贵州典型黄壤辣椒生长、品质及光合特性对新型肥料的响应
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摘要
为探究新型肥料在贵州黄壤区辣椒上的施用效果,本研究通过盆栽试验研究了普通复合肥(FHF)、保水型(BSX)、稳定性(WDX)、包膜型(BMX)缓释肥和长效氮肥(CXDF)五种新型肥料施用对贵州辣椒生长、品质及光合特性的影响,并通过相关分析明确影响辣椒产量的主导因素,以期为适宜的新型肥料品种筛选及其在辣椒种植中的推广应用提供参考依据。结果表明∶与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,施用新型肥料使辣椒株高增加0.72%~3.76%,但对辣椒茎粗影响不大。新型肥料显著提高辣椒分蘖数和产量,分蘖数和单株产量较FHF处理分别增加2.65%~19.75%和12.26%~29.77%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)产量最高,达到300.35 g·株~(-1)。不同类型新型肥料对辣椒品质影响存在差异,与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,保水型缓释肥(BMX)可使辣椒硝酸盐含量显著降低23.93%、还原糖增加10.65%、Vc增加38.61%,长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的硝酸盐含量显著降低12.64%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)处理的Vc含量显著增加56.21%,而包膜型缓释肥(BMX)和长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的Vc含量则明显著降低。相关分析结果表明,辣椒株高、分蘖数以及净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均与辣椒产量存在显著或极显著的线性相关,而综合考虑多个影响因子并利用逐步回归分析进行拟合后得到逐步回归分方程为Y=52.316X7-1.714X_6+640.888(X_6为胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、X_7为蒸腾速率(Tr),相关系数r为0.924**),说明收获期辣椒叶片的胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)与蒸腾速率(Tr)对辣椒产量的影响起到了主导作用。综上所述,新型肥料对贵州典型黄壤上辣椒生长、品质以及光合特性的影响效果是显著的,综合来看以稳定性(WDX)和包膜型(BMX)缓释型的施用效果最优。
In order to explore the effects of new-type fertilizers on pepper in Guizhou yellow soil,a pot experiment with treatments of new-type fertilizers( including FHF,BSX,WDX,BMX and CXDF) was conducted,and the growth,quality and photosynthetic characteristics of Guizhou pepper were measured. The results showed that the application of new-type fertilizers increased the height by 0. 72% ~ 3. 76% compared with the FHF treatment,but there were no effect on the stems of the pepper. The new-type fertilizers significantly increased the tiller number andyield,the number of tiller and the yield per plant were increased by 12.26% ~ 29.77% and 2.65% ~ 19.75% compared with FHF,respectively,and the highest yield was WDX treatment of 300.35 g·plant~(-1). There were differences in pepper quality between the different types of new-type fertilizers,with BSX reducing the content of nitrate by 23.93%,increasing the contents of reducing sugar by 10.65% and the contents of Vc by 38.61% compared with FHF treatment. CXDF treatment significantly reduced the content of nitrate by 12.64%,while WDX treatment significantly increased the content of Vc by 56.21%,but the content of Vc among BMX and CXDF treatment were significantly decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the plant height,tiller number,net photosynthetic rate( Pn),CO_2 concentration( Ci) and transpiration rate( Tr) were significantly correlated with pepper yield. The stepwise regression equation was Y = 52.316 X7-1.714 X_6+640.888,where X_6 was CO_2 concentration( Ci),X_7 was transpiration rate( Tr),the correlation coefficient was 0. 924. This showed that the CO_2 concentration( Ci) and transpiration rate( Tr) of leaves played a leading role on pepper yield formation. In summary,new-type fertilizers demonstrated strong effect of on the growth,quality and photosynthetic characteristics of pepper in yellow soil,with the stable slow-release fertilizer( WDX) and coated slow-release fertilizer( BMX) showing the greater influence.
In order to explore the effects of new-type fertilizers on pepper in Guizhou yellow soil,a pot experiment with treatments of new-type fertilizers( including FHF,BSX,WDX,BMX and CXDF) was conducted,and the growth,quality and photosynthetic characteristics of Guizhou pepper were measured. The results showed that the application of new-type fertilizers increased the height by 0. 72% ~ 3. 76% compared with the FHF treatment,but there were no effect on the stems of the pepper. The new-type fertilizers significantly increased the tiller number andyield,the number of tiller and the yield per plant were increased by 12.26% ~ 29.77% and 2.65% ~ 19.75% compared with FHF,respectively,and the highest yield was WDX treatment of 300.35 g·plant~(-1). There were differences in pepper quality between the different types of new-type fertilizers,with BSX reducing the content of nitrate by 23.93%,increasing the contents of reducing sugar by 10.65% and the contents of Vc by 38.61% compared with FHF treatment. CXDF treatment significantly reduced the content of nitrate by 12.64%,while WDX treatment significantly increased the content of Vc by 56.21%,but the content of Vc among BMX and CXDF treatment were significantly decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the plant height,tiller number,net photosynthetic rate( Pn),CO_2 concentration( Ci) and transpiration rate( Tr) were significantly correlated with pepper yield. The stepwise regression equation was Y = 52.316 X7-1.714 X_6+640.888,where X_6 was CO_2 concentration( Ci),X_7 was transpiration rate( Tr),the correlation coefficient was 0. 924. This showed that the CO_2 concentration( Ci) and transpiration rate( Tr) of leaves played a leading role on pepper yield formation. In summary,new-type fertilizers demonstrated strong effect of on the growth,quality and photosynthetic characteristics of pepper in yellow soil,with the stable slow-release fertilizer( WDX) and coated slow-release fertilizer( BMX) showing the greater influence.
引文
[1]罗龙皂,李渝,张文安,等.长期施肥下黄壤旱地玉米产量及肥料利用率的变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(10):2793-2798.
[2]蒋太明,魏朝富,谢德体,等.贵州中部喀斯特地区黄壤持水性能的研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):25-29.
[3]张文源,王百田,杨光檄,等.喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1776-1782.
[4]刘方,黄昌勇,何腾兵,等.不同类型黄壤旱地的磷素流失及其影响因素分析[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(2):37-40.
[5]任卫卫,付小松,张万萍,等.贵州地方辣椒品种资源主要类别、分布及利用潜力[J].长江蔬菜,2015,(2):6-12.
[6]张绍刚.贵州辣椒产业发展与品种需求分析[J].中国蔬菜,2011,(21):18-19.
[7]周志红,李心清,邢英,等.生物炭对土壤氮素淋失的抑制作用[J].地球与环境,2011,39(2):278-284.
[8]赵秉强.新型肥料[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.
[9]Van Zwieten L,Kimber S,Morris S.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1):235-246.
[10]陈贤友,吴良欢,李金先,等.新型控释肥对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响探讨[J].土壤通报,2010,41(1):133-137.
[11]古慧娟,石元亮,于阁杰,等.我国缓/控释肥料的应用效应研究进展[J].土壤通报,2010,42(1):220-223.
[12]韩锦峰,朱大恒,刘华山,等.我国烤烟含钾量低的原因及解决途径[J].河南农业科学,2010,(2):32-36.
[13]陈艳萍,肖尧,孔令杰,等.缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累分配的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(27):34-40.
[14]曹兵,倪小会,肖强,等.包膜尿素对温室番茄产量、品质和经济效益的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(2):389-395.
[15]于淑芳,杨力,张民,等.控释肥对小麦玉米生物学性状和土壤硝酸盐积累的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(1):128-133.
[16]刘彦伶,来庆,徐旱增,等.不同氮肥类型对黄泥田双季稻产量及氮素利用的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2013,39(4):403-412.
[17]Daniel P,Gilles L.Relationships between dynamics of nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation in maize crops.Determination of critical N concentration[J].Plant and Soil,2000,216:65-82
[18]赵营,赵天成,王世荣.缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放特征及其对春玉米氮吸收的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(17):163-168.
[19]Sun L,Gu L L,Peng X L,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application time on dry matter accumulation and yield of Chinese potato variety KX 13[J].Potato Research,2012,55(3-4):303-313.
[20]杨利军,韩晓日,战秀梅,等.新型缓释尿素对玉米和水稻产量、氮肥利用率及无机氮残留的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(2):184-188.
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[22]Haefele S M,Konboon Y,Wongboon W.Effects and fate of biochar from rice residues in rice-based systems[J].Field Crops Research,2011,121(3):430-440.
[23]Yuan J H,Xu R K.The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol[J].Soil Use and Management,2011,27(1):110-115.
[24]王寅,冯国忠,张天山,等.控释氮肥与尿素混施对连作春玉米产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(3):518-528.
[25]李长洲.新型大球包膜控释肥养分释放特征及肥效研究[D].山东农业大学,2013.
[26]樊小林,刘芳,廖照源,等.我国控释肥料研究的现状和展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):463-473.
[27]王素萍,李小坤,鲁剑巍,等.施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1449-1456.
[28]董燕.缓/控释复合肥料养分释放特性与生物效应研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2007.
[29]韩蔚娟,王寅,陈海潇,等.黑土区玉米施用新型肥料的效果和环境效应[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):307-311.
[30]胡小凤,王正银,游媛,等.缓释复合肥在不同土壤水分条件下氨挥发特性研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(8):1937-1943.
[31]张萌,肖厚军,赵欢,等.贵州黄壤区辣椒干物质、氮素积累与分配及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2983-2990.
[32]赵欢,张萌,秦松,等.贵州黄壤小白菜生长、品质、光合特性及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(10):1320-1327.
[33]韩玉玲.保水剂对辣椒生长及水肥高效利用的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013.
[34]喻醯之.西南玉米几种新型肥料一次性施用效果的研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2013.
[35]许大全.光合作用气孔限制分析中的一些问题[J].植物生理学通讯,1997,33(4):241-244.
[36]陈根云,陈娟,许大全.关于净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度关系的思考[J].植物生理学通讯,2010,46(1):64-66.
[37]范兰,吕昌河,陈朝.作物产量差及其形成原因综述[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(12):2155-2166.
[38]Mueller N D,Gerber J S,Johnston M,et al.Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):254-257.
[39]战秀梅,韩晓日,佟晔,等.高产施肥条件下玉米的光合特性研究[J].杂粮作物,2008,28(4):251-254.
[40]董燕,王正银.缓/控释复合肥料对土壤氮素库的调控作用[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6707-6714.
[41]贺江舟,龚明福,范君华,等.逐步回归及通径分析在主成分分析中的应用[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(3):431-437.
[2]蒋太明,魏朝富,谢德体,等.贵州中部喀斯特地区黄壤持水性能的研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):25-29.
[3]张文源,王百田,杨光檄,等.喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1776-1782.
[4]刘方,黄昌勇,何腾兵,等.不同类型黄壤旱地的磷素流失及其影响因素分析[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(2):37-40.
[5]任卫卫,付小松,张万萍,等.贵州地方辣椒品种资源主要类别、分布及利用潜力[J].长江蔬菜,2015,(2):6-12.
[6]张绍刚.贵州辣椒产业发展与品种需求分析[J].中国蔬菜,2011,(21):18-19.
[7]周志红,李心清,邢英,等.生物炭对土壤氮素淋失的抑制作用[J].地球与环境,2011,39(2):278-284.
[8]赵秉强.新型肥料[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.
[9]Van Zwieten L,Kimber S,Morris S.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1):235-246.
[10]陈贤友,吴良欢,李金先,等.新型控释肥对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响探讨[J].土壤通报,2010,41(1):133-137.
[11]古慧娟,石元亮,于阁杰,等.我国缓/控释肥料的应用效应研究进展[J].土壤通报,2010,42(1):220-223.
[12]韩锦峰,朱大恒,刘华山,等.我国烤烟含钾量低的原因及解决途径[J].河南农业科学,2010,(2):32-36.
[13]陈艳萍,肖尧,孔令杰,等.缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累分配的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(27):34-40.
[14]曹兵,倪小会,肖强,等.包膜尿素对温室番茄产量、品质和经济效益的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(2):389-395.
[15]于淑芳,杨力,张民,等.控释肥对小麦玉米生物学性状和土壤硝酸盐积累的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(1):128-133.
[16]刘彦伶,来庆,徐旱增,等.不同氮肥类型对黄泥田双季稻产量及氮素利用的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2013,39(4):403-412.
[17]Daniel P,Gilles L.Relationships between dynamics of nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation in maize crops.Determination of critical N concentration[J].Plant and Soil,2000,216:65-82
[18]赵营,赵天成,王世荣.缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放特征及其对春玉米氮吸收的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(17):163-168.
[19]Sun L,Gu L L,Peng X L,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application time on dry matter accumulation and yield of Chinese potato variety KX 13[J].Potato Research,2012,55(3-4):303-313.
[20]杨利军,韩晓日,战秀梅,等.新型缓释尿素对玉米和水稻产量、氮肥利用率及无机氮残留的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(2):184-188.
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[22]Haefele S M,Konboon Y,Wongboon W.Effects and fate of biochar from rice residues in rice-based systems[J].Field Crops Research,2011,121(3):430-440.
[23]Yuan J H,Xu R K.The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol[J].Soil Use and Management,2011,27(1):110-115.
[24]王寅,冯国忠,张天山,等.控释氮肥与尿素混施对连作春玉米产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(3):518-528.
[25]李长洲.新型大球包膜控释肥养分释放特征及肥效研究[D].山东农业大学,2013.
[26]樊小林,刘芳,廖照源,等.我国控释肥料研究的现状和展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):463-473.
[27]王素萍,李小坤,鲁剑巍,等.施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1449-1456.
[28]董燕.缓/控释复合肥料养分释放特性与生物效应研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2007.
[29]韩蔚娟,王寅,陈海潇,等.黑土区玉米施用新型肥料的效果和环境效应[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):307-311.
[30]胡小凤,王正银,游媛,等.缓释复合肥在不同土壤水分条件下氨挥发特性研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(8):1937-1943.
[31]张萌,肖厚军,赵欢,等.贵州黄壤区辣椒干物质、氮素积累与分配及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2983-2990.
[32]赵欢,张萌,秦松,等.贵州黄壤小白菜生长、品质、光合特性及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(10):1320-1327.
[33]韩玉玲.保水剂对辣椒生长及水肥高效利用的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013.
[34]喻醯之.西南玉米几种新型肥料一次性施用效果的研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2013.
[35]许大全.光合作用气孔限制分析中的一些问题[J].植物生理学通讯,1997,33(4):241-244.
[36]陈根云,陈娟,许大全.关于净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度关系的思考[J].植物生理学通讯,2010,46(1):64-66.
[37]范兰,吕昌河,陈朝.作物产量差及其形成原因综述[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(12):2155-2166.
[38]Mueller N D,Gerber J S,Johnston M,et al.Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):254-257.
[39]战秀梅,韩晓日,佟晔,等.高产施肥条件下玉米的光合特性研究[J].杂粮作物,2008,28(4):251-254.
[40]董燕,王正银.缓/控释复合肥料对土壤氮素库的调控作用[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6707-6714.
[41]贺江舟,龚明福,范君华,等.逐步回归及通径分析在主成分分析中的应用[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(3):431-437.