中国城市化速度区域差异及其主要影响因素分析
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摘要
在分析2000—2014年全国地级及以上城市的人口城市化速度和建成区面积城市化速度的基础上,评价了城市化发展与城市规模、资源、环境、经济、社会等相关指标的关系,明确了影响中国城市化速度区域差异的关键因子。结果表明:①人口平均年增长率的范围在-2.18%—6.74%之间,均值为1.06%;建成区面积平均年增长率的范围在0%—15.00%之间,均值为5.35%。建成区面积城市化速度总体上远高于人口城市化速度,不利于集约型和节约型社会建设。②西北地区和华北地区的人口城市化速度较快,主要受到资源因素尤其是水资源的影响;华东、西南和中南地区的建成区面积城市化速度较快,主要受到地理因子的影响,具有地理区位优势地区(东南沿海)的城市化速度较快。但长此以往,将会造成东南地区的资源(尤其是土地资源)紧张及环境污染的加重,不利于城市的可持续发展。因此,在城市化发展的过程中,应该遵循集约、紧凑的发展理念,不仅要考虑每个区域的资源环境承载力,也要提高资源开发利用和输送调配的效率,减小对资源的浪费和生态环境的破坏。
Based on the analysis of population rate and built-up area rate of urbanization of 261 prefecture-level cities in China from2000 to 2014, we evaluated the relationship of urbanization development, urban scale, resource, environment, economy, society and other related indicators. The key factors affecting the regional difference in urbanization speed in China were clear. The results showed that: ①the average annual growth rate of population was between-2.18% and 6.74%, with a mean value of 1.06%, when the average annual growth rate of built-up area was between 0% and 15%, with a mean value of 5.35%. The urbanization rate of built-up areas was generally much higher than the urbanization rate of population, which was not conducive to the construction of intensive and economical society. ②The speed of population urbanization in the Northwest and North China was faster, which was mainly affected by resource factor, especially water resource. The speed of built-up area urbanization in Eastern, Southwest and the Central South was more rapid, which was affected by geographical factor. Area with a geographically advantage(Southeast coast) had more rapid urbanization. However, it could cause the shortage of resource(especially land resource) and the increase of environmental pollution in the Southeastern region, which was not conducive to the sustainable development of the city over the long-term. Therefore, we must not only consider the resource and environmental carrying capacity of each region, but also improve the efficiency of resource development utilization and transportation to reduce the waste of resource and the destruction of ecological environment by following an intensive and compact concept of development in the process of urbanization.
Based on the analysis of population rate and built-up area rate of urbanization of 261 prefecture-level cities in China from2000 to 2014, we evaluated the relationship of urbanization development, urban scale, resource, environment, economy, society and other related indicators. The key factors affecting the regional difference in urbanization speed in China were clear. The results showed that: ①the average annual growth rate of population was between-2.18% and 6.74%, with a mean value of 1.06%, when the average annual growth rate of built-up area was between 0% and 15%, with a mean value of 5.35%. The urbanization rate of built-up areas was generally much higher than the urbanization rate of population, which was not conducive to the construction of intensive and economical society. ②The speed of population urbanization in the Northwest and North China was faster, which was mainly affected by resource factor, especially water resource. The speed of built-up area urbanization in Eastern, Southwest and the Central South was more rapid, which was affected by geographical factor. Area with a geographically advantage(Southeast coast) had more rapid urbanization. However, it could cause the shortage of resource(especially land resource) and the increase of environmental pollution in the Southeastern region, which was not conducive to the sustainable development of the city over the long-term. Therefore, we must not only consider the resource and environmental carrying capacity of each region, but also improve the efficiency of resource development utilization and transportation to reduce the waste of resource and the destruction of ecological environment by following an intensive and compact concept of development in the process of urbanization.
引文
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[2]BRANSCOMB L M.Sustainable cities:Safety and security[J].Technology in Society,2006,28(1/2):225-234.
[3]COHEN B.Urbanization in developing countries:Current trends,future projections,and key challenges for sustainability[J].Technology in Society,2006,28(1):63-80.
[4]LEICHENKO R M,SOLECKI?W D.Exporting the American Dream:The Globalization of Suburban Consumption Landscapes[J].Reginal Studies,2005,39(2):241-253.
[5]CATALAN B,SAURI D,SERRA P.Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean?:patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region 1993-2000[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2008,85(3-4):174-184.
[6]ANTROP M.Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe[J].Urban Planning International,2015,67(1):9-26.
[7]YIN Kai,LI Xuanqi,ZHANG Guoqin,et al.Analysis of socio-economic driving forces on built-up area expansion in Xiamen[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2010,17(4):279-284.
[8]安乾,李小建,吕可文.中国城市建成区扩张的空间格局及效率分析(1990-2009)[J].经济地理,2012,32(6):37-45.
[9]CAO Zhi,SHEN Lei,LIU Litao,et al.Analysis on major drivers of cement consumption during theurbanization process in China[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,133(133):304-313.
[10]LIN Shoufu,SUN Ji,MARINOVA D,et al.Effects of population and land urbanization on China’s environmental impact:empirical analysis based on the extended STIRPATmodel[J].Sustainability,2017,9(5):825.
[11]AI-MULALI U,FEREIDOUNI H G,LEE J Y M,et al.Exploring the relationship between urbanization,energy consumption,and CO2 emission in MENA countries[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013,23(4):107-112.
[12]BLOOM D E,CANNINGH D,FINK G.Urbanization and the wealth of nations[J].Science,2008,319(5864):772-775.
[13]王少剑,方创琳,王洋.京津冀地区城市化与生态环境交互耦合关系定量测度[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2244-2254.
[14]许学强,叶嘉安.我国城市化的省际差异[J].地理学报,1986,(1):8-22.
[15]刘玉.中国城市化发展的若干区域特性与矛盾差异[J].城市规划学刊,2007,(2):15-19.
[16]曹广忠,刘涛.中国城镇化地区贡献的内陆化演变与解释--基于1982-2008年省区数据的分析[J].地理学报,2011,66(12):1631-1643.
[17]姚士谋,王辰,张落成,等.我国资源环境对城镇化问题的影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2008,27(3):96-102.
[18]陈明星,陆大道,张华.中国城市化水平的综合测度及其动力因子分析[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):387-398.
[19]SUN Pingjun,SONG Wei,XIU Chunliang,et al.Non-coordination in China's urbanization:assessment and affecting factors[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2013,23(6):729-739.
[20]曹广忠,王纯洁,齐元静.我国东部沿海省区城镇化水平影响因素的空间差异[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1399-1406.
[21]朱传耿,孙姗姗,李志江.中国人口城市化的影响要素与空间格局[J].地理研究,2008,27(1):13-22.
[22]秦佳,李建民.中国人口城镇化的空间差异与影响因素[J].人口研究,2013,37(2):25-40.
[23]卢丽文,张毅,李永盛.中国人口城镇化影响因素研究--基于31个省域的空间面板数据[J].地域研究与开发,2014,33(3):54-59.
[24]刘永健,耿弘,孙文华,等.城市建设用地扩张的区域差异及其驱动因素[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(8):122-127.
[25]游家兴.如何正确运用因子分析法进行综合评价[J].统计教育,2003,(5):10-11.
[26]林燕华,毛良祥.我国城市用地扩展与土地集约利用[J].国土与自然资源研究,2008,(3):27-29.
[27]ZHANG Zengxiang,WEN Qingke,FANG Liu,et al.Urban expansion in China and its effect on cultivated land before and after initiating"Reform and Open Policy"[J].SCIENCE CHINA:Earth Sciences,2016,59(10):1930-1945.
[28]蔡卫红.福建省土地城镇化快于人口城镇化的现状及成因分析[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版),2013,(7):142-146.
[29]姚士谋.中国城镇化及其资源环境基础[M].北京市:科学出版社,2010.
[30]谈明洪,李秀彬,吕昌河.我国城市用地扩张的驱动力分析[J].经济地理,2003,23(5):635-639.
[31]贾鹏,杨钢桥.城市用地扩张驱动力分析--以湖北省为例[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(2):182-185.
[32]范进.城市密度对城市能源消耗影响的实证研究[J].中国经济问题,2011,(6):16-22.
[33]邵晓梅,刘庆,张衍毓.土地集约利用的研究进展及展望[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(2):85-95.
[34]董林,陈璇璇.城市可持续发展的水资源约束分析[J].水利科技与经济,2006,12(8):525-527.
[35]陈雯,宋伟轩,杨桂山.长江三角洲城镇密集区的城市化发展态势、动力与趋势[J].中国科学院院刊,2013,(1):28-38.