Rapid removal of polyacrylamide from wastewater by plasma in the gas–liquid interface
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摘要
Due to the severe restrictions imposed by legislative frameworks, the removal of polyacrylamide(PAM) rapidly and effectively from produced wastewater in offshore oilfields before discharge is becoming an urgent challenge. In this study, a novel advanced oxidation process based on plasma operated in the gas–liquid interface was used to rapidly decompose PAM, and multiple methods including viscometry, flow field-flow fractionation multi-angle light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectanceFourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the changes of PAM.Under a discharge voltage of 25 kV and pH 7.0, the PAM concentration decreased from 100 to 0 mg/L within 20 min and the total organic carbon(TOC) decreased from 49.57 to1.23 mg/L within 240 min, following zero-order reaction kinetics. Even in the presence of background TOC as high as 152.2 mg/L, complete removal of PAM(100 mg/L) was also achieved within 30 min. The biodegradability of PAM improved following plasma treatment for 120 min. Active species(such as O_3 and H_2O_2) were produced in the plasma. Hydroxyl radical was demonstrated to play an important role in the degradation of PAM due to the inhibitory effect observed after the addition of an ·OH scavenger, Na_2CO_3. Meanwhile, the release of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen confirmed the cleavage of the acylamino group.The results of this study demonstrated that plasma, with its high efficiency and chemicalfree features, is a promising technology for the rapid removal of PAM.
Due to the severe restrictions imposed by legislative frameworks, the removal of polyacrylamide(PAM) rapidly and effectively from produced wastewater in offshore oilfields before discharge is becoming an urgent challenge. In this study, a novel advanced oxidation process based on plasma operated in the gas–liquid interface was used to rapidly decompose PAM, and multiple methods including viscometry, flow field-flow fractionation multi-angle light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectanceFourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the changes of PAM.Under a discharge voltage of 25 kV and pH 7.0, the PAM concentration decreased from 100 to 0 mg/L within 20 min and the total organic carbon(TOC) decreased from 49.57 to1.23 mg/L within 240 min, following zero-order reaction kinetics. Even in the presence of background TOC as high as 152.2 mg/L, complete removal of PAM(100 mg/L) was also achieved within 30 min. The biodegradability of PAM improved following plasma treatment for 120 min. Active species(such as O_3 and H_2O_2) were produced in the plasma. Hydroxyl radical was demonstrated to play an important role in the degradation of PAM due to the inhibitory effect observed after the addition of an ·OH scavenger, Na_2CO_3. Meanwhile, the release of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen confirmed the cleavage of the acylamino group.The results of this study demonstrated that plasma, with its high efficiency and chemicalfree features, is a promising technology for the rapid removal of PAM.
Due to the severe restrictions imposed by legislative frameworks, the removal of polyacrylamide(PAM) rapidly and effectively from produced wastewater in offshore oilfields before discharge is becoming an urgent challenge. In this study, a novel advanced oxidation process based on plasma operated in the gas–liquid interface was used to rapidly decompose PAM, and multiple methods including viscometry, flow field-flow fractionation multi-angle light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectanceFourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the changes of PAM.Under a discharge voltage of 25 kV and pH 7.0, the PAM concentration decreased from 100 to 0 mg/L within 20 min and the total organic carbon(TOC) decreased from 49.57 to1.23 mg/L within 240 min, following zero-order reaction kinetics. Even in the presence of background TOC as high as 152.2 mg/L, complete removal of PAM(100 mg/L) was also achieved within 30 min. The biodegradability of PAM improved following plasma treatment for 120 min. Active species(such as O_3 and H_2O_2) were produced in the plasma. Hydroxyl radical was demonstrated to play an important role in the degradation of PAM due to the inhibitory effect observed after the addition of an ·OH scavenger, Na_2CO_3. Meanwhile, the release of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen confirmed the cleavage of the acylamino group.The results of this study demonstrated that plasma, with its high efficiency and chemicalfree features, is a promising technology for the rapid removal of PAM.
引文
American Public Health Association,2005.Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.21st edition.American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation,Washington,DC.
Bader,H.,Hoigne,J.,1981.Determination of ozone in water by the indigo method.Water Res.15(4),449-456.
Bader,H.,Sturzenegger,V.,Hoigne,J.,1988.Photometric-method for the determination of low concentrations of hydrogen-peroxide by the peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of N,N-diethyl-P-Phenylenediamine(DPD).Water Res.22(9),1109-1115.
Beltrán,F.J.,Garc??a-Araya,J.F.,álvarez,P.M.,2001.p H sequential ozonation of domestic and wine-distillery wastewaters.Water Res.35(4),929-936.
Bruggeman,P.J.,Kushner,M.J.,Locke,B.R.,Gardeniers,J.G.E.,Graham,W.G.,Graves,D.B.,et al.,2016.Plasma-liquid interactions:a review and roadmap.Plasma Sources Sci.Technol.25(5),053002.
Cossu,R.,Lai,T.,Sandon,A.,2012.Standardization of BOD5/CODratio as a biological stability index for MSW.Waste Manag.32(8),1503-1508.
Cui,Y.,Yu,J.,Su,M.,Jia,Z.,Liu,T.,Oinuma,G.,et al.,2019.Humic acid removal by gas-liquid interface discharge plasma:performance,mechanism and comparison to ozonation.Environ.Sci.:Water Res.Technol.5(1),152-160.
El-Mamouni,R.,Frigon,J.C.,Hawari,J.,Marroni,D.,Guiot,S.R.,2002.Combining photolysis and bioprocesses for mineralization of high molecular weight polyacrylamides.Biodegradation 13(4),221-227.
Gao,C.H.,2011.Scientific research and field applications of polymer flooding in heavy oil recovery.J.Petro.Exp.Pro.Technol.1(2),65-70.
Giroto,J.A.,Teixeira,A.C.S.C.,Nascimento,C.A.O.,Guardani,R.,2008.Photo-Fenton removal of water-soluble polymers.Chem.Eng.Process.47(12),2361-2369.
Guezennec,A.G.,Michel,C.,Bru,K.,Touze,S.,Desroche,N.,Mnif,I.,et al.,2015.Transfer and degradation of polyacrylamidebased flocculants in hydrosystems:a review.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int.22(9),6390-6406.
Kuo,C.H.,Zhong,L.,Zappi,M.E.,Hong,A.P.,1999.Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between ozone and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solutions.Can.J.Chem.Eng.77(3),473-482.
Liu,M.,Zhang,Y.,Zhang,H.,Zhang,H.,Li,K.,Tian,Z.,et al.,2017.Ozonation as an effective pretreatment for reducing antibiotic resistance selection potency in oxytetracycline production wastewater.Desalin.Water Treat.74,155-162.
Lu,M.,Wu,X.J.,Wei,X.F.,2012.Chemical degradation of polyacrylamide by advanced oxidation processes.Environ.Technol.33(9),1021-1028.
Malik,M.A.,2010.Water purification by plasmas:which reactors are most energy efficient?Plasma.Chem.Plasma.Process.30(1),21-31.
Minamitani,Y.,Shoji,S.,Ohba,Y.,Higashiyama,Y.,2008.Decomposition of dye in water solution by pulsed power discharge in a water droplet spray.IEEE.Trans.Plasma.Sci.36(5),2586-2591.
Morel,D.C.,Vert,M.,Jouenne,S.,Gauchet,R.,Bouger,Y.,2012.First polymer injection in deep offshore field Angola:recent advances in the Dalia/Camelia field case.Oil and Gas Facilities 1(02),43-52.
Norwegian Environment Agency,2011.Guidelines for offshore environmental monitoring TA2849-2011.Climate and Pollution Agency,Oslo(NO).
Ognier,S.,Iya-sou,D.,Fourmond,C.,Cavadias,S.,2009.Analysis of mechanisms at the plasma-liquid Interface in a gas-liquid discharge reactor used for treatment of polluted water.Plasma.Chem.Plasma.Process.29(4),261-273.
Pankaj,S.K.,Wan,Z.,Colonna,W.,Keener,K.M.,2017.Degradation kinetics of organic dyes in water by high voltage atmospheric air and modified air cold plasma.Water Sci.Technol.76(3),567-574.
Panorel,I.,Preis,S.,Kornev,I.,Hatakka,H.,Louhi-Kultanen,M.,2013.Oxidation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by pulsed corona discharge.Environ.Technol.34(7),923-930.
Pi,Y.,Zheng,Z.,Bao,M.,Li,Y.,Zhou,Y.,Sang,G.,2015.Treatment of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide wastewater by combined Fenton oxidation and anaerobic biological processes.Chem.Eng.J.273,1-6.
Raney,K.H.,Ayirala,S.,Chin,R.W.,Verbeek,P.,2012.Surface and subsurface requirements for successful implementation of offshore chemical enhanced oil recovery.SPE.Prod.Oper.27(03).https://doi.org/10.2118/155116-PA.
Rong,S.,Sun,Y.,2014.Wetted-wall corona discharge induced degradation of sulfadiazine antibiotics in aqueous solution.J.Chem.Technol.Biotechnol.89(9),1351-1359.
Song,W.,Zhang,Y.,Gao,Y.,Chen,D.,Yang,M.,2017.Cleavage of the main carbon chain backbone of high molecular weight polyacrylamide by aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment.Chemosphere 189,277-283.
Standnes,D.C.,Skjevrak,I.,2014.Literature review of implemented polymer field projects.J.Pet.Sci.Eng.122,761-775.
Stratton,G.R.,Dai,F.,Bellona,C.L.,Holsen,T.M.,Dickenson,E.R.V.,Mededovic Thagard,S.,2017.Plasma-based water treatment:efficient transformation of perfluoroalkyl substances in prepared solutions and contaminated groundwater.Environ.Sci.Technol.51(3),1643-1648.
Sun,B.,Aye,N.N.,Gao,Z.,Lv,D.,Zhu,X.,Sato,M.,2012.Characteristics of gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency.J.Environ.Sci.24(5),840-845.
Suzuki,J.,Iizuka,S.,Suzuki,S.,1978.Ozone treatment of watersoluble polymers.III.Ozone degradation of polyacrylamide in water.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.22(8),2109-2117.
Vanraes,P.,Willems,G.,Daels,N.,Van Hulle,S.W.,De Clerck,K.,Surmont,P.,et al.,2015.Decomposition of atrazine traces in water by combination of non-thermal electrical discharge and adsorption on nanofiber membrane.Water Res.72,361-371.
Vanraes,P.,Ghodbane,H.,Davister,D.,Wardenier,N.,Nikiforov,A.,Verheust,Y.P.,et al.,2017.Removal of several pesticides in a falling water film DBD reactor with activated carbon textile:energy efficiency.Water Res.116,1-12.
Wang,Y.,Yu,J.,Zhang,D.,Yang,M.,2014.Addition of hydrogen peroxide for the simultaneous control of bromate and odor during advanced drinking water treatment using ozone.J.Environ.Sci.26(3),550-554.
Xiong,B.,Roman-White,S.,Piechowicz,B.,Miller,Z.,Farina,B.,Tasker,T.,et al.,2018.Polyacrylamide in hydraulic fracturing fluid causes severe membrane fouling during flowback water treatment.J.Membr.Sci.560,125-131.
Zhang,C.,Zhao,L.,Bao,M.,Lu,J.,2018.Potential of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide biodegradation to final products through regulating its own nitrogen transformation in different dissolved oxygen systems.Bioresour.Technol.256,61-68.
Bader,H.,Hoigne,J.,1981.Determination of ozone in water by the indigo method.Water Res.15(4),449-456.
Bader,H.,Sturzenegger,V.,Hoigne,J.,1988.Photometric-method for the determination of low concentrations of hydrogen-peroxide by the peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of N,N-diethyl-P-Phenylenediamine(DPD).Water Res.22(9),1109-1115.
Beltrán,F.J.,Garc??a-Araya,J.F.,álvarez,P.M.,2001.p H sequential ozonation of domestic and wine-distillery wastewaters.Water Res.35(4),929-936.
Bruggeman,P.J.,Kushner,M.J.,Locke,B.R.,Gardeniers,J.G.E.,Graham,W.G.,Graves,D.B.,et al.,2016.Plasma-liquid interactions:a review and roadmap.Plasma Sources Sci.Technol.25(5),053002.
Cossu,R.,Lai,T.,Sandon,A.,2012.Standardization of BOD5/CODratio as a biological stability index for MSW.Waste Manag.32(8),1503-1508.
Cui,Y.,Yu,J.,Su,M.,Jia,Z.,Liu,T.,Oinuma,G.,et al.,2019.Humic acid removal by gas-liquid interface discharge plasma:performance,mechanism and comparison to ozonation.Environ.Sci.:Water Res.Technol.5(1),152-160.
El-Mamouni,R.,Frigon,J.C.,Hawari,J.,Marroni,D.,Guiot,S.R.,2002.Combining photolysis and bioprocesses for mineralization of high molecular weight polyacrylamides.Biodegradation 13(4),221-227.
Gao,C.H.,2011.Scientific research and field applications of polymer flooding in heavy oil recovery.J.Petro.Exp.Pro.Technol.1(2),65-70.
Giroto,J.A.,Teixeira,A.C.S.C.,Nascimento,C.A.O.,Guardani,R.,2008.Photo-Fenton removal of water-soluble polymers.Chem.Eng.Process.47(12),2361-2369.
Guezennec,A.G.,Michel,C.,Bru,K.,Touze,S.,Desroche,N.,Mnif,I.,et al.,2015.Transfer and degradation of polyacrylamidebased flocculants in hydrosystems:a review.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int.22(9),6390-6406.
Kuo,C.H.,Zhong,L.,Zappi,M.E.,Hong,A.P.,1999.Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between ozone and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solutions.Can.J.Chem.Eng.77(3),473-482.
Liu,M.,Zhang,Y.,Zhang,H.,Zhang,H.,Li,K.,Tian,Z.,et al.,2017.Ozonation as an effective pretreatment for reducing antibiotic resistance selection potency in oxytetracycline production wastewater.Desalin.Water Treat.74,155-162.
Lu,M.,Wu,X.J.,Wei,X.F.,2012.Chemical degradation of polyacrylamide by advanced oxidation processes.Environ.Technol.33(9),1021-1028.
Malik,M.A.,2010.Water purification by plasmas:which reactors are most energy efficient?Plasma.Chem.Plasma.Process.30(1),21-31.
Minamitani,Y.,Shoji,S.,Ohba,Y.,Higashiyama,Y.,2008.Decomposition of dye in water solution by pulsed power discharge in a water droplet spray.IEEE.Trans.Plasma.Sci.36(5),2586-2591.
Morel,D.C.,Vert,M.,Jouenne,S.,Gauchet,R.,Bouger,Y.,2012.First polymer injection in deep offshore field Angola:recent advances in the Dalia/Camelia field case.Oil and Gas Facilities 1(02),43-52.
Norwegian Environment Agency,2011.Guidelines for offshore environmental monitoring TA2849-2011.Climate and Pollution Agency,Oslo(NO).
Ognier,S.,Iya-sou,D.,Fourmond,C.,Cavadias,S.,2009.Analysis of mechanisms at the plasma-liquid Interface in a gas-liquid discharge reactor used for treatment of polluted water.Plasma.Chem.Plasma.Process.29(4),261-273.
Pankaj,S.K.,Wan,Z.,Colonna,W.,Keener,K.M.,2017.Degradation kinetics of organic dyes in water by high voltage atmospheric air and modified air cold plasma.Water Sci.Technol.76(3),567-574.
Panorel,I.,Preis,S.,Kornev,I.,Hatakka,H.,Louhi-Kultanen,M.,2013.Oxidation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by pulsed corona discharge.Environ.Technol.34(7),923-930.
Pi,Y.,Zheng,Z.,Bao,M.,Li,Y.,Zhou,Y.,Sang,G.,2015.Treatment of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide wastewater by combined Fenton oxidation and anaerobic biological processes.Chem.Eng.J.273,1-6.
Raney,K.H.,Ayirala,S.,Chin,R.W.,Verbeek,P.,2012.Surface and subsurface requirements for successful implementation of offshore chemical enhanced oil recovery.SPE.Prod.Oper.27(03).https://doi.org/10.2118/155116-PA.
Rong,S.,Sun,Y.,2014.Wetted-wall corona discharge induced degradation of sulfadiazine antibiotics in aqueous solution.J.Chem.Technol.Biotechnol.89(9),1351-1359.
Song,W.,Zhang,Y.,Gao,Y.,Chen,D.,Yang,M.,2017.Cleavage of the main carbon chain backbone of high molecular weight polyacrylamide by aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment.Chemosphere 189,277-283.
Standnes,D.C.,Skjevrak,I.,2014.Literature review of implemented polymer field projects.J.Pet.Sci.Eng.122,761-775.
Stratton,G.R.,Dai,F.,Bellona,C.L.,Holsen,T.M.,Dickenson,E.R.V.,Mededovic Thagard,S.,2017.Plasma-based water treatment:efficient transformation of perfluoroalkyl substances in prepared solutions and contaminated groundwater.Environ.Sci.Technol.51(3),1643-1648.
Sun,B.,Aye,N.N.,Gao,Z.,Lv,D.,Zhu,X.,Sato,M.,2012.Characteristics of gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency.J.Environ.Sci.24(5),840-845.
Suzuki,J.,Iizuka,S.,Suzuki,S.,1978.Ozone treatment of watersoluble polymers.III.Ozone degradation of polyacrylamide in water.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.22(8),2109-2117.
Vanraes,P.,Willems,G.,Daels,N.,Van Hulle,S.W.,De Clerck,K.,Surmont,P.,et al.,2015.Decomposition of atrazine traces in water by combination of non-thermal electrical discharge and adsorption on nanofiber membrane.Water Res.72,361-371.
Vanraes,P.,Ghodbane,H.,Davister,D.,Wardenier,N.,Nikiforov,A.,Verheust,Y.P.,et al.,2017.Removal of several pesticides in a falling water film DBD reactor with activated carbon textile:energy efficiency.Water Res.116,1-12.
Wang,Y.,Yu,J.,Zhang,D.,Yang,M.,2014.Addition of hydrogen peroxide for the simultaneous control of bromate and odor during advanced drinking water treatment using ozone.J.Environ.Sci.26(3),550-554.
Xiong,B.,Roman-White,S.,Piechowicz,B.,Miller,Z.,Farina,B.,Tasker,T.,et al.,2018.Polyacrylamide in hydraulic fracturing fluid causes severe membrane fouling during flowback water treatment.J.Membr.Sci.560,125-131.
Zhang,C.,Zhao,L.,Bao,M.,Lu,J.,2018.Potential of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide biodegradation to final products through regulating its own nitrogen transformation in different dissolved oxygen systems.Bioresour.Technol.256,61-68.