特大城市空间形态差异对交通网络效率的影响
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摘要
以交通网络出行迂回作为交通网络效率分析的切入点,选取形状指数、紧凑度作为空间形态分析指标,对特大城市空间形态布局进行类型划分,并挖掘各城市交通网络效率空间分布差异特征,基于多元回归模型剖析中国各特大城市空间形态布局与交通网络效率之间的影响关系。研究表明:(1) 5种类型城市交通效率高低分布差异明显,紧凑圆形城市边缘区交通网络效率较低,而非紧凑带形交通效率低的区域多分布于城市核心区,紧凑方形城市交通网络效率高地区分布较为集中,而非紧凑方形交通效率低的地区分布较为分散,紧凑带形城市面积越小则交通效率越高。(2)就城市空间布局与交通网络效率影响关系而言,随着城市形状指数的增大,城市交通迂回值未进一步增大,说明城市形态布局接近圆形均匀分布时,其城市交通网络效率较高;随着城市紧凑度值的增加,城市交通迂回程度值亦不断增加,说明城市形态布局程度越紧密,反而其交通网络效率越低,当城市形态布局紧密程度适中时,交通网络效率水平较高。
With the rapid urbanized for Chinese metropolitans, the expansions of urban space are influenced by the efficiency of transport network, which means the different of megalopolises have been plagued by different degrees of travel congestion. By taking transportation network travel circuity as the entry point of transportation network efficiency analysis, the shape index and compactness are selected as indices of spatial morphological analysis in this paper. Then the spatial morphological layout of metropolitans is divided into types, which means spatial form layout of metropolitans is classified by urban form index. At the same time, it also tries to excavate the spatial distribution difference characteristics of urban transportation network efficiency. Finally,based on the multivariate regression model, the relationship between the spatial morphological layout of China's metropolitans and the efficiency of transportation network is analyzed. The result shows that the distributions of transport efficiency in five types form of metropolitans are obviously different. Low efficiency of transportation network for compact circular cities are in urban fringe areas and low efficiency of transportation network for non-compact belt cities are mostly distributed in the urban core areas. High network efficiency area distribution of compact square cities is more concentrated. The low network efficiency area distribution of noncompact squares cities is more dispersed. The smaller the size of the compact belt cities, the higher the transport network efficiency. It can be found out that with the increase of urban shape index, the urban transport circuity has not been further increased, which means that when the urban form layout is close to the circular uniform distribution, the urban transport network efficiency is higher; with the increase of urban compactness, the value of urban transport circuity is increasing, which shows that when the urban form layout is more compact,but the efficiency of transport network is lower. It means that the efficiency level of transport network is higher when the urban form layout is loose. What are the differences in urban traffic efficiency layout caused by the difference of spatial form in metropolitans? What is the relationship between the spatial form of metropolitans and the impact on transportation network efficiency? Under the influence of the rapid development of the construction environment of metropolitans, these two key issues have become the focus of this study. This article studies the transport network efficiency under the difference of spatial form layout, which can help to analyze and improve the travel efficiency of metropolitans.
With the rapid urbanized for Chinese metropolitans, the expansions of urban space are influenced by the efficiency of transport network, which means the different of megalopolises have been plagued by different degrees of travel congestion. By taking transportation network travel circuity as the entry point of transportation network efficiency analysis, the shape index and compactness are selected as indices of spatial morphological analysis in this paper. Then the spatial morphological layout of metropolitans is divided into types, which means spatial form layout of metropolitans is classified by urban form index. At the same time, it also tries to excavate the spatial distribution difference characteristics of urban transportation network efficiency. Finally,based on the multivariate regression model, the relationship between the spatial morphological layout of China's metropolitans and the efficiency of transportation network is analyzed. The result shows that the distributions of transport efficiency in five types form of metropolitans are obviously different. Low efficiency of transportation network for compact circular cities are in urban fringe areas and low efficiency of transportation network for non-compact belt cities are mostly distributed in the urban core areas. High network efficiency area distribution of compact square cities is more concentrated. The low network efficiency area distribution of noncompact squares cities is more dispersed. The smaller the size of the compact belt cities, the higher the transport network efficiency. It can be found out that with the increase of urban shape index, the urban transport circuity has not been further increased, which means that when the urban form layout is close to the circular uniform distribution, the urban transport network efficiency is higher; with the increase of urban compactness, the value of urban transport circuity is increasing, which shows that when the urban form layout is more compact,but the efficiency of transport network is lower. It means that the efficiency level of transport network is higher when the urban form layout is loose. What are the differences in urban traffic efficiency layout caused by the difference of spatial form in metropolitans? What is the relationship between the spatial form of metropolitans and the impact on transportation network efficiency? Under the influence of the rapid development of the construction environment of metropolitans, these two key issues have become the focus of this study. This article studies the transport network efficiency under the difference of spatial form layout, which can help to analyze and improve the travel efficiency of metropolitans.
引文
[1] Banister David, Watson Sara, Wood Chip. Sustainable cities:transport, energy, and urban form[J]. Environment and Planning B:planning and design, 1997, 24(1):125-143.
[2] Song Yan, Knaap G errit-Jan. Measuring urban form:Is Portland winning the war on sprawl?[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004, 70(2):210-225.
[3]周春山,叶昌东.中国特大城市空间增长特征及其原因分析[J].地理学报,2013,68(6):728-738.[Zhou Chunshan, Ye Changdong. Features and causes of urban spatial growth in Chinese metropolises. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(6):728-738.]
[4]王慧芳,周恺. 2003-2013年中国城市形态研究评述[J].地理科学进展, 2014, 33(5):689-701.[Wang Huifang, Zhou Kai. Review of urban form, structure and morphology in China during2003-2013. Progress in Geography,2014, 33(5):689-701.]
[5]房艳刚,刘鸽,刘继生.城市空间结构的复杂性研究进展[J].地理科学, 2005, 25(6):754-761.[Fang Yangang, Liu Ge, Liu Jisheng. Advancement in complexity studies of urban spatial structure. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(6):754-761.]
[6]陈群元,尹长林,陈光辉.长沙城市形态与用地类型的时空演化特征[J].地理科学, 2007, 27(2):273-280.[Chen Qunyuan,Yin Changlin,Chen Guanghui. Spatial-temporal evolution of urban morphology and land use sorts in Changsha. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007, 27(2):273-280.]
[7]刘登娥,陈爽.近30年来苏锡常城市增长形态过程与聚散规律[J].地理科学, 2012, 32(1):47-54.[Liu Denge, Chen Shuang.Diffusion and aggregate process of urban pattern in Suzhou,Wuxi and Changzhou cities over the recent 30 years. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(1):47-54.]
[8]陆张维,徐丽华,吴次芳.基于凸壳原理的杭州城市扩展形态演化分析[J].地理科学, 2015, 35(12):1533-1541.[Lu Zhangwei, Xu Lihua, Wu Cifang. The evolution of urban expansion morphology in Hangzhou based on principle of convex hull.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(12):1533-1541.]
[9]谌丽,张文忠,李业锦,等.北京城市居住空间形态对居民通勤方式的影响[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(5):697-704.[Chen Li,Zhang Wenzhong, Li Yejin et al. Residential form in Beijing and its impact on residents’commuting mode choice. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(5):697-704.]
[10] Crane Randall. The influence of urban form on travel:an interpretive review[J]. CPL bibliography, 2000, 15(1):3-23.
[11] Vance Colin, Hedel Ralf. The impact of urban form on automobile travel:Disentangling causation from correlation[J]. Transportation, 2007, 34(5):575-588.
[12] Pan Haixiao, Shen Qing, Zhang Ming. Influence of urban form on travel behaviour in four neighborhoods of Shanghai[J]. Urban Studies, 2009, 46(2):275-294.
[13] Frank Lawrence, Bradley Mark, Kavage Sarah et al. Urban form, travel time, and cost relationships with tour complexity and mode choice[J]. Transportation, 2008, 35(1):37-54.
[14] Schlossberg Marc, Greene Jessica, Phillips Page Paulsen et al.School trips:Effects of urban form and distance on travel mode[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(3):337-346.
[15]周素红,闫小培.广州城市空间结构与交通需求关系[J].地理学报,2006,60(1):131-142.[Zhou Suhong, Yan Xiaopei. The relationship between urban structure and traffic demand in Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006,60(1):131-142.]
[16]闫小培,毛蒋兴.高密度开发城市的交通与土地利用互动关系——以广州为例[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):643-652.[Yan Xiaopei, Mao Jiangxing. The mutual relationship between urban transport system and land use in highly-densely developed cities:A case study of Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(5):643-652.]
[17] Van de Coevering Paul, Schwanen Tim. Re-evaluating the impact of urban form on travel patterns in Europe and NorthAmerica[J]. Transport Policy, 2006, 13(3):229-239.
[18] Handy Sussan L. Understanding the link between urban form and network travel behavior[J]. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 1996, 15(3):183-198.
[19]曹小曙,林强.基于结构方程模型的广州城市社区居民出行行为[J].地理学报,2011,66(2):167-177.[Cao Xiaoshu, Lin Qiang.A SEM-based study on urban community resident's travel behavior in Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(2):167-177.]
[20] García-Palomares J C. Urban sprawl and travel to work:The case of the metropolitan area of Madrid[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2010, 18(2):197-213.
[21] Vale David de Sousa. Sustainable urban form, accessibility and travel:The relationship between polycentric urban development and commuting in Lisbon[D]. Newcastle:Newcastle University,2009.
[22] Breheny Michael. The compact city and transport energy consumption[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1995:81-101.
[23] Rickaby Peter A. Six settlement patterns compared[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 1987, 14(2):193-223.
[24] Feitelson Eran, Erik T Verhoef. Transport and environment:In search of sustainable solutions[M]. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing, 2001.
[25] Newman Peter, Kenworthy Jeff. Sustainable urban form:The big picture[J]. Achieving sustainable urban form, 2000:109-120.
[26] Huang Jie, Levinson David. Circuity in urban transit network[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2015,48(1):145-153.
[27] Pratt Richard H, Lomax Timothy J. Performance measures for multimodal transportation systems[J]. Transportation Research Record 1996, 1518:85-93.
[28] Ronald H Ballou, Handoko Rahardja, Noriaki Sakai. Selected country circuity factors for road travel distance estimation[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy, 2002,36(9):843-848.
[29] Giacomin J David, Levinson David. Road network circuity in metropolitan areas[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 2015, 42(2):1040-1053.
[30] Levinson David. Network structure and city size[J]. PloS one,2012, 7(1):e29721.
[31]何晓群.应用回归分析[M].北京:人民大学出版社, 2015.[He Xiaoqun. Applied Regression analysis. Beijing:Renmin University Press,2015.]
[32]史海运.河北省中心城市空间形态比较研究[D].邯郸:河北工程大学,2008.[Shi Haiyun. Study on comparing the urban spatial morphology of the central cities in Hebei Province.Handan:Hebei University of Engineering,2008.]
[33]王新生,刘纪远,庄大方,等.中国特大城市空间形态变化的时空特征[J].地理学报,2005,60(3):392-400.[Wang Xinsheng,Liu Jiyuan, Zhuang Dafang et al.Spatial-temporal changes of urban spatial morphology in China. Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(3):392-400.]
[34]毛广雄,丁金宏,曹蕾.城市紧凑度的综合测度及驱动力分析——以江苏省为例[J].地理科学, 2009, 29(5):627-633.[Mao Guangxiong, Ding Jinhong, Cao Lei. Comprehensive level and impetus of city compactness——A case of Jiangsu Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2009, 29(5):627-633.]
[35]中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2011.[National Bureau of statistcs. Major figures on 2010 population census of China.Beijing:China Statistcs Press,2011.]
[36]中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2016年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[J/OL]. http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjsj/zxfb/201702/t20170228_1467424. html, 2017-02-28.[National Bureau of Statistcs. 2015 National Economic and Social Development.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201702/t20170228_1467424.html, 2017-02-28.]
[37]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国城市统计年鉴-2017[M].
[2] Song Yan, Knaap G errit-Jan. Measuring urban form:Is Portland winning the war on sprawl?[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004, 70(2):210-225.
[3]周春山,叶昌东.中国特大城市空间增长特征及其原因分析[J].地理学报,2013,68(6):728-738.[Zhou Chunshan, Ye Changdong. Features and causes of urban spatial growth in Chinese metropolises. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(6):728-738.]
[4]王慧芳,周恺. 2003-2013年中国城市形态研究评述[J].地理科学进展, 2014, 33(5):689-701.[Wang Huifang, Zhou Kai. Review of urban form, structure and morphology in China during2003-2013. Progress in Geography,2014, 33(5):689-701.]
[5]房艳刚,刘鸽,刘继生.城市空间结构的复杂性研究进展[J].地理科学, 2005, 25(6):754-761.[Fang Yangang, Liu Ge, Liu Jisheng. Advancement in complexity studies of urban spatial structure. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(6):754-761.]
[6]陈群元,尹长林,陈光辉.长沙城市形态与用地类型的时空演化特征[J].地理科学, 2007, 27(2):273-280.[Chen Qunyuan,Yin Changlin,Chen Guanghui. Spatial-temporal evolution of urban morphology and land use sorts in Changsha. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007, 27(2):273-280.]
[7]刘登娥,陈爽.近30年来苏锡常城市增长形态过程与聚散规律[J].地理科学, 2012, 32(1):47-54.[Liu Denge, Chen Shuang.Diffusion and aggregate process of urban pattern in Suzhou,Wuxi and Changzhou cities over the recent 30 years. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(1):47-54.]
[8]陆张维,徐丽华,吴次芳.基于凸壳原理的杭州城市扩展形态演化分析[J].地理科学, 2015, 35(12):1533-1541.[Lu Zhangwei, Xu Lihua, Wu Cifang. The evolution of urban expansion morphology in Hangzhou based on principle of convex hull.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(12):1533-1541.]
[9]谌丽,张文忠,李业锦,等.北京城市居住空间形态对居民通勤方式的影响[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(5):697-704.[Chen Li,Zhang Wenzhong, Li Yejin et al. Residential form in Beijing and its impact on residents’commuting mode choice. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(5):697-704.]
[10] Crane Randall. The influence of urban form on travel:an interpretive review[J]. CPL bibliography, 2000, 15(1):3-23.
[11] Vance Colin, Hedel Ralf. The impact of urban form on automobile travel:Disentangling causation from correlation[J]. Transportation, 2007, 34(5):575-588.
[12] Pan Haixiao, Shen Qing, Zhang Ming. Influence of urban form on travel behaviour in four neighborhoods of Shanghai[J]. Urban Studies, 2009, 46(2):275-294.
[13] Frank Lawrence, Bradley Mark, Kavage Sarah et al. Urban form, travel time, and cost relationships with tour complexity and mode choice[J]. Transportation, 2008, 35(1):37-54.
[14] Schlossberg Marc, Greene Jessica, Phillips Page Paulsen et al.School trips:Effects of urban form and distance on travel mode[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(3):337-346.
[15]周素红,闫小培.广州城市空间结构与交通需求关系[J].地理学报,2006,60(1):131-142.[Zhou Suhong, Yan Xiaopei. The relationship between urban structure and traffic demand in Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006,60(1):131-142.]
[16]闫小培,毛蒋兴.高密度开发城市的交通与土地利用互动关系——以广州为例[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):643-652.[Yan Xiaopei, Mao Jiangxing. The mutual relationship between urban transport system and land use in highly-densely developed cities:A case study of Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(5):643-652.]
[17] Van de Coevering Paul, Schwanen Tim. Re-evaluating the impact of urban form on travel patterns in Europe and NorthAmerica[J]. Transport Policy, 2006, 13(3):229-239.
[18] Handy Sussan L. Understanding the link between urban form and network travel behavior[J]. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 1996, 15(3):183-198.
[19]曹小曙,林强.基于结构方程模型的广州城市社区居民出行行为[J].地理学报,2011,66(2):167-177.[Cao Xiaoshu, Lin Qiang.A SEM-based study on urban community resident's travel behavior in Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(2):167-177.]
[20] García-Palomares J C. Urban sprawl and travel to work:The case of the metropolitan area of Madrid[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2010, 18(2):197-213.
[21] Vale David de Sousa. Sustainable urban form, accessibility and travel:The relationship between polycentric urban development and commuting in Lisbon[D]. Newcastle:Newcastle University,2009.
[22] Breheny Michael. The compact city and transport energy consumption[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1995:81-101.
[23] Rickaby Peter A. Six settlement patterns compared[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 1987, 14(2):193-223.
[24] Feitelson Eran, Erik T Verhoef. Transport and environment:In search of sustainable solutions[M]. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing, 2001.
[25] Newman Peter, Kenworthy Jeff. Sustainable urban form:The big picture[J]. Achieving sustainable urban form, 2000:109-120.
[26] Huang Jie, Levinson David. Circuity in urban transit network[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2015,48(1):145-153.
[27] Pratt Richard H, Lomax Timothy J. Performance measures for multimodal transportation systems[J]. Transportation Research Record 1996, 1518:85-93.
[28] Ronald H Ballou, Handoko Rahardja, Noriaki Sakai. Selected country circuity factors for road travel distance estimation[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy, 2002,36(9):843-848.
[29] Giacomin J David, Levinson David. Road network circuity in metropolitan areas[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 2015, 42(2):1040-1053.
[30] Levinson David. Network structure and city size[J]. PloS one,2012, 7(1):e29721.
[31]何晓群.应用回归分析[M].北京:人民大学出版社, 2015.[He Xiaoqun. Applied Regression analysis. Beijing:Renmin University Press,2015.]
[32]史海运.河北省中心城市空间形态比较研究[D].邯郸:河北工程大学,2008.[Shi Haiyun. Study on comparing the urban spatial morphology of the central cities in Hebei Province.Handan:Hebei University of Engineering,2008.]
[33]王新生,刘纪远,庄大方,等.中国特大城市空间形态变化的时空特征[J].地理学报,2005,60(3):392-400.[Wang Xinsheng,Liu Jiyuan, Zhuang Dafang et al.Spatial-temporal changes of urban spatial morphology in China. Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(3):392-400.]
[34]毛广雄,丁金宏,曹蕾.城市紧凑度的综合测度及驱动力分析——以江苏省为例[J].地理科学, 2009, 29(5):627-633.[Mao Guangxiong, Ding Jinhong, Cao Lei. Comprehensive level and impetus of city compactness——A case of Jiangsu Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2009, 29(5):627-633.]
[35]中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2011.[National Bureau of statistcs. Major figures on 2010 population census of China.Beijing:China Statistcs Press,2011.]
[36]中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2016年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[J/OL]. http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjsj/zxfb/201702/t20170228_1467424. html, 2017-02-28.[National Bureau of Statistcs. 2015 National Economic and Social Development.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201702/t20170228_1467424.html, 2017-02-28.]
[37]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国城市统计年鉴-2017[M].