京津冀城市群城乡生活用水效率差异分析
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摘要
京津冀城市群高度密集连片的人类活动致使区域水资源短缺问题越来越严重,随着区域生活质量的普遍提升,生活用水比重不断增加,其对区域水资源综合利用效率的影响越来越大。城市群不均衡的发展模式不仅体现在不同城市之间生活用水方式存在差异,也体现在城乡之间的差异。结合Tapio脱钩方法,从城市与城市及城市与周边相互影响的角度,分析了京津冀城市群2001-2015年城乡生活用水及其效率时空变化规律。主要结论为:城乡生活用水规模存在明显差异,城乡生活用水总量比例为7∶3,城乡人均生活用水比例为3∶1,时间尺度上的变化呈现为城镇生活用水量增长,而农村生活用水量下降的趋势;城乡生活用水效率有明显差异,除北京外,其他城市农村生活用水效率普遍高于城镇;时间尺度上的变化特征表明,城镇生活用水效率不断提高并相对稳定,而农村生活用水效率则先提高后降低;京津冀生活用水效率的综合提高,不仅考虑每个城市自身的发展需要,更需要从城市与城市及城市与周边联动协调的角度制定科学合理的用水方案,从而更好地服务于京津冀一体化和水资源可持续利用。
The highly intensive and contiguous human activities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration( BTH) of China pose more pressure on the problem of water shortage.With the improvement of life quality,the domestic water demand obviously rises,and has more impacts on the regional water use efficiency.However,the unbalanced regional development pattern leads to the difference of domestic water use efficiency not only between cities but also between urban and rural areas.In this study,we used the Tapio decoupling method to substantially analyze the spatial-temporal variation of the domestic water use and its efficiency of urban and rural areas of BTH based the long series of data from 2001 to 2015 from the perspective of the interaction between city and city and between city and its surroundings.We found: there existed obvious difference on the amount of domestic water use between urban and rural areas.The proportion of water consumption in urban and rural areas was 7∶ 3,and the proportion of water consumption per capita in urban and rural areas was 3∶ 1.In addition,the domestic water consumption of urban area was increasing over time while that was declining in rural area.There existed significant difference on the domestic water use efficiency between urban and rural areas.Except Beijing,the domestic water consumption of rural areas of the other cities was higher than that of urban areas.Moreover,the domestic water consumption efficiency of urban areas continuously improved at the early period,then reached the stable status.By contrast,therural domestic water consumption increased firstly and then reduced.Our finding highlights that it is important to comprehensively consider the relation of different cities and their surrounding areas over regional scale to substantially improve the overall water use efficiency of BTH.
The highly intensive and contiguous human activities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration( BTH) of China pose more pressure on the problem of water shortage.With the improvement of life quality,the domestic water demand obviously rises,and has more impacts on the regional water use efficiency.However,the unbalanced regional development pattern leads to the difference of domestic water use efficiency not only between cities but also between urban and rural areas.In this study,we used the Tapio decoupling method to substantially analyze the spatial-temporal variation of the domestic water use and its efficiency of urban and rural areas of BTH based the long series of data from 2001 to 2015 from the perspective of the interaction between city and city and between city and its surroundings.We found: there existed obvious difference on the amount of domestic water use between urban and rural areas.The proportion of water consumption in urban and rural areas was 7∶ 3,and the proportion of water consumption per capita in urban and rural areas was 3∶ 1.In addition,the domestic water consumption of urban area was increasing over time while that was declining in rural area.There existed significant difference on the domestic water use efficiency between urban and rural areas.Except Beijing,the domestic water consumption of rural areas of the other cities was higher than that of urban areas.Moreover,the domestic water consumption efficiency of urban areas continuously improved at the early period,then reached the stable status.By contrast,therural domestic water consumption increased firstly and then reduced.Our finding highlights that it is important to comprehensively consider the relation of different cities and their surrounding areas over regional scale to substantially improve the overall water use efficiency of BTH.
引文
[1]鲍超,贺东梅.京津冀城市群水资源开发利用的时空特征与政策启示[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):58-67.
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[12]TAPIO P.Towards a theory of decoupling:degrees of decoupling in the EU and the case of road traffic in Finland between 1970 and 2001[J].Transport Policy,2005,12(2):137-151.
[13]OECD.Indicators to measure decoupling of environmental plessures for economic growth[R].Paris:OECD,2002.
[14]蒋惠凤,张兵.江苏省水资源利用及其与经济发展的脱钩态势评价[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(12):616-619.
[15]尹艳,邹君.湖南经济发展与水资源利用关系研究[J].衡阳师范学院学报,2014,35(3):155-161.
[16]吴丹.中国经济发展与水资源利用脱钩态势评价与展望[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(1):46-54.
[17]沈大军,陈雯,罗健萍.城镇居民生活用水的计量经济学分析与应用实例[J].水利学报,2006,37(5):593-597.
[18]鲍超,方创琳.城市化与水资源开发利用的互动机理及调控模式[J].城市发展研究,2010,17(12):19-23+65.
[19]王新娜.我国城镇化进程中城市居民生活用水“浪费”的根源研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(11):49-54.
[20]孙艳芝,鲁春霞,谢高地,等.北京城市发展与水资源利用关系分析[J].资源科学,2015,37(6):1124-1132.
[21]樊良新.渭河流域关中地区农村居民生活用水行为研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[22]范群芳,董增川,杜芙蓉.农业用水和生活用水效率研究与探讨[J].水利学报,2007,38(s1):465-469.
[23]白颖,王红瑞,许新宜,等.水资源利用效率及评价方法若干问题研究[J].水利经济,2010,28(3):1-4+8.
[24]王崇梅.中国经济增长与能源消耗脱钩分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,20(3):35-37.
[25]钟太洋,黄贤金,韩立,等.资源环境领域脱钩分析研究进展[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(8):1400-1412.
[26]陆忠武,王鹤鸣,岳强.脱钩指数:资源消耗、废物排放与经济增长的定量表达[J].资源科学,2011,33(1):2-9.
[27]封志明,刘登伟.京津冀地区水资源供需平衡及其水资源承载力[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(5):689-699.
[28]郑晓欣.我国典型城市群“城-乡”协调发展的关系及演变-以京津冀和长三角城市群为例[D].北京:中国地质大学,2016.
[2]贾世靖,马丽,王慧君,等.城市化进程中河北省居民生活用水分析[J].河北农业大学学报,2008.31(6):114-117.
[3]陆大道.京津冀城市群功能定位及协同发展[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(3):265-270.
[4]付慧英,刘慧生,李勇.北京市山区农村生活饮用水用水量现状及其影响因素[J].职业与健康,2010,26(23):2835-2837.
[5]ARPKE A,HUTZLER N.Domestic water use in the united states:a life-cycle approach[J].Journal of Industrial Ecology,2006,10(1-2):169-184.
[6]SCHUETZE T,SANTIAGO-FANDINO V.Quantitative assessment of water use efficiency in urban and domestic buildings[J].Water Resourses,2013,5(3):1172-1193.
[7]ANWANDTER L.Can public sectors reforms improve the efficiency of public water utilities?An empirical analysis of the water sector in Mexican using data envelopment analysis[D].Mary land:University of Mary land,2000.
[8]方诗标,贾仁甫,方诗彬,等.城市生活用水效率驱动因子及调控研究[J].人民黄河,2013,35(3):47-61.
[9]颜莹莹.城市水系统运行效率[D].北京:中国城市规划设计研究院,2007.
[10]薛川燕.黑河流域张掖段用水效率研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.
[11]宋岩,刘群昌,江培福,等.区域用水效率评价体系研究[J].节水灌溉,2013,10(3):56-62.
[12]TAPIO P.Towards a theory of decoupling:degrees of decoupling in the EU and the case of road traffic in Finland between 1970 and 2001[J].Transport Policy,2005,12(2):137-151.
[13]OECD.Indicators to measure decoupling of environmental plessures for economic growth[R].Paris:OECD,2002.
[14]蒋惠凤,张兵.江苏省水资源利用及其与经济发展的脱钩态势评价[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(12):616-619.
[15]尹艳,邹君.湖南经济发展与水资源利用关系研究[J].衡阳师范学院学报,2014,35(3):155-161.
[16]吴丹.中国经济发展与水资源利用脱钩态势评价与展望[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(1):46-54.
[17]沈大军,陈雯,罗健萍.城镇居民生活用水的计量经济学分析与应用实例[J].水利学报,2006,37(5):593-597.
[18]鲍超,方创琳.城市化与水资源开发利用的互动机理及调控模式[J].城市发展研究,2010,17(12):19-23+65.
[19]王新娜.我国城镇化进程中城市居民生活用水“浪费”的根源研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(11):49-54.
[20]孙艳芝,鲁春霞,谢高地,等.北京城市发展与水资源利用关系分析[J].资源科学,2015,37(6):1124-1132.
[21]樊良新.渭河流域关中地区农村居民生活用水行为研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[22]范群芳,董增川,杜芙蓉.农业用水和生活用水效率研究与探讨[J].水利学报,2007,38(s1):465-469.
[23]白颖,王红瑞,许新宜,等.水资源利用效率及评价方法若干问题研究[J].水利经济,2010,28(3):1-4+8.
[24]王崇梅.中国经济增长与能源消耗脱钩分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,20(3):35-37.
[25]钟太洋,黄贤金,韩立,等.资源环境领域脱钩分析研究进展[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(8):1400-1412.
[26]陆忠武,王鹤鸣,岳强.脱钩指数:资源消耗、废物排放与经济增长的定量表达[J].资源科学,2011,33(1):2-9.
[27]封志明,刘登伟.京津冀地区水资源供需平衡及其水资源承载力[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(5):689-699.
[28]郑晓欣.我国典型城市群“城-乡”协调发展的关系及演变-以京津冀和长三角城市群为例[D].北京:中国地质大学,2016.