基于NVivo质性分析的大数据社会排斥问题研究
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摘要
[目的/意义]大数据快速发展的过程中出现了社会排斥问题。研究大数据社会排斥问题,对于提高大数据应用水平和效益,促进社会可持续发展十分必要。[方法/过程]借助NVivo 11 Plus质性分析工具,对40份有关大数据社会排斥问题的研究报告、访谈稿、研究论文和新闻报道等进行编码分析,揭示大数据社会排斥的表现形式、不良影响、产生原因和治理对策。[结果/结论]大数据社会排斥问题表现为多种形式,并产生了严重的负外部性;问题形成原因复杂,需要社会各界合力治理。
[Purpose/Significance]Social exclusion has occurred in the rapid development of big data.It is necessary to study the social exclusion of big data in order to improve the level and effectiveness of big data applications and promote sustainable social development.[Method/Process]By using NVivo 11 Plus qualitative analysis software,40 documents,including research reports,transcripts of interviews,research papers and news reports on social exclusion of big data,are coded and analyzed to reveal the manifestations,adverse effects,causes and governance countermeasures of social exclusion of big data.[Result/Conclusion]Social exclusion of big data is manifested in various forms and has produced serious negative externalities.It is resulted from complex causes.Concerted efforts of all sectors are needed.
[Purpose/Significance]Social exclusion has occurred in the rapid development of big data.It is necessary to study the social exclusion of big data in order to improve the level and effectiveness of big data applications and promote sustainable social development.[Method/Process]By using NVivo 11 Plus qualitative analysis software,40 documents,including research reports,transcripts of interviews,research papers and news reports on social exclusion of big data,are coded and analyzed to reveal the manifestations,adverse effects,causes and governance countermeasures of social exclusion of big data.[Result/Conclusion]Social exclusion of big data is manifested in various forms and has produced serious negative externalities.It is resulted from complex causes.Concerted efforts of all sectors are needed.
引文
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[17] 周素红.大数据热背后的冷思考[J].城市规划学刊,2015(3):5.
[18] 熊艾伦,蒲勇健,邹俊.智慧城市视角下的社会排斥问题研究[J].电子政务,2016(12):81-90.
[19] Barocas S,Selbst A D.Big data's disparate impact[J].California Law Review,2016(104):671-732.
[20] 吴兴华.大数据时代公正观的变革及其意义[J].常州大学学报(社会科学版),2017,18(2):1-8.
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[23] 吴忠民.走向公正的中国社会[M].济南:山东人民出版社,2008:19-26.
[24] 张玉宏,秦志光,肖乐.大数据算法的歧视本质[J].自然辩证法研究,2017,33(5):81-86.
[25] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.Bigdata:Discrimination in data-supported decision making[EB/OL].[2018-11-19].http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/big-data-discrimination.
[26] Federal Trade Commission.Bigdata:A tool for inclusion or exclusion?Part 6[EB/OL].(2014-09-17) [2018-10-06].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/videos/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-part-6/ftc_big_data_workshop_-_transcript_segment_6.pdf.
[27] Gillula J,Opsahl K,Reitman R.The White House big data report:The good,the bad,and the missing[EB/OL].(2014-05-04) [2018-11-20].https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/white-house-big-data-report-good-bad-and-missing.
[28] 倪万,唐锡光.大数据应用于社会科学研究的价值与悖论[J].东南学术,2017(4):68-78,247.
[29] 刘林平,蒋和超,李潇晓.规律与因果:大数据对社会科学研究冲击之反思——以社会学为例[J].社会科学,2016(9):67-80.
[30] 张一清.数据时代下没有隐私[N].财新网,2017-09-15.
[31] Crawford K.Algorithmicillusions:hidden biases of big data[EB/OL].(2013-03-02)[2018-09-16].http://sociologicalimagination.org/archives/tag/kate-crawford.
[32] Schradie J.The digital production gap in Great Britain[J].Information,Communication & Society,2013,16(6):989-998.
[33] 邱仁宗,黄雯,翟晓梅.大数据技术的伦理问题[J].科学与社会,2014,4(1):36-48.
[34] 中国互联网络信息中心.中国互联网络发展状况统计报告(2018年7月)[R/OL].(2018-08-20) [2018-10-20].http://www.cac.gov.cn/2018-08/20/c_1123296882.htm.
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[36] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.4 possible ways to avoid big data bias[EB/OL].(2018-05-30) [2018-11-20].http://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2018/4-possible-ways-avoid-big-data-bias.
[37] Qiu J L.Reflections onbig data:Just because it is accessible does not make it ethical[J].Media Culture & Society,2015,37(7):1089-1094.
[38] 张秀,田原,孙鹏.“大数据与社会公正” ——上海市伦理学会第五届青年论坛综述[J].毛泽东邓小平理论研究,2017(10):102-104.
[39] 王政,洪伟达.公共图书馆:社会包容还是社会排斥——穆德曼公共图书馆社会排斥项目评介[J].中国图书馆学报,2013,39(3):122-129.
[2] 彭华民.社会排斥与社会融合——一个欧盟社会政策的分析路径[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(1):23-30,103.
[3] Federal Trade Commission.Bigdata:A tool for inclusion or exclusion?Part 1[EB/OL].(2014-09-17) [2018-10-01].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/videos/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-part-1/ftc_big_data_workshop_-_transcript_segment_1.pdf.
[4] Lerman J.Big data and its exclusions[J/OL].Stanford Law Review,2013(9):1-8.[2018-10-05].https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/privacy-and-big-data-big-data-and-its-exclusions/.
[5] Wieseltier L.What big data will never explain[N].The New Republic,2013-03-26.
[6] 李文博.集群情境下大学衍生企业创业行为的关键影响因素:基于扎根理论的探索性研究[J].科学学研究,2013(1):92-103.
[7] Popay J,Escorel S,Hernández M.Understanding and tackling social exclusion[R/OL].[2018-10-02].http://www.who.int/social_determinants/knowledge_networks/final_reports/sekn_final%20report_042008.pdf?ua=1.
[8] Knowledge@Wharton.The dark side of big data[EB/OL].(2014-09-12) [2018-11-17].http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/dark-side-big-data/.
[9] Federal Trade Commission.Databrokers:A call for transparency and accountability[R/OL].[2018-10-01].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/data-brokers-call-transparency-accountability-report-federal-trade-commission-may-2014/140527databrokerreport.pdf.
[10] Federal Trade Commission.Big data:A tool for inclusion or exclusion?Part 3[EB/OL].(2014-09-17) [2018-10-06].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/videos/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-part-3/ftc_big_data_workshop_-_transcript_segment_3.pdf.
[11] Gordon C.Bigdata exclusions and disparate impact:Investigating the exclusionary dynamics of thebig data phenomenon[D].London:London School of Economics and Political Science,2015:12.
[12] 方伟,王达.大数据与社会排斥[J/OL].[2018-10-05].中国科协创新战略研究所创新研究报告,2017(48):1-15.http://www.nais.com.cn/uploads/soft/180810/3-1PQ0091 458.pdf.
[13] Federal Trade Commission.Bigdata:A tool for inclusion or exclusion?Part 2[EB/OL].(2014-09-17) [2018-10-06].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/videos/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-part-2/ftc_big_data_workshop_-_transcript_segment_2.pdf.
[14] Federal Trade Commission.Bigdata:A tool for inclusion or exclusion?Part 4[EB/OL].(2014-09-17) [2018-10-06].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/videos/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-part-4/ftc_big_data_workshop_-_transcript_segment_4.pdf.
[15] Executive Office of the President.Bigdata:Seizing opportunities,preserving values[R/OL].(2014-05-01) [2018-10-01].https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/big_data_privacy_report_may_1_2014.pdf.
[16] Gumbus A,Grodzinsky F.Era of big data:Danger of descrimination[J].SIGCAS Computers & Society,2015,45(3):118-125.
[17] 周素红.大数据热背后的冷思考[J].城市规划学刊,2015(3):5.
[18] 熊艾伦,蒲勇健,邹俊.智慧城市视角下的社会排斥问题研究[J].电子政务,2016(12):81-90.
[19] Barocas S,Selbst A D.Big data's disparate impact[J].California Law Review,2016(104):671-732.
[20] 吴兴华.大数据时代公正观的变革及其意义[J].常州大学学报(社会科学版),2017,18(2):1-8.
[21] Newman N.Howbig data enables economic harm to consumers,especially to low-income andother vulnerable sectors of the population[EB/OL].http://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_comments/2014/08/00015/92370.pdf.
[22] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.Fundamentalrights report 2018[R/OL].[2018-09-30].http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/fundamental-rights-report-2018.
[23] 吴忠民.走向公正的中国社会[M].济南:山东人民出版社,2008:19-26.
[24] 张玉宏,秦志光,肖乐.大数据算法的歧视本质[J].自然辩证法研究,2017,33(5):81-86.
[25] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.Bigdata:Discrimination in data-supported decision making[EB/OL].[2018-11-19].http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/big-data-discrimination.
[26] Federal Trade Commission.Bigdata:A tool for inclusion or exclusion?Part 6[EB/OL].(2014-09-17) [2018-10-06].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/videos/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-part-6/ftc_big_data_workshop_-_transcript_segment_6.pdf.
[27] Gillula J,Opsahl K,Reitman R.The White House big data report:The good,the bad,and the missing[EB/OL].(2014-05-04) [2018-11-20].https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/white-house-big-data-report-good-bad-and-missing.
[28] 倪万,唐锡光.大数据应用于社会科学研究的价值与悖论[J].东南学术,2017(4):68-78,247.
[29] 刘林平,蒋和超,李潇晓.规律与因果:大数据对社会科学研究冲击之反思——以社会学为例[J].社会科学,2016(9):67-80.
[30] 张一清.数据时代下没有隐私[N].财新网,2017-09-15.
[31] Crawford K.Algorithmicillusions:hidden biases of big data[EB/OL].(2013-03-02)[2018-09-16].http://sociologicalimagination.org/archives/tag/kate-crawford.
[32] Schradie J.The digital production gap in Great Britain[J].Information,Communication & Society,2013,16(6):989-998.
[33] 邱仁宗,黄雯,翟晓梅.大数据技术的伦理问题[J].科学与社会,2014,4(1):36-48.
[34] 中国互联网络信息中心.中国互联网络发展状况统计报告(2018年7月)[R/OL].(2018-08-20) [2018-10-20].http://www.cac.gov.cn/2018-08/20/c_1123296882.htm.
[35] Federal Trade Commission.Bigdata:A tool for inclusion or exclusion?[R/OL].[2018-10-01].https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-understanding-issues/160106big-data-rpt.pdf.
[36] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.4 possible ways to avoid big data bias[EB/OL].(2018-05-30) [2018-11-20].http://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2018/4-possible-ways-avoid-big-data-bias.
[37] Qiu J L.Reflections onbig data:Just because it is accessible does not make it ethical[J].Media Culture & Society,2015,37(7):1089-1094.
[38] 张秀,田原,孙鹏.“大数据与社会公正” ——上海市伦理学会第五届青年论坛综述[J].毛泽东邓小平理论研究,2017(10):102-104.
[39] 王政,洪伟达.公共图书馆:社会包容还是社会排斥——穆德曼公共图书馆社会排斥项目评介[J].中国图书馆学报,2013,39(3):122-129.