地方依恋对城市居民社区参与的影响研究——以广州为例
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摘要
基于2015年广州市1 273份居民问卷调查和半结构性访谈数据,结合逐步LPM回归和中介效应模型,探讨地方依恋和社区参与两者关系中存在的中介效应及其传导机制,并系统对比本地居民与外来移民之间的差异。研究发现:①社区居民的地方依恋能够直接提升其社区参与期望;②社区参与行为作为一个中介变量,在地方依恋对社区参与期望的影响中发挥中介效应;③对比本地居民,外来移民的社区参与行为和期望程度相对较低;④外来移民的社区参与行为对其社区参与期望影响的中介效应相对较弱。揭示了中国城市居民社区参与中存在户籍制度壁垒,需要进一步通过社区公共服务均等化措施,提升居民尤其是外来移民的获得感、幸福感和安全感。
China has experienced an unprecedented surge of rural-urban migration since the mid 1980 s, which has led to rapid growth of the urban population, especially in large cities. Along with the vigorous reconstruction of urban space, residents' place attachment to the neighborhood and their civic engagement are also dramatically changing, which deserves in-depth research. Particularly, without the official residential registration status(Hukou in Chinese), floating population own a lower level of place attachment to the destination neighborhood, and they seem to be lack of aspiration for civic engagement. Against this background, the first objective of this article is to explore the relationship between residents' place attachment and their civic engagement(which is framed by two dimensions: actual participation behavior and aspiration for civic engagement), with the emphasis on the mediation effect in their interactions. The other purpose is to discuss the heterogeneity of residents' civic engagement brought by the difference in their Hukou status. It contrasts the group of local residents with the group of migrants, especially in the fields of their aspiration for civic engagement and related mediation effects. In light of the evidence from a 2015 survey of about 1 273 residents in Guangzhou, our empirical findings by a stepwise approach of LPM Models have found that: 1) Residents' place attachment has a directly-positive impact on their aspiration to participate in civic engagement; 2) This relation is mediated by residents' actual participation behavior: place attachment also exert an indirect effect on the future aspiration via actual participation behavior; 3) Compared to the group of local residents, migrants hold a lower level of place attachment and civic engagement(both actual behavior and future aspiration); 4) The mediation effect of migrants' actual participation behavior is much weaker than the one of local residents. These results imply that: without Hukou status, migrants did not get a positive feedback from their participation experience and thereby are not eager to participate in civic engagement. Based on these findings, this article outlines the nature of heterogeneity of place attachment and the institutional barriers of civic engagement in urban China: The Hukou system is still restricting migrants' participation. Thus, to improve residents' social wellbeing and their sense of gaining, policymaking needs to give more emphasis on the equalization of public services and the access to civic engagement, especially for migrants.
China has experienced an unprecedented surge of rural-urban migration since the mid 1980 s, which has led to rapid growth of the urban population, especially in large cities. Along with the vigorous reconstruction of urban space, residents' place attachment to the neighborhood and their civic engagement are also dramatically changing, which deserves in-depth research. Particularly, without the official residential registration status(Hukou in Chinese), floating population own a lower level of place attachment to the destination neighborhood, and they seem to be lack of aspiration for civic engagement. Against this background, the first objective of this article is to explore the relationship between residents' place attachment and their civic engagement(which is framed by two dimensions: actual participation behavior and aspiration for civic engagement), with the emphasis on the mediation effect in their interactions. The other purpose is to discuss the heterogeneity of residents' civic engagement brought by the difference in their Hukou status. It contrasts the group of local residents with the group of migrants, especially in the fields of their aspiration for civic engagement and related mediation effects. In light of the evidence from a 2015 survey of about 1 273 residents in Guangzhou, our empirical findings by a stepwise approach of LPM Models have found that: 1) Residents' place attachment has a directly-positive impact on their aspiration to participate in civic engagement; 2) This relation is mediated by residents' actual participation behavior: place attachment also exert an indirect effect on the future aspiration via actual participation behavior; 3) Compared to the group of local residents, migrants hold a lower level of place attachment and civic engagement(both actual behavior and future aspiration); 4) The mediation effect of migrants' actual participation behavior is much weaker than the one of local residents. These results imply that: without Hukou status, migrants did not get a positive feedback from their participation experience and thereby are not eager to participate in civic engagement. Based on these findings, this article outlines the nature of heterogeneity of place attachment and the institutional barriers of civic engagement in urban China: The Hukou system is still restricting migrants' participation. Thus, to improve residents' social wellbeing and their sense of gaining, policymaking needs to give more emphasis on the equalization of public services and the access to civic engagement, especially for migrants.
引文
[1]李志刚.中国城市“新移民”聚居区居住满意度研究:以北京、上海、广州为例[J].城市规划, 2011, 35(12):75-82.[Li Zhigang. A study of residential satisfaction in the neo-migrant enclaves of Chinese cities:A case of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. City Planning Review, 2011, 35(12):75-82.]
[2] Brand R, Fregonese S. The radicals’city:Urban environment,polarisation, cohesion[M]. Surrey:Ashgate, 2013.
[3] Forrest R, Kearns A. Social cohesion, social capital and the Neighbourhood[J]. Urban Studies, 2001, 38(12):2125-2143.
[4] Putnam R D. Bowling alone:The collapse and revival of American community[M]. New York:Simon&Schuste, 2000.
[5] Lewicka M. Ways to make people active:The role of place attachment, cultural capital, and neighborhood ties[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2005, 25(4):381-395.
[6] Palmer N A, Perkins D D, Xu Q W. Social capital and community participation among migrant workers in China[J]. Journal of Community Psychology, 2011, 39(1):89-105.
[7] Bourdieu P. The forms of capital//J Richardson. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education[M]. New York:Greenwood Press, 1986:24-258.
[8] Xu Q, Perkins D D, Chow J C. Sense of community, neighboring, and social capital as predictors of local political participation in China[J]. American journal of community psychology,2010, 45(3-4):259-271.
[9] Stefaniak A, Bilewicz M, Lewicka M. The merits of teaching local history:Increased place attachment enhances civic engagement and social trust[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology,2017, 51:217-225.
[10]杜宗斌,苏勤.社区归属感对乡村旅游地居民社区参与的影响——以浙江安吉为例[J].旅游科学, 2013, 27(3):61-71.[Du Zongbin, Su Qin. Influence of sense of community on community involvement in rural tourism destination:A case study of Anji County in Zhejiang Province. Tourism Science, 2013, 27(3):61-71.]
[11] Williams D R, Roggenbuck J W. Measuring place attachment:Some preliminary results[Z]. Paper Presented at the Session on Outdoor Planning and Management, NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research, San Antonio, TX, 1989.
[12] Shamai S. Sense of place:An empirical measurement[J]. Geoforum, 1991, 22(3):347-358.
[13]盛婷婷,杨钊.国外地方感研究进展与启示[J].人文地理,2015, 30(4):11-17.[Sheng Tingting, Yang Zhao. Research process and enlightenment on sense of place in foreign countries.Human Geography, 2015, 30(4):11-17.]
[14]杜宗斌,苏勤,姜辽.乡村旅游地居民社区归属感模型构建及应用——以浙江安吉为例[J].旅游学刊, 2013, 28(6):65-74.[Du Zongbin, Su Qin, Jiang Liao. A structural model of residents’sense of community in rural tourism destinations and its application:A case study of Anji County in Zhejiang Province.Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(6):65-74.]
[15] Walker A J, Ryan R L. Place attachment and landscape preservation in rural New England:A maine case study[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning, 2008, 86(2):141-152.
[16] Halpenny E A. Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors:The effect of place attachment[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2010, 30(4):409-421.
[17]张京祥,赵丹,陈浩.增长主义的终结与中国城市规划的转型[J].城市规划, 2013(1):45-50.[Zhang Jingxiang, Zhao Dan,Chen Hao. Termination of growth supremacism and transformation of China’s urban planning. City Planning Review, 2013(1):45-50.]
[18]王洋,金利霞,张虹鸥,等.广州市居民住房条件的空间分异格局与形成机制[J].地理科学, 2017, 37(6):868-875.[Wang Yang, Jin Lixia, Zhang Hongou et al. The spatial differentiation pattern and formation mechanism of housing conditions in Guangzhou City, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(6):868-875.]
[19]封丹, Breitung W,朱竑.住宅郊区化背景下门禁社区与周边邻里关系——以广州丽江花园为例[J].地理研究, 2011, 30(1):61-70.[Feng Dan, Werner Breitung, Zhu Hong. Space of Fragmentation:A study of the linkages between gated communities and their neighborhoods in Guangzhou, China. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(1):61-70.]
[20]刘云刚,周雯婷,黄徐璐,等.全球化背景下在华跨国移民社区的空间生产——广州远景路韩国人聚居区的案例研究[J].地理科学, 2017, 37(7):976-986.[Liu Yungang, Zhou Wenting,Huang Xulu et al. Production of space of south Korean Enclave in Yuanjing Road, Guangzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017, 37(7):976-986.]
[21]赵静,闫小培,朱莹.深圳市城中村“非正规住房”空间特征与演化研究[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(12):1802-1810.[Zhao Jing,Yan Xiaopei, Zhu Ying. Spatial characteristics and evolution of informal housing in urban village of Shenzhen. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(12):1802-1810.]
[22]张艳,刘志林.市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究[J].地理科学, 2018, 38(1):11-19.[Zhang Yan, Liu Zhilin. Access to housings and home-work separation of moderate to low-income residents in Beijing under the market-oriented transition. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(1):11-19.]
[23]黎熙元,陈福平.社区论辩:转型期中国城市社区的形态转变[J].社会学研究, 2008(2):192-217.[Li Xiyuan, Chen Fuping.Community issue:Change of urban community in China’s social transition. Sociological Studies, 2008(2):192-217.]
[24] Liu Y, Li Z G, Liu Y Q et al. Growth of rural migrant enclaves in Guangzhou, China:Agency, everyday practice and social mobility[J]. Urban Studies, 2015, 52(16):3086-3105.
[25]田明.地方因素对流动人口城市融入的影响研究[J].地理科学, 2017,37(7):997-1005.[Tian Ming. Local factors effects on the urban integration for the floating population. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(7):997-1005.]
[26] Trentelman C K. Place attachment and community attachment:A primer grounded in the lived experience of a community sociologist[J]. Society&Natural Resources, 2009, 2(3):191-210.
[27] Wu F L. Neighborhood attachment, social participation, and willingness to stay in China’s low-income communities[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2012, 48(4):547-570.
[28]赵莉,王萌,蒋亮亮.城市居民社区参与意愿及相关影响因素分析——以苏州城市老新村改造为例[J].社会工作, 2011(24):55-57.[Zhao Li, Wang Meng, Jiang Liangliang. Analysis of citizens'willingness of community involvement and its relevant factors:Take an example in the modification of old estates in Suzhou. Journal of Social Work, 2011(24):55-57.]
[29] Lewicka M. Place attachment:How far have we come in the last 40 years?[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2011,31(3):207-230.
[30] Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior[J]. Health Psychology Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology American Psychological Association, 2002, 21(2):194-201.
[31] Zhu Y S, Fu Q. Deciphering the civic virtue of communal space:Neighborhood attachment, social capital, and neighborhood participation in urban China[J]. Environment and Behavior, 2016, 49(7):446-447.
[32]温忠麟,叶宝娟.中介效应分析:方法和模型发展[J].心理科学进展, 2014, 22(5):731-745.[Wen Zhonglin, Ye Baojuan. Analyses of mediating effects:The development of methods and models. Advances in Psychological Science, 2014, 22(5):731-745.]
[2] Brand R, Fregonese S. The radicals’city:Urban environment,polarisation, cohesion[M]. Surrey:Ashgate, 2013.
[3] Forrest R, Kearns A. Social cohesion, social capital and the Neighbourhood[J]. Urban Studies, 2001, 38(12):2125-2143.
[4] Putnam R D. Bowling alone:The collapse and revival of American community[M]. New York:Simon&Schuste, 2000.
[5] Lewicka M. Ways to make people active:The role of place attachment, cultural capital, and neighborhood ties[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2005, 25(4):381-395.
[6] Palmer N A, Perkins D D, Xu Q W. Social capital and community participation among migrant workers in China[J]. Journal of Community Psychology, 2011, 39(1):89-105.
[7] Bourdieu P. The forms of capital//J Richardson. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education[M]. New York:Greenwood Press, 1986:24-258.
[8] Xu Q, Perkins D D, Chow J C. Sense of community, neighboring, and social capital as predictors of local political participation in China[J]. American journal of community psychology,2010, 45(3-4):259-271.
[9] Stefaniak A, Bilewicz M, Lewicka M. The merits of teaching local history:Increased place attachment enhances civic engagement and social trust[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology,2017, 51:217-225.
[10]杜宗斌,苏勤.社区归属感对乡村旅游地居民社区参与的影响——以浙江安吉为例[J].旅游科学, 2013, 27(3):61-71.[Du Zongbin, Su Qin. Influence of sense of community on community involvement in rural tourism destination:A case study of Anji County in Zhejiang Province. Tourism Science, 2013, 27(3):61-71.]
[11] Williams D R, Roggenbuck J W. Measuring place attachment:Some preliminary results[Z]. Paper Presented at the Session on Outdoor Planning and Management, NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research, San Antonio, TX, 1989.
[12] Shamai S. Sense of place:An empirical measurement[J]. Geoforum, 1991, 22(3):347-358.
[13]盛婷婷,杨钊.国外地方感研究进展与启示[J].人文地理,2015, 30(4):11-17.[Sheng Tingting, Yang Zhao. Research process and enlightenment on sense of place in foreign countries.Human Geography, 2015, 30(4):11-17.]
[14]杜宗斌,苏勤,姜辽.乡村旅游地居民社区归属感模型构建及应用——以浙江安吉为例[J].旅游学刊, 2013, 28(6):65-74.[Du Zongbin, Su Qin, Jiang Liao. A structural model of residents’sense of community in rural tourism destinations and its application:A case study of Anji County in Zhejiang Province.Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(6):65-74.]
[15] Walker A J, Ryan R L. Place attachment and landscape preservation in rural New England:A maine case study[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning, 2008, 86(2):141-152.
[16] Halpenny E A. Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors:The effect of place attachment[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2010, 30(4):409-421.
[17]张京祥,赵丹,陈浩.增长主义的终结与中国城市规划的转型[J].城市规划, 2013(1):45-50.[Zhang Jingxiang, Zhao Dan,Chen Hao. Termination of growth supremacism and transformation of China’s urban planning. City Planning Review, 2013(1):45-50.]
[18]王洋,金利霞,张虹鸥,等.广州市居民住房条件的空间分异格局与形成机制[J].地理科学, 2017, 37(6):868-875.[Wang Yang, Jin Lixia, Zhang Hongou et al. The spatial differentiation pattern and formation mechanism of housing conditions in Guangzhou City, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(6):868-875.]
[19]封丹, Breitung W,朱竑.住宅郊区化背景下门禁社区与周边邻里关系——以广州丽江花园为例[J].地理研究, 2011, 30(1):61-70.[Feng Dan, Werner Breitung, Zhu Hong. Space of Fragmentation:A study of the linkages between gated communities and their neighborhoods in Guangzhou, China. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(1):61-70.]
[20]刘云刚,周雯婷,黄徐璐,等.全球化背景下在华跨国移民社区的空间生产——广州远景路韩国人聚居区的案例研究[J].地理科学, 2017, 37(7):976-986.[Liu Yungang, Zhou Wenting,Huang Xulu et al. Production of space of south Korean Enclave in Yuanjing Road, Guangzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017, 37(7):976-986.]
[21]赵静,闫小培,朱莹.深圳市城中村“非正规住房”空间特征与演化研究[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(12):1802-1810.[Zhao Jing,Yan Xiaopei, Zhu Ying. Spatial characteristics and evolution of informal housing in urban village of Shenzhen. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(12):1802-1810.]
[22]张艳,刘志林.市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究[J].地理科学, 2018, 38(1):11-19.[Zhang Yan, Liu Zhilin. Access to housings and home-work separation of moderate to low-income residents in Beijing under the market-oriented transition. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(1):11-19.]
[23]黎熙元,陈福平.社区论辩:转型期中国城市社区的形态转变[J].社会学研究, 2008(2):192-217.[Li Xiyuan, Chen Fuping.Community issue:Change of urban community in China’s social transition. Sociological Studies, 2008(2):192-217.]
[24] Liu Y, Li Z G, Liu Y Q et al. Growth of rural migrant enclaves in Guangzhou, China:Agency, everyday practice and social mobility[J]. Urban Studies, 2015, 52(16):3086-3105.
[25]田明.地方因素对流动人口城市融入的影响研究[J].地理科学, 2017,37(7):997-1005.[Tian Ming. Local factors effects on the urban integration for the floating population. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(7):997-1005.]
[26] Trentelman C K. Place attachment and community attachment:A primer grounded in the lived experience of a community sociologist[J]. Society&Natural Resources, 2009, 2(3):191-210.
[27] Wu F L. Neighborhood attachment, social participation, and willingness to stay in China’s low-income communities[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2012, 48(4):547-570.
[28]赵莉,王萌,蒋亮亮.城市居民社区参与意愿及相关影响因素分析——以苏州城市老新村改造为例[J].社会工作, 2011(24):55-57.[Zhao Li, Wang Meng, Jiang Liangliang. Analysis of citizens'willingness of community involvement and its relevant factors:Take an example in the modification of old estates in Suzhou. Journal of Social Work, 2011(24):55-57.]
[29] Lewicka M. Place attachment:How far have we come in the last 40 years?[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2011,31(3):207-230.
[30] Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior[J]. Health Psychology Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology American Psychological Association, 2002, 21(2):194-201.
[31] Zhu Y S, Fu Q. Deciphering the civic virtue of communal space:Neighborhood attachment, social capital, and neighborhood participation in urban China[J]. Environment and Behavior, 2016, 49(7):446-447.
[32]温忠麟,叶宝娟.中介效应分析:方法和模型发展[J].心理科学进展, 2014, 22(5):731-745.[Wen Zhonglin, Ye Baojuan. Analyses of mediating effects:The development of methods and models. Advances in Psychological Science, 2014, 22(5):731-745.]