社会分类的特性、维度及心理效应
|
摘要
社会分类是个体基于共享相似性将人群分为不同类别的一种主观心理过程,具有自动化、灵活性和潜在模糊性等特性。社会分类的维度既包括性别、年龄和种族等自然线索,也包括语言、职业和社会身份等重要社会线索。在社会分类过程中,不同维度往往具有相对重要性,表现为优势维度效应;不同维度相互之间也会发生作用,产生交叉分类效应,研究者从不同的视角对这种交叉分类效应进行了解释。未来研究应该采用多样化的方法和技术从分类主体、分类目标、分类情境以及社会文化因素等多角度探讨社会分类的心理加工机制,构建更具整合性的社会分类理论模型。
Social categorization is a subjective process in which an individual classifies others into groups based on perceived similarities. Social categories are often automatic, flexible and multifaceted, including dimensions of both natural cues(such as gender, age and race) and social cues(such as language, occupation and social status). In such multidimensional social categories(e.g., "rich old celibate bachelor"), some of the constituent categorical dimensions contribute disproportionately to the traits attributed to the category overall. This is termed the "dominant dimension effect," and is influenced by the valence of the dimensions. Different dimensions will also interact with each other, resulting in a cross-categorization effect. We review these effects in the context of social categorization, and highly important questions that remain for social psychologists interested in processing mechanism of social categorization from the perspective of observer, actor and social situation.
Social categorization is a subjective process in which an individual classifies others into groups based on perceived similarities. Social categories are often automatic, flexible and multifaceted, including dimensions of both natural cues(such as gender, age and race) and social cues(such as language, occupation and social status). In such multidimensional social categories(e.g., "rich old celibate bachelor"), some of the constituent categorical dimensions contribute disproportionately to the traits attributed to the category overall. This is termed the "dominant dimension effect," and is influenced by the valence of the dimensions. Different dimensions will also interact with each other, resulting in a cross-categorization effect. We review these effects in the context of social categorization, and highly important questions that remain for social psychologists interested in processing mechanism of social categorization from the perspective of observer, actor and social situation.
引文
侯志瑾,梁湘明.(2005).Gottfredson的职业抱负发展理论简介与研究评述.心理科学进展,13(2),201-210.
黎情,佐斌,胡聚平.(2009).群体交叉分类效应的代数模型及其潜在加工过程.心理科学进展,17(4),863-869.
辛自强,辛素飞.(2014).被信任者社会身份复杂性对其可信性的影响.心理学报,46(3),415-426.
张凯莉,张琴,周静,王沛.(2017).面孔识别过程中多重社会亚范畴的交互作用.心理科学进展,25(11),1955-1963.
佐斌,代涛涛,温芳芳,索玉贤.(2015).社会认知内容的“大二”模型.心理科学,38(4),1019-1023.
Bar-Haim,Y.,Ziv,T.,Lamy,D.,&Hodes,R.(2006).Nature and nurture in own-race face processing.Psychological Science,17(2),159-163.
Baron,A.S.,&Banaji,M.R.(2006).The development of implicit attitudes.evidence of race evaluations from ages6 and 10 and adulthood.Psychological Science,17(1),53-58.
Bjornsdottir,R.T.,&Rule,N.O.(2017).The visibility of social class from facial cues.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,113(4),1-17.
Bodenhausen,G.V.,Kang,S.K.,&Peery,D.(2012).Social categorization and the perception of social groups.In S.Fiske&C.N.Macrae(Eds.),The SAGE handbook of social cognition(pp.311-329).Los Angeles,CA:SAGEPublications Ltd.
Correll,J.,Park,B.,Judd,C.M.,Wittenbrink,B.,Sadler,M.S.,&Keesee,T.(2007).Across the thin blue line:Police offers and racial bias in the decision to shoot.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,92(6),1006-1023.
Crisp,R.J.,&Hewstone,M.(2007).Multiple social categorization.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,39,163-254.
Crisp,R.J.,&Turner,R.N.(2010).Have confidence in contact.American Psychologist,65(2),133-135.
Deaux,K.(2012).Categories we live by.In S.Wiley,G.Philogène,&T.A.Revenson(Eds.),(2012).Social categories in everyday experience.,(pp.205-217).Washington,DC,US:American Psychological Association.
Diesendruck,G.,Goldfein‐Elbaz,R.,Rhodes,M.,Gelman,S.,&Neumark,N.(2013).Cross‐cultural differences in children's beliefs about the objectivity of social categories.Child Development,84(6),1906-1917.
Donders,N.C.,Correll,J.,&Wittenbrink,B.(2008).Danger stereotypes predict racially biased attentional allocation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,44(5),1328-1333.
Dovidio,J.F.,Love,A.,Schellhaas,F.M.,&Hewstone,M.(2017).Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact:Twenty years of progress and future directions.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,20(5),606-620.
Dragojevic,M.,Berglund,C.,&Blauvelt,T.K.(2017).Figuring out who’s who:The role of social categorization in the language attitudes process.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,37(1),28-50.
Efferson,C.,Lalive,R.,&Fehr,E.(2008).The coevolution of cultural groups and ingroup favoritism.Science,321(5897),1844-1849.
Eidson,R.C.,&Coley,J.D.(2014).Not so fast:Reassessing gender essentialism in young adults.Journal of Cognition and Development,15(2),382-392.
Freeman,J.B.&Ambady,N.(2011).A dynamic interactive theory of persons construal.Psychological Review,118(2),247-279.
Ghaziani,A.,Taylor,V.,&Stone,A.(2016).Cycles of sameness and difference in LGBT social movements.Annual Review of Sociology,42,165-183.
Gillespie,A.,Howarth,C.S.,&Cornish,F.(2012).Four problems for researchers using social categories.Culture&Psychology,18(3),391-402.
Hampton,J.A.(1987).Inheritance of attributes in natural concept conjunctions.Memory&Cognition,15(1),55-71.
Hogg,M.A.,Abrams,D.,&Brewer,M.B.(2017).Social identity:The role of self in group processes and intergroup relations.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,20(5),570-581
Horwitz,S.R.,Shutts,K.,&Olson,K.R.(2014).Social class differences produce social group preferences.Developmental Science,17(6),991-1002.
Kang,S.K.,&Chasteen,A.L.(2009).Beyond the doublejeopardy hypothesis:Assessing emotion on the faces of multiply-categorizable targets of prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(6),1281-1285.
Kang,S.K.,Chasteen,A.L.,Cadieux,J.,Cary,L.A.,&Syeda,M.(2014).Comparing young and older adults’perceptions of conflicting stereotypes and multiplycategorizable individuals.Psychology and Aging,29(3),469-481.
Kawakami,K.,Amodio,D.M.,&Hugenberg,K.(2017).Chapter one-Intergroup perception and cognition:An integrative framework for understanding the causes and consequences of social categorization.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,55,41-48.
Kinzler,K.D.,&Spelke,E.S.(2011).Do infants show social preferences for people differing in race?Cognition,119(1),1-9.
Kinzler,K.D.,Shutts,K.,&Correll,J.(2010).Priorities in social categories.European Journal of Social Psychology,40(4),581-592.
Kinzler,K.D.,Shutts,K.,DeJesus,J.,&Spelke,E.S.(2009).Accent trumps race in guiding children’s social preferences.Social Cognition,27(4),623-634.
Klapper,A.,Dotsch,R.,van Rooij,I.,&Wigboldus,D.(2017).Four meanings of“categorization”:A conceptual analysis of research on person perception.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,11(8),e12336.
Labov,W.(2006).The social stratification of English in New York City(2nd ed.),New York:Cambridge University Press.
Locke,K.D.,&Heller,S.(2017).Communal and agentic interpersonal and intergroup motives predict preferences for status versus power.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,43(1),71-86.
Nicolas,G.,de la Fuente,M.,&Fiske,S.T.(2017).Mind the overlap in multiple categorization:A review of crossed categorization,intersectionality,and multiracial perception.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,20(5),621-631.
Nosek,B.A.,Greenwald,A.G.,&Banaji,M.R.(2007).The Implicit Association Test at age 7:A methodological and conceptual review.In J.A.Bargh(Ed.),Social psychology and the unconscious:The automaticity of mental processes(pp.265-292).New York:Psychology Press.
Pedulla,D.S.(2014).The positive consequences of negative stereotypes:Race,sexual orientation,and the job application process.Social Psychology Quarterly,77(1),75-94.
Philogène,G.(2012).Understanding social categories:An epistemological journey.In S.Wiley,G.Philogène,T.A.Revenson,(Eds).(2012).Social categories in everyday experience.,(pp.31-43).Washington,DC,United States.
Prati,F.,Crisp,R.J.,&Rubini,M.(2015).Counterstereotypes reduce emotional intergroup bias by eliciting surprise in the face of unexpected category combinations.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,61,31-43.
Rozendal,K.(2003).The effects of choice over category membership on social category compound dominance(Unpublished doctorial dissertation).University of California.
Rule,N.O.,&Sutherland,S.L.(2017).Social categorization from faces:Evidence from obvious and ambiguous groups.Current Directions in Psychological Science,26(3),231-236.
Shutts,K.(2015).Young children's preferences:Gender,race,and social status.Child Development Perspectives,9(4),262-266.
Shutts,K.,Brey,E.L.,Dornbusch,L.A.,Slywotzky,N.,&Olson,K.R.(2016).Children use wealth cues to evaluate others.PLoS ONE,11(3),e0149360.
Shutts,K.,Roben,C.K.P.,&Spelke,E.S.(2013).Children's use of social categories in thinking about people and social relationships.Journal of Cognition and Development,14(1),35-62.
Smyth,K.,Feeney,A.,Eidson,R.C.,&Coley,J.D.(2017).Development of essentialist thinking about religion categories in Northern Ireland(and the United States).Developmental Psychology,53(3),475-496.
Smallman,R.,&Becker,B.(2017).Motivational differences in seeking out evaluative categorization information.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,43(7),1020-1032.
Song,J.,&Zuo,B.(2016).Functional significance of conflicting age and wealth cross-categorization:The dominant role of categories that violate stereotypical expectations.Frontiers in Psychology,7,1624.
Weisman,K.,Johnson,M.V.,&Shutts,K.(2015).Young children’s automatic encoding of social categories.Developmental Science,18(6),1036-1043.
Williams,D.R.,Priest,N.,&Anderson,N.B.(2016).Understanding associations among race,socioeconomic status,and health:Patterns and prospects.Health Psychology,35(4),407-411.
黎情,佐斌,胡聚平.(2009).群体交叉分类效应的代数模型及其潜在加工过程.心理科学进展,17(4),863-869.
辛自强,辛素飞.(2014).被信任者社会身份复杂性对其可信性的影响.心理学报,46(3),415-426.
张凯莉,张琴,周静,王沛.(2017).面孔识别过程中多重社会亚范畴的交互作用.心理科学进展,25(11),1955-1963.
佐斌,代涛涛,温芳芳,索玉贤.(2015).社会认知内容的“大二”模型.心理科学,38(4),1019-1023.
Bar-Haim,Y.,Ziv,T.,Lamy,D.,&Hodes,R.(2006).Nature and nurture in own-race face processing.Psychological Science,17(2),159-163.
Baron,A.S.,&Banaji,M.R.(2006).The development of implicit attitudes.evidence of race evaluations from ages6 and 10 and adulthood.Psychological Science,17(1),53-58.
Bjornsdottir,R.T.,&Rule,N.O.(2017).The visibility of social class from facial cues.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,113(4),1-17.
Bodenhausen,G.V.,Kang,S.K.,&Peery,D.(2012).Social categorization and the perception of social groups.In S.Fiske&C.N.Macrae(Eds.),The SAGE handbook of social cognition(pp.311-329).Los Angeles,CA:SAGEPublications Ltd.
Correll,J.,Park,B.,Judd,C.M.,Wittenbrink,B.,Sadler,M.S.,&Keesee,T.(2007).Across the thin blue line:Police offers and racial bias in the decision to shoot.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,92(6),1006-1023.
Crisp,R.J.,&Hewstone,M.(2007).Multiple social categorization.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,39,163-254.
Crisp,R.J.,&Turner,R.N.(2010).Have confidence in contact.American Psychologist,65(2),133-135.
Deaux,K.(2012).Categories we live by.In S.Wiley,G.Philogène,&T.A.Revenson(Eds.),(2012).Social categories in everyday experience.,(pp.205-217).Washington,DC,US:American Psychological Association.
Diesendruck,G.,Goldfein‐Elbaz,R.,Rhodes,M.,Gelman,S.,&Neumark,N.(2013).Cross‐cultural differences in children's beliefs about the objectivity of social categories.Child Development,84(6),1906-1917.
Donders,N.C.,Correll,J.,&Wittenbrink,B.(2008).Danger stereotypes predict racially biased attentional allocation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,44(5),1328-1333.
Dovidio,J.F.,Love,A.,Schellhaas,F.M.,&Hewstone,M.(2017).Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact:Twenty years of progress and future directions.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,20(5),606-620.
Dragojevic,M.,Berglund,C.,&Blauvelt,T.K.(2017).Figuring out who’s who:The role of social categorization in the language attitudes process.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,37(1),28-50.
Efferson,C.,Lalive,R.,&Fehr,E.(2008).The coevolution of cultural groups and ingroup favoritism.Science,321(5897),1844-1849.
Eidson,R.C.,&Coley,J.D.(2014).Not so fast:Reassessing gender essentialism in young adults.Journal of Cognition and Development,15(2),382-392.
Freeman,J.B.&Ambady,N.(2011).A dynamic interactive theory of persons construal.Psychological Review,118(2),247-279.
Ghaziani,A.,Taylor,V.,&Stone,A.(2016).Cycles of sameness and difference in LGBT social movements.Annual Review of Sociology,42,165-183.
Gillespie,A.,Howarth,C.S.,&Cornish,F.(2012).Four problems for researchers using social categories.Culture&Psychology,18(3),391-402.
Hampton,J.A.(1987).Inheritance of attributes in natural concept conjunctions.Memory&Cognition,15(1),55-71.
Hogg,M.A.,Abrams,D.,&Brewer,M.B.(2017).Social identity:The role of self in group processes and intergroup relations.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,20(5),570-581
Horwitz,S.R.,Shutts,K.,&Olson,K.R.(2014).Social class differences produce social group preferences.Developmental Science,17(6),991-1002.
Kang,S.K.,&Chasteen,A.L.(2009).Beyond the doublejeopardy hypothesis:Assessing emotion on the faces of multiply-categorizable targets of prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(6),1281-1285.
Kang,S.K.,Chasteen,A.L.,Cadieux,J.,Cary,L.A.,&Syeda,M.(2014).Comparing young and older adults’perceptions of conflicting stereotypes and multiplycategorizable individuals.Psychology and Aging,29(3),469-481.
Kawakami,K.,Amodio,D.M.,&Hugenberg,K.(2017).Chapter one-Intergroup perception and cognition:An integrative framework for understanding the causes and consequences of social categorization.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,55,41-48.
Kinzler,K.D.,&Spelke,E.S.(2011).Do infants show social preferences for people differing in race?Cognition,119(1),1-9.
Kinzler,K.D.,Shutts,K.,&Correll,J.(2010).Priorities in social categories.European Journal of Social Psychology,40(4),581-592.
Kinzler,K.D.,Shutts,K.,DeJesus,J.,&Spelke,E.S.(2009).Accent trumps race in guiding children’s social preferences.Social Cognition,27(4),623-634.
Klapper,A.,Dotsch,R.,van Rooij,I.,&Wigboldus,D.(2017).Four meanings of“categorization”:A conceptual analysis of research on person perception.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,11(8),e12336.
Labov,W.(2006).The social stratification of English in New York City(2nd ed.),New York:Cambridge University Press.
Locke,K.D.,&Heller,S.(2017).Communal and agentic interpersonal and intergroup motives predict preferences for status versus power.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,43(1),71-86.
Nicolas,G.,de la Fuente,M.,&Fiske,S.T.(2017).Mind the overlap in multiple categorization:A review of crossed categorization,intersectionality,and multiracial perception.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,20(5),621-631.
Nosek,B.A.,Greenwald,A.G.,&Banaji,M.R.(2007).The Implicit Association Test at age 7:A methodological and conceptual review.In J.A.Bargh(Ed.),Social psychology and the unconscious:The automaticity of mental processes(pp.265-292).New York:Psychology Press.
Pedulla,D.S.(2014).The positive consequences of negative stereotypes:Race,sexual orientation,and the job application process.Social Psychology Quarterly,77(1),75-94.
Philogène,G.(2012).Understanding social categories:An epistemological journey.In S.Wiley,G.Philogène,T.A.Revenson,(Eds).(2012).Social categories in everyday experience.,(pp.31-43).Washington,DC,United States.
Prati,F.,Crisp,R.J.,&Rubini,M.(2015).Counterstereotypes reduce emotional intergroup bias by eliciting surprise in the face of unexpected category combinations.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,61,31-43.
Rozendal,K.(2003).The effects of choice over category membership on social category compound dominance(Unpublished doctorial dissertation).University of California.
Rule,N.O.,&Sutherland,S.L.(2017).Social categorization from faces:Evidence from obvious and ambiguous groups.Current Directions in Psychological Science,26(3),231-236.
Shutts,K.(2015).Young children's preferences:Gender,race,and social status.Child Development Perspectives,9(4),262-266.
Shutts,K.,Brey,E.L.,Dornbusch,L.A.,Slywotzky,N.,&Olson,K.R.(2016).Children use wealth cues to evaluate others.PLoS ONE,11(3),e0149360.
Shutts,K.,Roben,C.K.P.,&Spelke,E.S.(2013).Children's use of social categories in thinking about people and social relationships.Journal of Cognition and Development,14(1),35-62.
Smyth,K.,Feeney,A.,Eidson,R.C.,&Coley,J.D.(2017).Development of essentialist thinking about religion categories in Northern Ireland(and the United States).Developmental Psychology,53(3),475-496.
Smallman,R.,&Becker,B.(2017).Motivational differences in seeking out evaluative categorization information.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,43(7),1020-1032.
Song,J.,&Zuo,B.(2016).Functional significance of conflicting age and wealth cross-categorization:The dominant role of categories that violate stereotypical expectations.Frontiers in Psychology,7,1624.
Weisman,K.,Johnson,M.V.,&Shutts,K.(2015).Young children’s automatic encoding of social categories.Developmental Science,18(6),1036-1043.
Williams,D.R.,Priest,N.,&Anderson,N.B.(2016).Understanding associations among race,socioeconomic status,and health:Patterns and prospects.Health Psychology,35(4),407-411.