程轲,等.秸秆露天焚烧典型大气污染物排放因子[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(6):2055-2061.WANG Yan,HAO Weiwei,CHENG Ke,et al. Emission factors of typical air pollutants from open burning of crop straws[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(6):2055-2061.
[25]包颖,田庆久,王玲.基于HJ-1卫星CCD遥感数据的作物秸秆光谱识别模型与提取方法研究[J].遥感信息,2011(5):15-19.BAO Ying,TIAN Qingjiu,WANG Ling. A study on crop straw spectrum diagnosis model and extraction using HJ-1 CCD remote sensing data[J].Remote Sensing Information,2011(5):15-19.
[26] GAO Rong,JIANG Wei,GAO Weidong,et al.Emission inventory of crop residue open burning and its high-resolution spatial distribution in 2014 for Shandong Province,China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016,8(3):545-554.
[27] POULIOT G,PIERCE T,BENJEY W.Wildfire emission modeling:integrating bluesky and SMOKE[J]. Emission Inventory Conference,2005,5(1):11-18.
[28]何立明,王文杰,王桥,等.中国秸秆焚烧的遥感监测与分析[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(1):42-50.HE Liming,WANG Wenjie,WANG Qiao,et al. Evaluation of the agricultural residues burning reduction in China using MODIS fire product[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2007,23(1):42-50.
[29] SMITH R,ADAMS M,MAIER S,et al. Estimating the area of stubble burning from the number of active fires detected by satellite[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,109(1):95-106.
[30]毕冬梅,何芳,窦沙沙,等.堆积密度对燃料阴燃初始阶段失重速率的影响[J].可再生能源,2008,26(2):40-42.BI Dongmei,HE Fang,DOU Shasha,et al. Effects of bulk density on mass loss rate during agro-stalks smoldering[J]. Renewable Energy Resources,2008,26(2):40-42.
[31]葛应,刘志红,汤志亚.成都市气溶胶消光系数特征分析[J].四川环境,2015,34(1):38-43.GE Ying,LIU Zhihong,TANG Zhiya. Analysis of characteristics of aerosol extinction coefficient of Chengdu[J].Sichuan Environment,2015,34(1):38-43.
[32]秦世广,汤洁,石广玉,等.四川温江黑碳气溶胶浓度观测研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(8):1370-1376.QIN Shiguang,TANG Jie,SHI Guangyu,et al. Observational study of black carbon at Wenjiang,Sichuan Province[J]. Acta Scientiae Circamstantiae,2007,27(8):1370-1376.
[33] KANABKAEW T,OANH N,THI K. Development of spatial and temporal emission inventory for crop residue field burning[J].Environmental Modeling&Assessment,2011,16(5):453-464.
[34] HUANG Xin,LI Mengmeng,LI Jianfeng,et al. A high-resolution emission inventory of crop burning in fields in China based on MODIS thermal anomalies/fire products[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,50:9-15.
[2]兰春剑.长三角地区秸秆焚烧所引起的黑碳气溶胶排放及环境影响研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2012:16-24.
[3]程良晓,范萌,陈良富,等.秋季秸秆焚烧对京津冀地区霾污染过程的影响分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(8):2801-2812.CHENG Liangxiao,FAN Meng,CHEN Liangfu,et al.Effects on the haze pollution from autumn crop residue burning over the Jing-JinJi Region[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(8):2801-2812.
[4]毛宇清,李聪,沈澄,等.两次秸秆焚烧污染过程的气象条件对比分析[J].气象,2013,39(11):1473-1480.MAO Yuqing,LI Cong,SHEN Cheng,et al.Comparative analysis on meteorological condition for two air pollution events from crop residue bunning[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2013,39(11):1473-1480.
[5]杨婷,晏平仲,王自发,等.基于数值模拟的2015年11月东北极端重污染过程成因的定量评估[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):44-51.YANG Ting,YAN Pingzhong,WANG Zifa,et al. Evaluation and formation mechanism of a severe air pollution in northeast China in November 2015[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):44-51.
[6] ZHOU Yike,HAN Zhiwei,LIU Ruiting,et al.A modeling study of the impact of crop residue burning on PM2. 5concentration in Beijing and Tianjin during a severe autumn haze event[J].Aerosol&Air Quality Research,2018,18(7):1-15.
[7]钟方潜,苏琪骅,周任君,等.秸秆焚烧对区域城市空气质量影响的模拟分析[J].气候与环境研究,2017,22(2):149-161.ZHONG Fangqian,SU Qihua,ZHOU Renjun,et al. Impact of crop straw burning on urban air quality based on WRF-CHEM simulations[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2017,22(2):149-161.
[8]杨怀荣,刘茂,刘付衍华.利用CALPUFF对安徽和河南秸秆焚烧的模拟与研究[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(11):1368-1375.YANG Huairong,LIU Mao,LIUFU Yanhua. Research and simulation of straw crop burning in Anhui and Henan Provinces using CALPUFF[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(11):1368-1375.
[9] ZHUANG Yan,LI Ruiyuan,YANG Hao,et al. Understanding temporal and spatial distribution of crop residue burning in China from 2003 to 2017 using MODIS data[J]. Remote Sensing,2018,10(3):390-407.
[10] BORGE R,LUMBRERAS J,PEREZ J,et al. Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans:application to Madrid(Spain)[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,46(1):809-819.
[11] XIE Huan,DU Li,LIU Sicong,et al. Dynamic monitoring of agricultural fires in China from 2010 to 2014 using MODIS and GlobeLand30 data[J]. International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(10):172-187.
[12]许青云,顾伟伟,谢涛,等.秸秆焚烧火点遥感监测算法实现[J].遥感技术与应用,2017,32(4):728-733.XU Qingyun,GU Weiwei,XIE Tao,et al. Crop straw fire remote sensing monitoring and its algorithm implementation[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2017,32(4):728-733.
[13]李亚君,郑伟,陈洁,等.气象卫星遥感火情监测应用[J].上海航天,2017,34(4):62-72.LI Yajun,ZHENG Wei,CHEN Jie,et al. Fire monitoring and application based on meteorological satellite[J]. Aerospace Shanghai,2017,34(4),62-72.
[14]齐少群,张菲菲,万鲁河,等.哈尔滨秋季雾霾期秸秆焚烧区域识别提取研究[J].自然灾害学报,2016(4):152-158.QI Shaoqun,ZHANG Feifei,WAN Luhe,et al. Study on identification and extraction of straw burning area in autumn haze period in Harbin[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters,2016(4):152-158.
[15]郑伟,邵佳丽,王萌,等.多源卫星遥感草原火灾动态监测分析[J].自然灾害学报,2013(3):54-61.ZHENG Wei,SHAO Jiali,WANG Meng,et al. Dynamic monitoring and analysis of grassland fire based on multi-source satellite remote sensing data[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2013(3):54-61.
[16]何敏,王幸锐,韩丽,等.四川省秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单及时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1208-1216.HE Min,WANG Xingrui,HAN Li,et al.Emission inventory of crop residues field burning and its temporal and spatial distribution in Sichuan Province[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1208-1216.
[17]四川省统计局.四川统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:23-40.
[18]成都市统计局.成都统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:55-70.
[19]眉山市统计局.眉山统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:33-50.
[20]资阳市统计局.资阳统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:45-60.
[21]德阳市统计局.德阳统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:37-43.
[22]绵阳市统计局.绵阳统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:51-62.
[23] LI Jing,BO Yu,XIE Shaodong. Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,44(6):158-170.
[24]王艳,郝炜伟,程轲,等.秸秆露天焚烧典型大气污染物排放因子[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(6):2055-2061.WANG Yan,HAO Weiwei,CHENG Ke,et al. Emission factors of typical air pollutants from open burning of crop straws[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(6):2055-2061.
[25]包颖,田庆久,王玲.基于HJ-1卫星CCD遥感数据的作物秸秆光谱识别模型与提取方法研究[J].遥感信息,2011(5):15-19.BAO Ying,TIAN Qingjiu,WANG Ling. A study on crop straw spectrum diagnosis model and extraction using HJ-1 CCD remote sensing data[J].Remote Sensing Information,2011(5):15-19.
[26] GAO Rong,JIANG Wei,GAO Weidong,et al.Emission inventory of crop residue open burning and its high-resolution spatial distribution in 2014 for Shandong Province,China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016,8(3):545-554.
[27] POULIOT G,PIERCE T,BENJEY W.Wildfire emission modeling:integrating bluesky and SMOKE[J]. Emission Inventory Conference,2005,5(1):11-18.
[28]何立明,王文杰,王桥,等.中国秸秆焚烧的遥感监测与分析[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(1):42-50.HE Liming,WANG Wenjie,WANG Qiao,et al. Evaluation of the agricultural residues burning reduction in China using MODIS fire product[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2007,23(1):42-50.
[29] SMITH R,ADAMS M,MAIER S,et al. Estimating the area of stubble burning from the number of active fires detected by satellite[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,109(1):95-106.
[30]毕冬梅,何芳,窦沙沙,等.堆积密度对燃料阴燃初始阶段失重速率的影响[J].可再生能源,2008,26(2):40-42.BI Dongmei,HE Fang,DOU Shasha,et al. Effects of bulk density on mass loss rate during agro-stalks smoldering[J]. Renewable Energy Resources,2008,26(2):40-42.
[31]葛应,刘志红,汤志亚.成都市气溶胶消光系数特征分析[J].四川环境,2015,34(1):38-43.GE Ying,LIU Zhihong,TANG Zhiya. Analysis of characteristics of aerosol extinction coefficient of Chengdu[J].Sichuan Environment,2015,34(1):38-43.
[32]秦世广,汤洁,石广玉,等.四川温江黑碳气溶胶浓度观测研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(8):1370-1376.QIN Shiguang,TANG Jie,SHI Guangyu,et al. Observational study of black carbon at Wenjiang,Sichuan Province[J]. Acta Scientiae Circamstantiae,2007,27(8):1370-1376.
[33] KANABKAEW T,OANH N,THI K. Development of spatial and temporal emission inventory for crop residue field burning[J].Environmental Modeling&Assessment,2011,16(5):453-464.
[34] HUANG Xin,LI Mengmeng,LI Jianfeng,et al. A high-resolution emission inventory of crop burning in fields in China based on MODIS thermal anomalies/fire products[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,50:9-15.