明代武职家族地方影响初探——以威清卫为例
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摘要
明代地方卫所武职家族群体有一个历时性变化的过程,因之其地方影响在不同时段不同背景下体现为不同的特点。旧官曾在明初占据主导地位,新官调入以后,人数虽少却能以身份优势对地方社会施加重要影响。新旧官之别在地方上的表现于明中期达到高峰,而后又渐次消弭。明中期以降,武职家族仍以世职袭替来维系影响力,同时注重通过科举事业拓展家族的出路与影响力。
In Ming Dynasty,there was a time-varying process in the military family group of the local Wei-suo,and its local influence was reflected as different characteristics under different backgrounds at different times.The old officials once occupied a dominant position in the early Ming Dynasty.After the new officials were transferred,the number of people was small but they could exert an important influence on the local society with their status advantages.The difference between the old and new officials in the local performance reached its peak in the middle of the Ming Dynasty,and then gradually disappeared.After the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the military family still maintained its influence on the inheritance of positions,and at the same time paid attention to expanding the family's way out and influence through the imperial examinations.
In Ming Dynasty,there was a time-varying process in the military family group of the local Wei-suo,and its local influence was reflected as different characteristics under different backgrounds at different times.The old officials once occupied a dominant position in the early Ming Dynasty.After the new officials were transferred,the number of people was small but they could exert an important influence on the local society with their status advantages.The difference between the old and new officials in the local performance reached its peak in the middle of the Ming Dynasty,and then gradually disappeared.After the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the military family still maintained its influence on the inheritance of positions,and at the same time paid attention to expanding the family's way out and influence through the imperial examinations.
引文
[1]梁志胜.明代卫所武官世袭制度研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.
[2]包志怀,孟凡松.明代靖难新官入黔考述[J].安顺学院学报,2018(3):9-13.
[3]中国第一历史档案馆,辽宁省档案馆.中国明朝档案总汇:第60册[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2001.
[4]任柳,孟凡松.明代贵州诸卫新官考述[J].安顺学院学报,2018(6):2-3.
[5]孟凡松,李旭亮.洪武廿二、廿三年贵州新设卫所旗军来源再探[J].安顺学院学报,2017(5):5.
[6](明)沈庠,赵瓒,等.(弘治)贵州图经新志[Z].中国地方志集成.贵州府县志辑(01).成都:巴蜀书社,2006.
[7](明)王耒贤,许一德.(万历)贵州通志[M].日本藏中国罕见地方志丛刊.北京:书目文献出版社,1992.
[8]明英宗实录[M].台北:“中央研究院”历史语言研究所校印本.上海:上海书店,1982.
[9](明)谢东山,张道.(嘉靖)贵州通志[M].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编.上海:上海书店,1990.
[10](明)郭子章.黔记[M].赵平略点校.成都:西南交通大学出版社,2016.
[11](清)常恩,邹汉勋,吴寅邦,等.(咸丰)安顺府志[Z].中国地方志集成.贵州府县志辑.成都:巴蜀书社,2006.
[12]明武宗实录[M].台北:“中央研究院”历史语言研究所校印本.上海:上海书店,1982.
(1)参见包志怀,孟凡松:《明代靖难新官入黔考述---以武职选簿为中心》;吕善长:《明代贵州诸卫靖难新官考述---以居中二卫、下六卫为例》;任柳,孟凡松《明代贵州诸卫新官考述---以“上六卫”“西四卫”为例》等论文,诸论文分别见《安顺学院学院》2018年第3期第9-13页、第14-21页、《安顺学院学报》2018年第6期第1-7页。
(2)新旧官之别,可见梁志胜《明代卫所武官世袭制度研究》的相关论述(中国社会科学出版社,2012年,第98-99页),大体而言:凡在洪武三十二年(1399)至三十五年(1402)间随朱棣“奉天征讨”获功升职的武官皆为“新官”;而洪武三十一年以前及永乐元年以后升授的沿用旧例皆为“旧官”。
[2]包志怀,孟凡松.明代靖难新官入黔考述[J].安顺学院学报,2018(3):9-13.
[3]中国第一历史档案馆,辽宁省档案馆.中国明朝档案总汇:第60册[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2001.
[4]任柳,孟凡松.明代贵州诸卫新官考述[J].安顺学院学报,2018(6):2-3.
[5]孟凡松,李旭亮.洪武廿二、廿三年贵州新设卫所旗军来源再探[J].安顺学院学报,2017(5):5.
[6](明)沈庠,赵瓒,等.(弘治)贵州图经新志[Z].中国地方志集成.贵州府县志辑(01).成都:巴蜀书社,2006.
[7](明)王耒贤,许一德.(万历)贵州通志[M].日本藏中国罕见地方志丛刊.北京:书目文献出版社,1992.
[8]明英宗实录[M].台北:“中央研究院”历史语言研究所校印本.上海:上海书店,1982.
[9](明)谢东山,张道.(嘉靖)贵州通志[M].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编.上海:上海书店,1990.
[10](明)郭子章.黔记[M].赵平略点校.成都:西南交通大学出版社,2016.
[11](清)常恩,邹汉勋,吴寅邦,等.(咸丰)安顺府志[Z].中国地方志集成.贵州府县志辑.成都:巴蜀书社,2006.
[12]明武宗实录[M].台北:“中央研究院”历史语言研究所校印本.上海:上海书店,1982.
(1)参见包志怀,孟凡松:《明代靖难新官入黔考述---以武职选簿为中心》;吕善长:《明代贵州诸卫靖难新官考述---以居中二卫、下六卫为例》;任柳,孟凡松《明代贵州诸卫新官考述---以“上六卫”“西四卫”为例》等论文,诸论文分别见《安顺学院学院》2018年第3期第9-13页、第14-21页、《安顺学院学报》2018年第6期第1-7页。
(2)新旧官之别,可见梁志胜《明代卫所武官世袭制度研究》的相关论述(中国社会科学出版社,2012年,第98-99页),大体而言:凡在洪武三十二年(1399)至三十五年(1402)间随朱棣“奉天征讨”获功升职的武官皆为“新官”;而洪武三十一年以前及永乐元年以后升授的沿用旧例皆为“旧官”。