不同大气CO_2浓度升高与施氮互作对冬小麦光合与生长的影响
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摘要
利用开顶式气室(OTC)组成的CO_2浓度自动调控平台,以冬小麦为试验材料,设置CK(对照,环境大气CO_2浓度)、T_1(CO_2浓度比CK增加40μmol/mol)和T_2(CO_2浓度比CK增加200μmol/mol)3个CO_2浓度水平;在每个OTC内设置不施氮(N_0,0 kgN/hm~2)、中氮(N_1,220 kgN/hm~2)和高氮(N_2,400 kgN/hm~2)3个氮肥处理水平,分析冬小麦光合作用、生物量和产量结构变化,探讨CO_2浓度升高和施氮水平对冬小麦光合与生长的影响。结果表明,在较低光强(PAR≤200μmol/(m~2·s))和CO_2浓度(C_i≤300μmol/mol)水平下,各处理的净光合速率(P_n)值均呈直线上升,随后趋于平缓。与CK相比,T_2处理下P_n增加了19.93%(P=0.013),但对最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、暗呼吸速率(R_(day))、光呼吸速率(R_p)等无显著影响。在拔节—开花期,不同CO_2浓度处理下N_1、N_2与N_0相比显著增加了株高、叶片和茎鞘干重;在抽穗—开花期,T_2N_1与CKN_1相比显著增加了茎鞘干重,增幅为37.4%(P=0.035)。与T_1N_0相比,T_1N_1、T_1N_2显著增加了籽粒数,增幅分别为29.69%(P=0.006)和42.27%(P=0.001);与T_2N_0相比,T_2N_1、T_2N_2显著增加了籽粒数,增幅分别为16.66%(P=0.011)和19.19%(P=0.005)。与T_2N_0相比,T_2N_1、T_2N_2显著增加了千粒重,增幅分别为7.79%(P=0.004)和6.23%(P=0.015)。T_1N_2与CKN_2相比显著增加了小麦经济系数,增幅为3.70%(P=0.025)。研究表明,CO_2浓度升高显著增加了冬小麦光响应曲线的P_n;CO_2浓度升高与施氮处理促进了冬小麦干物质的积累,其中施氮对生长前期物质积累的促进作用相对更大;CO_2浓度升高与施氮处理主要通过增加籽粒数和千粒重共同影响小麦产量结构,其中T_1N_2处理对籽粒数的促进作用最大。
To investigate the effect of elevated CO_2 concentration and nitrogen fertilization on photosynthesis and growth of winter wheat,a field experiment was conducted to examine the variations of photosynthesis,biomass and yield structure of winter wheat based on the automatic control system of CO_2 concentration with open top chambers(OTCs)using different CO_2 concentrations and nitrogen fertilization rates.Three levels of CO_2 concentration,i.e.,ambient CO_2 concentration(CK),CK+40μmol/mol CO_2(T_1),and CK+200μmol/mol CO_2(T_2)and three levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e.,no nitrogen input(N_0,0 kgN/hm~2),medium nitrogen input(N_1,220 kgN/hm~2),and high nitrogen input(N_2,400 kgN/hm~2),were applied in this study.The results showed that under the low level of light intensity(PAR≤200μmol/(m~2·s))and CO_2 concentration(C_i≤300μmol/mol),the net photosynthetic rate(P_n)increased linearly followed by a leveling off.Compared with CK,P_n was increased by 19.93%under T_2 treatment(P=0.013),while no significant differences were found in the maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(nmax)),dark respiration rate(R_(day)),or photorespiration rate(R_p)under CK,T_1 and T_2 treatments.From the jointing to the flowering stages,the plant height,dry weight of leaf and stem sheath were significantly increased under N_1 and N_2 treatments compared with N_0 with different CO_2 concentrations.From the heading to the flowering stages,the dry weight of stem sheath was significantly increased by 37.4%(P=0.035)under T_2N_1 compared with CKN_1.In comparison to T_1N_0 treatment,the grain number was significantly increased by 29.69%(P=0.006)and 42.27%(P=0.001),respectively,under T_1N_1 and T_1N_2 treatments.Compared with T_2N_0 treatment,the grain number was significantly increased by 16.66%(P=0.011)and 19.19%(P=0.005),respectively,under T_2N_1 and T_2N_2 treatments.For the 1000-grain weight,it was significantly increased by7.79%(P=0.004)and 6.23%(P=0.015),respectively,under T_2N_1 and T_2N_2 treatments as compared to T_2N_0 treatment.Compared with CKN_2 treatment,the economic coefficient was significantly increased by 3.70%(P=0.025)under T_1N_2treatment.Our study showed that the elevated CO_2 concentration significantly increased P_n of the light response curve of winter-wheat.Elevated CO_2 concentration and nitrogen fertilization stimulated the accumulation of dry matter in winter-wheat,with the latter having greater stimulation on the accumulation of dry matter during the early growth stage of crop.Elevated CO_2 concentration and nitrogen fertilization affected the yield structure of winter-wheat by increasing grain number and 1000-grain weight,with T_1N_2 treatment showing the greatest impact on grain number.
To investigate the effect of elevated CO_2 concentration and nitrogen fertilization on photosynthesis and growth of winter wheat,a field experiment was conducted to examine the variations of photosynthesis,biomass and yield structure of winter wheat based on the automatic control system of CO_2 concentration with open top chambers(OTCs)using different CO_2 concentrations and nitrogen fertilization rates.Three levels of CO_2 concentration,i.e.,ambient CO_2 concentration(CK),CK+40μmol/mol CO_2(T_1),and CK+200μmol/mol CO_2(T_2)and three levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e.,no nitrogen input(N_0,0 kgN/hm~2),medium nitrogen input(N_1,220 kgN/hm~2),and high nitrogen input(N_2,400 kgN/hm~2),were applied in this study.The results showed that under the low level of light intensity(PAR≤200μmol/(m~2·s))and CO_2 concentration(C_i≤300μmol/mol),the net photosynthetic rate(P_n)increased linearly followed by a leveling off.Compared with CK,P_n was increased by 19.93%under T_2 treatment(P=0.013),while no significant differences were found in the maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(nmax)),dark respiration rate(R_(day)),or photorespiration rate(R_p)under CK,T_1 and T_2 treatments.From the jointing to the flowering stages,the plant height,dry weight of leaf and stem sheath were significantly increased under N_1 and N_2 treatments compared with N_0 with different CO_2 concentrations.From the heading to the flowering stages,the dry weight of stem sheath was significantly increased by 37.4%(P=0.035)under T_2N_1 compared with CKN_1.In comparison to T_1N_0 treatment,the grain number was significantly increased by 29.69%(P=0.006)and 42.27%(P=0.001),respectively,under T_1N_1 and T_1N_2 treatments.Compared with T_2N_0 treatment,the grain number was significantly increased by 16.66%(P=0.011)and 19.19%(P=0.005),respectively,under T_2N_1 and T_2N_2 treatments.For the 1000-grain weight,it was significantly increased by7.79%(P=0.004)and 6.23%(P=0.015),respectively,under T_2N_1 and T_2N_2 treatments as compared to T_2N_0 treatment.Compared with CKN_2 treatment,the economic coefficient was significantly increased by 3.70%(P=0.025)under T_1N_2treatment.Our study showed that the elevated CO_2 concentration significantly increased P_n of the light response curve of winter-wheat.Elevated CO_2 concentration and nitrogen fertilization stimulated the accumulation of dry matter in winter-wheat,with the latter having greater stimulation on the accumulation of dry matter during the early growth stage of crop.Elevated CO_2 concentration and nitrogen fertilization affected the yield structure of winter-wheat by increasing grain number and 1000-grain weight,with T_1N_2 treatment showing the greatest impact on grain number.
引文
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[5]Ainsworth E A.Rice production in a changing climate:A metaanalysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration[J].Global Change Biology,2008,14:1642-1650.
[6]张凯,王润元,李巧珍,等.CO2浓度增加对半干旱区春小麦生产和水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(9):2959-2969.Zhang K,Wang R Y,Li Q Z,et al.Effects of elevated CO2concentration on production and water use efficiency of spring wheat in semi-arid area[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(9):2959-2969.
[7]姜帅,居辉,吕小溪,等.CO2浓度升高与水分互作对冬小麦生长发育的影响[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(4):403-409.Jiang S,Ju H,LüX X,et al.Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and water on the growth and development of winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34(4):403-409.
[8]Li Z G,Wu W B,Yu Q Y,et al.Simulated impact of elevated CO2,temperature,and precipitation on the winter wheat yield in the North China plain[J].Regional Environmental Change,2014,14(1):61-74.
[9]Liu H,Yang L,Huang J,et al.Yield formation of CO2-enriched hybrid rice cultivar Shanyou 63 under fully open-air field conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2008,108:93-100.
[10]张绪成,于显枫,高世铭.高大气CO2浓度下氮素对小麦叶片光能利用的影响[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(10):1196-1203.Zhang X C,Yu X F,Gao S M.Effects of nitrogen application rates on photosynthetic energy utilization in wheat leaves under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(10),1196-1203.
[11]刘晓聪,董家华,欧英娟.大气中CO2与O3浓度升高对植物光合作用影响研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(3):152-155.Liu X C,Dong J H,Ou Y J.Research progress on effects of elevated atmospheric O3 and CO2 on plant photosynthesis[J].Environmental Science and Management,2016,41(3):152-155.
[12]徐玲,赵天宏,胡莹莹,等.CO2浓度升高对春小麦光合作用和籽粒产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2008,28(5):867-872.Xu L,Zhao T H,Hu Y Y,et al.Effects of CO2 Enrichment on photosynthesis and grain yield of spring wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2008,28(5):867-872.
[13]孙文娟,张晨希,刘晓萌,等.不同CO2浓度升高水平对粳稻灌浆速率的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(1):148-154.Sun W J,Zhang C X,Liu X M,et al.Effects of different levels of elevated CO2 concentration on grain filling rates of Japonica rice[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2018,39(1):148-154.
[14]景立权,赵新勇,周宁,等.高CO2浓度对杂交水稻光合作用日变化的影响--FACE研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):2033-2044.Jing L Q,Zhao X Y,Zhou N,et al.Effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration on photosynthetic diurnal variation characteristics of hybrid rice:A FACE study[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(6):2033-2044.
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