种植时间对西藏地区青贮玉米发酵品质和微生物多样性的影响
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摘要
本文旨在研究西藏地区不同种植时间对青贮玉米发酵品质和微生物多样性的影响,为西藏地区玉米青贮饲料制作提供理论依据。以西藏地区春玉米(3月种植,10月刈割)和夏玉米(6月种植,10月刈割)为材料,进行青贮饲料制作,青贮后的第7,14,30和60d开窖取样,测定青贮饲料的发酵品质和微生物多样性。结果表明:种植时间会影响玉米的营养成分和发酵品质,相比于春玉米,夏玉米青贮饲料中干物质含量、pH值、丁酸含量和氨态氮/总氮更低,但乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量更高。微生物多样性结果显示,与春玉米相比,夏玉米青贮饲料中变形菌门丰度更低,厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和LAB菌种的丰度更高。因此,夏玉米青贮饲料的发酵品质更好。
This experiment mainly studied the effect of different planting seasons on the fermentation quality and microbial diversity of the corn silage,which would provide a theoretical basis for the production of whole corn silage in Tibet.The spring corn(planted in March and harvested in October)and summer corn(planted in June harvested in October)were used as materials to make silage.The laboratory silos were opened after 7,14,30 and 60 ensiling days to analyze the fermentation quality and the microbial diversity.The results showed that the planting time affected the fermentation quality and the microbial diversity of corn,the content of dry matter,the pH value,the content of butyric acid and the ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen value in summer corn were lower than that in spring corn,but the content of lactic acid and the water-soluble carbohydrates were higher.According to the results of microbial diversity analysis,summer corn silage had lower abundance of Proteobacteria and higher abundance of Firmicutes,Bacteroides and LAB bacteria compared with spring corn.Therefore,compared with spring corn,the fermentation quality of summer corn silage was better.
This experiment mainly studied the effect of different planting seasons on the fermentation quality and microbial diversity of the corn silage,which would provide a theoretical basis for the production of whole corn silage in Tibet.The spring corn(planted in March and harvested in October)and summer corn(planted in June harvested in October)were used as materials to make silage.The laboratory silos were opened after 7,14,30 and 60 ensiling days to analyze the fermentation quality and the microbial diversity.The results showed that the planting time affected the fermentation quality and the microbial diversity of corn,the content of dry matter,the pH value,the content of butyric acid and the ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen value in summer corn were lower than that in spring corn,but the content of lactic acid and the water-soluble carbohydrates were higher.According to the results of microbial diversity analysis,summer corn silage had lower abundance of Proteobacteria and higher abundance of Firmicutes,Bacteroides and LAB bacteria compared with spring corn.Therefore,compared with spring corn,the fermentation quality of summer corn silage was better.
引文
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[15]Filya I,Ashbell G,Hen Y,et al.The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2000,88(1-2):39-46
[16]Weather M W.Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determinations of ammonia[J].Annual of Chemistry,1967,39:971-974
[17]Owens V N,Albrecht K A,Muck R E,et al.Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstrural carbohydrate[J].Crop Science,1999,39(6):1873-1880
[18]Krishnamoorthy U,Muscato T V,Sniffen C J,et al.Nitrogen fractions in selected feedstuffs[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1982,65(2):217-225
[19]Caporaso J G,Kuczynski J,Stombaugh J,et al.QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data[J].Nat Methods,2010,7:335-336
[20]Blaxter M,Mann J,Chapman T,et al.Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data[J].Philos Trans RSoc B-Biol Sci,2005,360:1935-1943
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[23]Chao A.Nonparametric Estimation of the Number of Classes in a Population[J].Scandinavian Journal of Statistics,1984,11:265-270
[24]Chao A,Yang M C K.Stopping rules and estimation for recapture debugging with unequal failure rates[J].Biometrika,1993,80:193-201
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[28]Weiss W P,Wyatt D J.Effect of oil content and kernel processingof corn silage on digestibility and milk production by dairycows[J].Journal Dairy Science,2000,83:351-358
[29]Johnson L M,Harrison J H,Davidson D,et al.Corn silagemanagement:effects of hybrid,maturity,chop length,andmechanical processing on rate and extent of digestion[J].JournalDairy Science,2003,86:3271-3299
[30]Tjandraatmadja M,Norton B W,MacRae I C.Ensilage characteristics of three tropical grasses as influenced by stage of growth and addition of molasses[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,1994,10:74-81
[31]Shao T,Ohba N,Shimojo M,et al.Effects of adding glucose,sorbic acid and pre-fermented juices on the fermentation quality of guineagrass(Panicum maximum jacq.)silages[J].AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Science,2004,17:808-813
[32]Shao T,Shimojo M,Wang T,et al.Effect of additives on the fermentation quality and residual mono and disaccharides compositions of Forage Oats(Avena sativa L.)and Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science,2005,18:1582-1588
[33]Shao T,Zhang Z X,Shimojo M,et al.Comparison of fermentation characteristics of italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)and guineagrass(Panicum maximun Jacq)during the early stage of ensiling[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2005,18(12):1727-1734
[34]Shao T,Ohba N,Shimojo M,et al.Effects of addition of glucose and sorbic acid on the fermentationi quality of guineagrass(panicum maximum jacq.)silages[J].Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture,Kyushu University,2003,47(20):351-358
[35]Zhou Y,Drouin P,Lafrenire C.Effect of temperature(5-25℃)on epiphytic lactic acid bacteria populations and fermentation of whole-plant cornsilage[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2016,121(3):657-671
[36]Ranjit N K,Taylor C C,Kung L,et al.Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788on the fermentation,aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage[J].Grass Forage Science,2002,57(2):73-81
[37]Ray A K,BairagI A,Sarkar G K,et al.Optimization of fermentation conditions for cellulase production by Bacillus subtilis CY5and Bacillus circulans TP3isolated from fish gut[J].Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria,2007,37(1):47-53
[38]Spence C,Wells W G,Smith C J.Characterization of the primary starch utilization operon in the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis:regulation by carbon source and oxygen[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2006,188(13):4663-4672
[39]Tohno M,Kobayashi H,Nomura M,et al.Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteriaisolated from mixed pasture of timothy and orchardgrass,and its badly preserved silage[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,83(4):318-330
[2]刘秦华,郭刚,邵涛,等.西藏多年生黑麦草与紫花苜蓿混合青贮的研究[J].草地学报,2013,21(05):985-990
[3]Baldin M,Ying Y,Fan Y,et al.Characterization of linoleic acid(C18:2)concentration in commercial corn silage and grain hybrids[J].Journal of dairy science,2018,101(1)
[4]Bal MA,Shaver RD,Jirovec AG,et al.Crop Processing and Chop Length of Corn Silage:Effects on Intake,Digestion,and Milk Production by Dairy Cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(6)
[5]McDonald P,Henderson A,Heron S J E.The Biochemistry of Silage(2th ed)[M].Chalcombe Publications,Marlow,UK,1991
[6]Guo X S,Ding W R,Haan J G,et al.Characterization of protein fractions and amino acids in ensiled alfalfa treated with different chemical additives[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008,142:89-98
[7]Weinberg Z G,Muck R E.New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage[J].FEMS Microbiological Review,1996,19(1):53-68
[8]Roger J,Merry,David R.Propionibacteria and their role in the biological control of aerobic spoilage in silage[J].International Symposium on Propionibacteria,1999,79(1):149-164
[9]Griggs T C,Macadam J W,Mayland H F,et al.Nonstructural carbohydrate and digestibility patterns in orchard grass swards during daily defoliation sequences initiated in evening and morning[J].Crop Science,2005,45:1295-1304
[10]Fisher D S,Burns J C,Mayland H F,et al.Ruminant selection among switchgrass hay cut at either sundown or sunup[J].Crop Science,2005,45:1394-1402
[11]Muyzer G,Dewaal E C,Uitterlinden A G.Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified gene encoding for 16SRrna[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1993,59(3):695-700
[12]Caporaso J G,Lauber C L,Walters W A,et al.Ultra-highthroughput microbial community analysis on the Illum ina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms[J].The ISME Journal,2012,6(8):1621-1624
[13]Jiang Y,Ogunade I M,Qi S,et al.Effects of the dose and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.1.Diversity of ruminal microbes as analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing and quantitative PCR[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(1):325-342
[14]Li L H,Sun Y M,Yuan Z H,et al.Effect of microalgae supplementation on the silage quality and anaerobicdigestion performance of Manyflower silvergrass[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,189:334-340
[15]Filya I,Ashbell G,Hen Y,et al.The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2000,88(1-2):39-46
[16]Weather M W.Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determinations of ammonia[J].Annual of Chemistry,1967,39:971-974
[17]Owens V N,Albrecht K A,Muck R E,et al.Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstrural carbohydrate[J].Crop Science,1999,39(6):1873-1880
[18]Krishnamoorthy U,Muscato T V,Sniffen C J,et al.Nitrogen fractions in selected feedstuffs[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1982,65(2):217-225
[19]Caporaso J G,Kuczynski J,Stombaugh J,et al.QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data[J].Nat Methods,2010,7:335-336
[20]Blaxter M,Mann J,Chapman T,et al.Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data[J].Philos Trans RSoc B-Biol Sci,2005,360:1935-1943
[21]DeSantis T Z,Hugenholtz P,Larsen N,et al.Greengenes,a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2006,72:5069-5072
[22]Ramette A.Multivariate analyses in microbial ecology[J].FEMS Microbiol Ecol,2007,62:142-160
[23]Chao A.Nonparametric Estimation of the Number of Classes in a Population[J].Scandinavian Journal of Statistics,1984,11:265-270
[24]Chao A,Yang M C K.Stopping rules and estimation for recapture debugging with unequal failure rates[J].Biometrika,1993,80:193-201
[25]Simpson E H.Measurement of Diversity[J].Nature,1949,163:688
[26]Shannon C E.A mathematical theory of communication[J].The Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27:379-423
[27]Neylon J M,Wyattx L.Effects of cutting height and maturity on thenutritive value of cornsilage for lactating cows[J].Journal DairyScience,2003,86:2163-2169
[28]Weiss W P,Wyatt D J.Effect of oil content and kernel processingof corn silage on digestibility and milk production by dairycows[J].Journal Dairy Science,2000,83:351-358
[29]Johnson L M,Harrison J H,Davidson D,et al.Corn silagemanagement:effects of hybrid,maturity,chop length,andmechanical processing on rate and extent of digestion[J].JournalDairy Science,2003,86:3271-3299
[30]Tjandraatmadja M,Norton B W,MacRae I C.Ensilage characteristics of three tropical grasses as influenced by stage of growth and addition of molasses[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,1994,10:74-81
[31]Shao T,Ohba N,Shimojo M,et al.Effects of adding glucose,sorbic acid and pre-fermented juices on the fermentation quality of guineagrass(Panicum maximum jacq.)silages[J].AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Science,2004,17:808-813
[32]Shao T,Shimojo M,Wang T,et al.Effect of additives on the fermentation quality and residual mono and disaccharides compositions of Forage Oats(Avena sativa L.)and Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science,2005,18:1582-1588
[33]Shao T,Zhang Z X,Shimojo M,et al.Comparison of fermentation characteristics of italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)and guineagrass(Panicum maximun Jacq)during the early stage of ensiling[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2005,18(12):1727-1734
[34]Shao T,Ohba N,Shimojo M,et al.Effects of addition of glucose and sorbic acid on the fermentationi quality of guineagrass(panicum maximum jacq.)silages[J].Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture,Kyushu University,2003,47(20):351-358
[35]Zhou Y,Drouin P,Lafrenire C.Effect of temperature(5-25℃)on epiphytic lactic acid bacteria populations and fermentation of whole-plant cornsilage[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2016,121(3):657-671
[36]Ranjit N K,Taylor C C,Kung L,et al.Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788on the fermentation,aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage[J].Grass Forage Science,2002,57(2):73-81
[37]Ray A K,BairagI A,Sarkar G K,et al.Optimization of fermentation conditions for cellulase production by Bacillus subtilis CY5and Bacillus circulans TP3isolated from fish gut[J].Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria,2007,37(1):47-53
[38]Spence C,Wells W G,Smith C J.Characterization of the primary starch utilization operon in the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis:regulation by carbon source and oxygen[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2006,188(13):4663-4672
[39]Tohno M,Kobayashi H,Nomura M,et al.Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteriaisolated from mixed pasture of timothy and orchardgrass,and its badly preserved silage[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,83(4):318-330