山东沂沭断裂带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹特征差异性
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摘要
近些年来,在山东沂沭断裂带南部地区(莒南、临沭、郯城和东海)的下白垩统上部大盛群中发现了大量的恐龙足迹化石,而这些化石反映的足迹类型、形态大小、足迹踩踏深度等方面都存在有差异性。研究发现,在足迹类型方面,莒南地区以兽脚类和鸟脚类恐龙足迹为主,临沭、郯城和东海地区以蜥脚类恐龙足迹为主。足迹大小方面,莒南地区的兽脚类足迹可划分为类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ两种类型,而东海地区的恐龙足迹主要属于类型Ⅱ,但是莒南地区大多数足迹的趾间角要小于东海地区的,这可能是由于兽脚类恐龙属种的不同所造成的;莒南地区鸟脚类足迹绝大多数要小于临沭地区的鸟脚类足迹;郯城地区的蜥脚类足迹较小,而莒南、临沭和东海地区大多数蜥脚类足迹的大小较为相似,个别临沭和莒南地区的蜥脚类恐龙足迹较大。足迹踩踏深度方面,临沭、东海和郯城地区的足迹相比莒南地区的足迹要稍深,这与足迹形成在不同湿度、黏度、颗粒度的沉积物表面上有密切联系。基于上述研究认为,在早白垩世晚期,沂沭断裂带内生活着种类繁盛,数量庞大的恐龙动物群,联系到沂沭断裂带东部诸城地区早白垩世早期地层中也发现有大量的以兽脚类为主的恐龙足迹化石,推断在早白垩世,沂沭断裂带及胶莱盆地当时为一个理想的恐龙生存、繁衍的栖息地。同时,山东早白垩世大量恐龙足迹化石的发现也为整个华北甚至东北亚地区晚中生代恐龙属种的分布、演化以及古地理研究提供了丰富的材料和信息。
In recent years,abundant dinosaur footprint fossils have been discovered in the Lower Cretaceous(Dasheng Group),the south of Yishu Rifting Zone,Shandong Province.Based on our research,many different features of these footprints,including footprint types,morphology, depth of footprints, etc. ,have been noticed and listed as follows:(1)As for the footprint makers,theropod and ornithopod tracks were dominant in Junan County,while in Linshu,Tancheng and Donghai,the sauropod tracks were primary.(2)As for the footprint size,the theropod footprints from Junan were divided into Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ,but in Donghai,only the Type Ⅱ were present.In addition,the digit angle of theropod footprints in Junan is smaller than that in Donghai,which may be caused by different dinosaur species.The ornithopod footprints from Junan are smaller than those of Donghai.Moreover,the sauropod footprints are small in Tancheng,but are similar to those of Junan,Linshu and Donghai.(3)Because of the diverse humidity,viscosity and sediment granularity,the depth of footprints from the Donghai,Tancheng and Junan are various. Based on all the above-mentioned new discovery of dinosaur footprints in Zhucheng,east of the Yishu Rifting Zone,in early Early Cretaceous,we conclude that a large and prosperous dinosaur fauna lived in Yishu Rifting Zone in the Early Cretaceous.Furthermore, the dinosaur footprints from Shandong Province in the Early Cretaceous were excellent materials for deeply research on distribution and evolution of the dinosaurs and palaeogeography in the Late Mesozoic of the North China and even the Northeast Asia.
In recent years,abundant dinosaur footprint fossils have been discovered in the Lower Cretaceous(Dasheng Group),the south of Yishu Rifting Zone,Shandong Province.Based on our research,many different features of these footprints,including footprint types,morphology, depth of footprints, etc. ,have been noticed and listed as follows:(1)As for the footprint makers,theropod and ornithopod tracks were dominant in Junan County,while in Linshu,Tancheng and Donghai,the sauropod tracks were primary.(2)As for the footprint size,the theropod footprints from Junan were divided into Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ,but in Donghai,only the Type Ⅱ were present.In addition,the digit angle of theropod footprints in Junan is smaller than that in Donghai,which may be caused by different dinosaur species.The ornithopod footprints from Junan are smaller than those of Donghai.Moreover,the sauropod footprints are small in Tancheng,but are similar to those of Junan,Linshu and Donghai.(3)Because of the diverse humidity,viscosity and sediment granularity,the depth of footprints from the Donghai,Tancheng and Junan are various. Based on all the above-mentioned new discovery of dinosaur footprints in Zhucheng,east of the Yishu Rifting Zone,in early Early Cretaceous,we conclude that a large and prosperous dinosaur fauna lived in Yishu Rifting Zone in the Early Cretaceous.Furthermore, the dinosaur footprints from Shandong Province in the Early Cretaceous were excellent materials for deeply research on distribution and evolution of the dinosaurs and palaeogeography in the Late Mesozoic of the North China and even the Northeast Asia.
引文
胡承志.1973.山东诸城巨型鸭嘴龙化石[J].地质学报,(2):179-206.
胡承志,程政武,庞其清,等.2001.巨型山东龙[M].北京:地质出版社,1-139.
李建军,白志强,魏青云.2011.内蒙古鄂托克旗下白垩统恐龙足迹[M].北京:地质出版社,1-105.
李日辉,张光威.2000.莱阳盆地莱阳群恐龙足迹化石的新发现[J].地质论评,46(6):605-610.
李日辉,张光威.2001.山东莱阳盆地早白垩世莱阳群的遗迹化石[J].古生物学报,40(2):252-261.
李日辉,刘明渭,松川正树.2002.山东发现侏罗纪恐龙足迹化石[J].地质通报,21(8-9):596-597.
李日辉,刘明渭,Lockley M G.2005b.山东莒南后左山恐龙公园早白垩世恐龙足迹化石初步研究[J].地质通报,24(3):277-280.
李日辉,Lockley M G,刘明渭.2005a.山东莒南早白垩世新类型鸟类足迹化石[J].科学通报,50(8):783-787.
李日辉,Lockley M G,Matsukawa M,等.2008.山东莒南地质公园发现小型兽脚类恐龙足迹化石Minisauripus[J].地质通报,27(1):121-125.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2010.鲁东诸城地区晚白垩世恐龙集群埋藏地沉积相与埋藏学初步研究[J].地质论评,56(4):457-468.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2011.山东胶莱盆地白垩纪恐龙足迹与骨骼化石埋藏沉积相与古地理环境[J].地学前缘,18(4):9-24.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2012.冀西北尚义上侏罗统—下白垩统后城组恐龙足迹新发现及生物古地理意义[J].古地理学报,14(5):617-627.
邢立达,Jerald D H,王克柏,等.2010a.山东诸城盆地下白垩统莱阳群的非鸟恐龙与鸟足迹化石组合[J].地质通报,29(8):1105-1112.
邢立达,杰瑞德D哈里斯,贾程凯.2010b.江苏下白垩统孟疃组的恐龙足迹群及蜥脚类足迹形态的多样性[J].古生物学报,49(4):448-460.
杨钟健.1958.中国古生物志—山东莱阳恐龙化石(142册),新丙种(16号)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-138.
赵喜进,李敦景,韩岗,等.2007.山东的巨大诸城龙[J].地球学报,28(2):111-122.
甄朔南,李建军,韩兆宽,等.1996.中国恐龙足迹研究[M].四川成都:四川科学技术出版社,1-110.
甄朔南,李建军,张宝坤,等.1995.四川峨眉下白垩统的恐龙及鸟类足迹研究[R].北京自然博物馆研究报告,54:105-120.
Brand L.1979.Field and laboratory studies on the Coconino Sandstone,(Permian)vertebrate footprints and their palaeo-ecological implica-tions[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,28:25-38.
Chen P J,Li J J,Matsukawa M,et al.2006.Geological ages of dinosaur-track-bearing formations in China[J].Cretaceous Research,27(1):22-32.
Ginsburg L,Lapparent A F,Loiret B,et al.1996.Empreintes de pas devertebrates tetrapodes dans le series continentals a l'ouest d'Agades(Republique du Niger)[M].Comptes Rendus de I’Académie desSciences de Paris,263,D:28-31.
Huh M,Paik I S,Lockly M G,et al.2006.Well-preserved theropodtracks from the Upper Cretaceous of Hwasun County,southwesternSouth korea,and their paleobiological implications[J].CretaceousResearch,27:123-138.
Kim B S,Huh M.2010.Analysis of the acceleration phase of a theropoddinosaur based on a Cretaceous trackway from Korea[J].Palaeo-geography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,293:1-8.
Kim J Y,Kim K S,Lockly M G,et al.,2008.New didactyl dinosaur foot-prints(Dromaeosauripus hamanensis ichnogen.et ichnosp.nov.)fromthe Early Cretaceous Haman Formation,south coast of Korea[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,262:72-78.
Lee Y N,Lee H J,LüJ C,et al.2008.New pterosaur tracks from theHasandong Formation(Lower Cretaceous)of Hadong County,SouthKorea[J].Cretaceous Research,29:345-353.
Li R H,Lockley M G,Makovicky P,et al.2008.Behavioral and faunalimplications of deinonychosaurian trackways from the Lower Creta-ceous of China[J].Naturwissenschaften,95:185-191.
Li R H,Lockley M G,Matsukawa M,et al.2011.An unusual theropodtrack assemblage from the Cretaceous of the Zhucheng area,Shan-dong Province,China[J].Cretaceous Resaerch,32:422-432.
Lockley M G.1986.The paleobiological and paleoenvironmental impor-tance of dinosaur footprints[J].Palaios,1:37-47.
Lockley M G.1991.Tracking Dinosaurs:A New Look at An AncientWorld[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Lockley M G,Kim J Y,Kim K S,et al.2008.Minisauripus-the track ofa diminutive dinosaur from the Cretaceous of China and South Kore-a:Implications for stratigraphic correlation and theropod foot mor-phodynamics[J].Cretaceous Research,29:115-130.
Lockley M G,Wright J L,White D,et al.2002.The first sauropod track-ways from China[J].Cretaceous Research,23:363-381.
Lockley M G,Yang S Y,Matsukawa M.2005.Minisauripus-the track ofa diminutive dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Korea:Implications forcorrelation in east Asia[J].Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,25:84A.
Matsukawa M,Lockley M G,Li J J.2006.Cretaceous terrestrial biotas ofEast Asia,with special reference to dinosaur-dominated ichnofaunas:Towards a synthesis[J].Cretaceous Research,27(1):3-21.
Matsukawa M,Futakami M,Lockley M G,et al.1995.Dinosaur footprintsfrom the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Manchuria,northeast China:Evidence and implications[J].Palaios,10(1):3-15.
Matsukawa M,Hamuro T,Mizukami T,et al.1997.First trackway evi-dence of gregarious dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous TetoriGroup of eastern Toyama prefecture,central Japan[J].CretaceousResearch,18:603-619.
McKee E D.1944.Tracks that go uphill[J].Plateau,16:61-72.
McKee E D.1947.Experiments on the development of tracks in finecross-bedded sand[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,17:23-28.
Myers T S,Fiorillo A R.2009.Evidence for gregarious behavior and agesegregation in sauropod dinosaurs[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclima-tology,Palaeoecology,274:96-104.
Ostrom J H.1972.Were some dinosaurs gregarious/[J].Palaeogeogra-phy,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,11:287-301.
Peabody F E.1948.Reptile and amphibian trackways from the Lower Tri-assic Moenkopi Formation of Arizona and Utah[J].University ofCalifornia,Publications in the Geological Sciences,27:295-468.
Thulborn R A.1982.Speeds and gaits of dinosaurs[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,38:227-256.
Xing L D,Harris J D,Gierliński G D,et al.2012.Early Cretaceous ptero-saur tracks from a“buried”dinosaur tracksite in Shandong Prov-ince,China[J].Palaeoworld,21:50-58.
You H,Azuma Y.1995.Early Cretaceous Dinosaur Footprints from Luan-ping,Hebei Province,China.Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestri-al Ecosystems and Biotas[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,151-156.
Young C C.1960.Fossil footprints in China[J].Vertebrata Palasiatica,4:53-66.
Zhen S,Li J,Rao C,et al.1989.A review of dinosaur footprints in Chi-na.In:Gillette D D,Lockley M G(eds).Dinosaurs:Past and Pres-ent[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,187-197.
胡承志,程政武,庞其清,等.2001.巨型山东龙[M].北京:地质出版社,1-139.
李建军,白志强,魏青云.2011.内蒙古鄂托克旗下白垩统恐龙足迹[M].北京:地质出版社,1-105.
李日辉,张光威.2000.莱阳盆地莱阳群恐龙足迹化石的新发现[J].地质论评,46(6):605-610.
李日辉,张光威.2001.山东莱阳盆地早白垩世莱阳群的遗迹化石[J].古生物学报,40(2):252-261.
李日辉,刘明渭,松川正树.2002.山东发现侏罗纪恐龙足迹化石[J].地质通报,21(8-9):596-597.
李日辉,刘明渭,Lockley M G.2005b.山东莒南后左山恐龙公园早白垩世恐龙足迹化石初步研究[J].地质通报,24(3):277-280.
李日辉,Lockley M G,刘明渭.2005a.山东莒南早白垩世新类型鸟类足迹化石[J].科学通报,50(8):783-787.
李日辉,Lockley M G,Matsukawa M,等.2008.山东莒南地质公园发现小型兽脚类恐龙足迹化石Minisauripus[J].地质通报,27(1):121-125.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2010.鲁东诸城地区晚白垩世恐龙集群埋藏地沉积相与埋藏学初步研究[J].地质论评,56(4):457-468.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2011.山东胶莱盆地白垩纪恐龙足迹与骨骼化石埋藏沉积相与古地理环境[J].地学前缘,18(4):9-24.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2012.冀西北尚义上侏罗统—下白垩统后城组恐龙足迹新发现及生物古地理意义[J].古地理学报,14(5):617-627.
邢立达,Jerald D H,王克柏,等.2010a.山东诸城盆地下白垩统莱阳群的非鸟恐龙与鸟足迹化石组合[J].地质通报,29(8):1105-1112.
邢立达,杰瑞德D哈里斯,贾程凯.2010b.江苏下白垩统孟疃组的恐龙足迹群及蜥脚类足迹形态的多样性[J].古生物学报,49(4):448-460.
杨钟健.1958.中国古生物志—山东莱阳恐龙化石(142册),新丙种(16号)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-138.
赵喜进,李敦景,韩岗,等.2007.山东的巨大诸城龙[J].地球学报,28(2):111-122.
甄朔南,李建军,韩兆宽,等.1996.中国恐龙足迹研究[M].四川成都:四川科学技术出版社,1-110.
甄朔南,李建军,张宝坤,等.1995.四川峨眉下白垩统的恐龙及鸟类足迹研究[R].北京自然博物馆研究报告,54:105-120.
Brand L.1979.Field and laboratory studies on the Coconino Sandstone,(Permian)vertebrate footprints and their palaeo-ecological implica-tions[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,28:25-38.
Chen P J,Li J J,Matsukawa M,et al.2006.Geological ages of dinosaur-track-bearing formations in China[J].Cretaceous Research,27(1):22-32.
Ginsburg L,Lapparent A F,Loiret B,et al.1996.Empreintes de pas devertebrates tetrapodes dans le series continentals a l'ouest d'Agades(Republique du Niger)[M].Comptes Rendus de I’Académie desSciences de Paris,263,D:28-31.
Huh M,Paik I S,Lockly M G,et al.2006.Well-preserved theropodtracks from the Upper Cretaceous of Hwasun County,southwesternSouth korea,and their paleobiological implications[J].CretaceousResearch,27:123-138.
Kim B S,Huh M.2010.Analysis of the acceleration phase of a theropoddinosaur based on a Cretaceous trackway from Korea[J].Palaeo-geography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,293:1-8.
Kim J Y,Kim K S,Lockly M G,et al.,2008.New didactyl dinosaur foot-prints(Dromaeosauripus hamanensis ichnogen.et ichnosp.nov.)fromthe Early Cretaceous Haman Formation,south coast of Korea[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,262:72-78.
Lee Y N,Lee H J,LüJ C,et al.2008.New pterosaur tracks from theHasandong Formation(Lower Cretaceous)of Hadong County,SouthKorea[J].Cretaceous Research,29:345-353.
Li R H,Lockley M G,Makovicky P,et al.2008.Behavioral and faunalimplications of deinonychosaurian trackways from the Lower Creta-ceous of China[J].Naturwissenschaften,95:185-191.
Li R H,Lockley M G,Matsukawa M,et al.2011.An unusual theropodtrack assemblage from the Cretaceous of the Zhucheng area,Shan-dong Province,China[J].Cretaceous Resaerch,32:422-432.
Lockley M G.1986.The paleobiological and paleoenvironmental impor-tance of dinosaur footprints[J].Palaios,1:37-47.
Lockley M G.1991.Tracking Dinosaurs:A New Look at An AncientWorld[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Lockley M G,Kim J Y,Kim K S,et al.2008.Minisauripus-the track ofa diminutive dinosaur from the Cretaceous of China and South Kore-a:Implications for stratigraphic correlation and theropod foot mor-phodynamics[J].Cretaceous Research,29:115-130.
Lockley M G,Wright J L,White D,et al.2002.The first sauropod track-ways from China[J].Cretaceous Research,23:363-381.
Lockley M G,Yang S Y,Matsukawa M.2005.Minisauripus-the track ofa diminutive dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Korea:Implications forcorrelation in east Asia[J].Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,25:84A.
Matsukawa M,Lockley M G,Li J J.2006.Cretaceous terrestrial biotas ofEast Asia,with special reference to dinosaur-dominated ichnofaunas:Towards a synthesis[J].Cretaceous Research,27(1):3-21.
Matsukawa M,Futakami M,Lockley M G,et al.1995.Dinosaur footprintsfrom the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Manchuria,northeast China:Evidence and implications[J].Palaios,10(1):3-15.
Matsukawa M,Hamuro T,Mizukami T,et al.1997.First trackway evi-dence of gregarious dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous TetoriGroup of eastern Toyama prefecture,central Japan[J].CretaceousResearch,18:603-619.
McKee E D.1944.Tracks that go uphill[J].Plateau,16:61-72.
McKee E D.1947.Experiments on the development of tracks in finecross-bedded sand[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,17:23-28.
Myers T S,Fiorillo A R.2009.Evidence for gregarious behavior and agesegregation in sauropod dinosaurs[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclima-tology,Palaeoecology,274:96-104.
Ostrom J H.1972.Were some dinosaurs gregarious/[J].Palaeogeogra-phy,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,11:287-301.
Peabody F E.1948.Reptile and amphibian trackways from the Lower Tri-assic Moenkopi Formation of Arizona and Utah[J].University ofCalifornia,Publications in the Geological Sciences,27:295-468.
Thulborn R A.1982.Speeds and gaits of dinosaurs[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,38:227-256.
Xing L D,Harris J D,Gierliński G D,et al.2012.Early Cretaceous ptero-saur tracks from a“buried”dinosaur tracksite in Shandong Prov-ince,China[J].Palaeoworld,21:50-58.
You H,Azuma Y.1995.Early Cretaceous Dinosaur Footprints from Luan-ping,Hebei Province,China.Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestri-al Ecosystems and Biotas[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,151-156.
Young C C.1960.Fossil footprints in China[J].Vertebrata Palasiatica,4:53-66.
Zhen S,Li J,Rao C,et al.1989.A review of dinosaur footprints in Chi-na.In:Gillette D D,Lockley M G(eds).Dinosaurs:Past and Pres-ent[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,187-197.