生育政策调整对女性就业质量的影响
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摘要
利用最新的调查数据,构建了生育政策调整对女性就业质量影响的研究框架。研究发现生育政策调整后女性就业质量明显降低。生育政策通过影响女性的生育意愿和生育子女数量,提升了用人单位和女性承担的实际生育成本和潜在生育成本,传统性别观念和家庭分工模式、单位体制改革和社会福利支持不足,致使家庭支持、单位支持和社会支持对女性就业质量的提升有限,使女性就业质量整体下降。在影响机制方面,生育意愿和生育子女数量对女性就业质量的影响机制不同,生育子女数量对女性就业质量产生直接影响,而生育意愿则与全面二孩政策实施效果产生交互影响,进而影响女性的就业质量,单位、社会均对女性就业质量的支持不足。生育政策调整后,不同就业特征女性的就业质量的影响机制具有异质性。
This paper constructs a research framework of the fertility policy adjustment influence on female employment quality using the latest survey data. The study displays that the quality of women's employment was reduced significantly. The actual birth costs and potential birth costs incurred by employers and women would be increased after fertility policy adjustment affects women's fertility intentions and fertility behaviors. The employment quality of female is limited by the lack of family support,work units aid and social policy in the process of fertility policy adjustment,which is caused by traditional gender concept,family internal division of labor mode,the reform of public service units system and lack of social welfare support. The influence mechanism of fertility intentions and fertility behaviors effect on female employment quality is different. The number of children has direct impact on the employment quality of female,while fertility intentions has an interactive impact on the implication effect of the universal two-child policy. Both work units and society exhibit insufficient support for women's employment quality. It is also concerned that the differences of influence mechanism of fertility policy adjustment on employment quality among women's occupational groups.
This paper constructs a research framework of the fertility policy adjustment influence on female employment quality using the latest survey data. The study displays that the quality of women's employment was reduced significantly. The actual birth costs and potential birth costs incurred by employers and women would be increased after fertility policy adjustment affects women's fertility intentions and fertility behaviors. The employment quality of female is limited by the lack of family support,work units aid and social policy in the process of fertility policy adjustment,which is caused by traditional gender concept,family internal division of labor mode,the reform of public service units system and lack of social welfare support. The influence mechanism of fertility intentions and fertility behaviors effect on female employment quality is different. The number of children has direct impact on the employment quality of female,while fertility intentions has an interactive impact on the implication effect of the universal two-child policy. Both work units and society exhibit insufficient support for women's employment quality. It is also concerned that the differences of influence mechanism of fertility policy adjustment on employment quality among women's occupational groups.
引文
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[2]宋健,周宇香.中国已婚妇女生育状况对就业的影响——兼论经济支持和照料支持的调节作用[J].妇女研究论丛,2015(4):16-23.
[3]张川川.子女数量对已婚女性劳动供给和工资的影响[J].人口与经济,2011(5):29-35.
[4]CáCERES-DELPIANO J. Can we still learn something from the relationship between fertility and mother’s employment?evidence from developing countries[J]. Demography,2012,49(1):151-174.
[5]南国铉,李天国.子女教育对韩国妇女就业影响的实证研究——基于8700户家庭的调查[J].人口与经济,2014(1):88-98.
[6]VAN DER LIPPE T,VAN DIJK L. Comparative research on women’s employment[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,2002,28:221-241.
[7]BREWSTER K L,RINDFUSS R R. Fertility and women’s employment in industrialized nations[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,2000,26:271-296.
[8]ENGELHARDT H,PRSKAWETZ A. Fertility and women’s employment reconsidered:a macro-level time-series analysis for developed countries,1960-2000[J]. Population Studies,2004,58(1):109-120.
[9]叶文振.“单独二胎”生育政策的女性学思考[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2014(12):58-63.
[10]杨菊华.积极措施营造良好氛围防止“单独两孩”政策实施加剧就业性别歧视——“单独两孩”政策对女性就业的潜在影响及应对思考[J].妇女研究论丛,2014(4):49-51.
[11]杨慧.“全面两孩”政策下促进妇女平等就业的路径探讨[J].妇女研究论丛,2016(2):17-20.
[12]FURSMAN L. Ideologies of motherhood and experiences of work:pregnant women in management and professional careers[R],2002.
[13]康蕊,吕学静.“全面二孩”政策、生育意愿与女性就业的关系论争综述[J].理论月刊,2016(12):155-161.
[14]陈琳.生育保险、女性就业与儿童发展的研究评述[J].江西财经大学学报,2010(6):53-58.
[15]靳永爱,宋健,陈卫.全面二孩政策背景下中国城市女性的生育偏好与生育计划[J].人口研究,2016(6):22-37.
[16]SCHULTZ T W. Investment in human capital[J]. The American Economic Review,1961,51(1):1-17.
[17]赖德胜.高质量就业的逻辑[J].劳动经济研究,2017(6):6-9.
[18]苏丽锋,陈建伟.我国新时期个人就业质量影响因素研究——基于调查数据的实证分析[J].人口与经济,2015(4):107-118.
[19]明娟,王明亮.工作转换能否提升农民工就业质量?[J].中国软科学,2015(12):49-62.
[20]张抗私,李善乐.我国就业质量评价研究——基于2000—2012年辽宁宏观数据的分析[J].人口与经济,2015(6):62-72.
[21]POLACHEK S W. Occupational self-selection:a human capital approach to sex differences in occupational structure[J].Review of Economics&Statistics,1981,63(1):60-69.
[22]沈可,章元,鄢萍.中国女性劳动参与率下降的新解释:家庭结构变迁的视角[J].人口研究,2012(5):15-27.
[23]ARROW K J. The theory of discrimination[R],1971.
[24]ARROW K J. Some models of racial discrimination in the labor market[R]. Rand Corporation,1971.
[25]GUSTAFSSON B,LI S. Economic transformation and the gender earnings gap in urban China[J]. Journal of Population Economics,2000,13(2):305-329.
[26]吴愈晓,王鹏,黄超.家庭庇护、体制庇护与工作家庭冲突——中国城镇女性的就业状态与主观幸福感[J].社会学研究,2015(6):122-144.
[27]冯仕政,李丁.加班劳动与社会不平等——基于CGSS 2006年的实证研究[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013:78-87.
[28]黄桂霞.新社会风险下的中国妇女福利:挑战与应对[J].山东女子学院学报,2018(2):19-26.
[29]PHELPS E S. The statistical theory of racism and sexism[J]. American Economic Review,1972,62(4):659-661.
[30]FORSYTHE N,KORZENIEWICZ R P,DURRANT V. Gender inequalities and economic growth:a longitudinal evaluation[J]. Economic Development&Cultural Change,2000,48(3):573-617.
[31]朱坚强.从“福利国家”向“福利社会”理论过渡——试论我国机关、事业单位福利制度改革的理论导向[J].学海,1999(6):96-98.
[32]马莉,郑真真.韩国妇女的生育后再就业及其对中国的启示[J].劳动经济研究,2015(2):3-22.
[33]AISENBREY S,EVERTSSON M,GRUNOW D. Is there a career penalty for mothers’time out? a comparison of Germany,Sweden and the United States[J]. Social Forces,2009,88(2):573-605.
[34]AMUEDO-DORANTES C,KIMMEL J. The motherhood wage gap for women in the United States:the importance of college and fertility delay[J]. Review of Economics of the Household,2005,3(1):17-48.
[35]ANDERSON D J,BINDER M,KRAUSE K. The motherhood wage penalty:which mothers pay it and why?[J]. American Economic Review,2002,92(2):354-358.
[36]AVELLAR S,SMOCK P J. Has the price of motherhood declined over time? a cross-cohort comparison of the motherhood wage penalty[J]. Journal of Marriage&Family,2010,65(3):597-607.
[37]风笑天.生育二胎:“双独夫妇”的意愿及相关因素分析[J].社会科学,2010(5):58-66.
[2]宋健,周宇香.中国已婚妇女生育状况对就业的影响——兼论经济支持和照料支持的调节作用[J].妇女研究论丛,2015(4):16-23.
[3]张川川.子女数量对已婚女性劳动供给和工资的影响[J].人口与经济,2011(5):29-35.
[4]CáCERES-DELPIANO J. Can we still learn something from the relationship between fertility and mother’s employment?evidence from developing countries[J]. Demography,2012,49(1):151-174.
[5]南国铉,李天国.子女教育对韩国妇女就业影响的实证研究——基于8700户家庭的调查[J].人口与经济,2014(1):88-98.
[6]VAN DER LIPPE T,VAN DIJK L. Comparative research on women’s employment[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,2002,28:221-241.
[7]BREWSTER K L,RINDFUSS R R. Fertility and women’s employment in industrialized nations[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,2000,26:271-296.
[8]ENGELHARDT H,PRSKAWETZ A. Fertility and women’s employment reconsidered:a macro-level time-series analysis for developed countries,1960-2000[J]. Population Studies,2004,58(1):109-120.
[9]叶文振.“单独二胎”生育政策的女性学思考[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2014(12):58-63.
[10]杨菊华.积极措施营造良好氛围防止“单独两孩”政策实施加剧就业性别歧视——“单独两孩”政策对女性就业的潜在影响及应对思考[J].妇女研究论丛,2014(4):49-51.
[11]杨慧.“全面两孩”政策下促进妇女平等就业的路径探讨[J].妇女研究论丛,2016(2):17-20.
[12]FURSMAN L. Ideologies of motherhood and experiences of work:pregnant women in management and professional careers[R],2002.
[13]康蕊,吕学静.“全面二孩”政策、生育意愿与女性就业的关系论争综述[J].理论月刊,2016(12):155-161.
[14]陈琳.生育保险、女性就业与儿童发展的研究评述[J].江西财经大学学报,2010(6):53-58.
[15]靳永爱,宋健,陈卫.全面二孩政策背景下中国城市女性的生育偏好与生育计划[J].人口研究,2016(6):22-37.
[16]SCHULTZ T W. Investment in human capital[J]. The American Economic Review,1961,51(1):1-17.
[17]赖德胜.高质量就业的逻辑[J].劳动经济研究,2017(6):6-9.
[18]苏丽锋,陈建伟.我国新时期个人就业质量影响因素研究——基于调查数据的实证分析[J].人口与经济,2015(4):107-118.
[19]明娟,王明亮.工作转换能否提升农民工就业质量?[J].中国软科学,2015(12):49-62.
[20]张抗私,李善乐.我国就业质量评价研究——基于2000—2012年辽宁宏观数据的分析[J].人口与经济,2015(6):62-72.
[21]POLACHEK S W. Occupational self-selection:a human capital approach to sex differences in occupational structure[J].Review of Economics&Statistics,1981,63(1):60-69.
[22]沈可,章元,鄢萍.中国女性劳动参与率下降的新解释:家庭结构变迁的视角[J].人口研究,2012(5):15-27.
[23]ARROW K J. The theory of discrimination[R],1971.
[24]ARROW K J. Some models of racial discrimination in the labor market[R]. Rand Corporation,1971.
[25]GUSTAFSSON B,LI S. Economic transformation and the gender earnings gap in urban China[J]. Journal of Population Economics,2000,13(2):305-329.
[26]吴愈晓,王鹏,黄超.家庭庇护、体制庇护与工作家庭冲突——中国城镇女性的就业状态与主观幸福感[J].社会学研究,2015(6):122-144.
[27]冯仕政,李丁.加班劳动与社会不平等——基于CGSS 2006年的实证研究[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013:78-87.
[28]黄桂霞.新社会风险下的中国妇女福利:挑战与应对[J].山东女子学院学报,2018(2):19-26.
[29]PHELPS E S. The statistical theory of racism and sexism[J]. American Economic Review,1972,62(4):659-661.
[30]FORSYTHE N,KORZENIEWICZ R P,DURRANT V. Gender inequalities and economic growth:a longitudinal evaluation[J]. Economic Development&Cultural Change,2000,48(3):573-617.
[31]朱坚强.从“福利国家”向“福利社会”理论过渡——试论我国机关、事业单位福利制度改革的理论导向[J].学海,1999(6):96-98.
[32]马莉,郑真真.韩国妇女的生育后再就业及其对中国的启示[J].劳动经济研究,2015(2):3-22.
[33]AISENBREY S,EVERTSSON M,GRUNOW D. Is there a career penalty for mothers’time out? a comparison of Germany,Sweden and the United States[J]. Social Forces,2009,88(2):573-605.
[34]AMUEDO-DORANTES C,KIMMEL J. The motherhood wage gap for women in the United States:the importance of college and fertility delay[J]. Review of Economics of the Household,2005,3(1):17-48.
[35]ANDERSON D J,BINDER M,KRAUSE K. The motherhood wage penalty:which mothers pay it and why?[J]. American Economic Review,2002,92(2):354-358.
[36]AVELLAR S,SMOCK P J. Has the price of motherhood declined over time? a cross-cohort comparison of the motherhood wage penalty[J]. Journal of Marriage&Family,2010,65(3):597-607.
[37]风笑天.生育二胎:“双独夫妇”的意愿及相关因素分析[J].社会科学,2010(5):58-66.