实现优质优价的问题、根源和对策研究
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摘要
优质优价是发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用、实现高质量发展的根本路径。现阶段,我国存在着低价中标工程低质量、低价中标药品断供等优价不优质问题,绿色和优质农产品价格偏低、优质原研药价格过高等优质不优价问题,以及电信服务、银行服务质量不高却收费偏高等非优质且非优价问题。其深层次根源在于政策不合理、市场不完备、监管不到位和行政性垄断。针对优质优价领域存在的突出问题,建议完善保障优质优价的政策设计,改进招投标政策、农产品收购政策和配套政策体系;健全保障优质优价的市场机制,完善信息传递机制、市场营销渠道、组建行业协会减少恶性价格竞争;加强质量监管体系建设,强化处罚问责力度、优化监管方法、发挥第三方监管力量;强化反垄断执法和竞争政策作用,健全反垄断执法体系、加快确立竞争政策的基础性地位、放宽市场准入,完善市场退出机制。
Good price for higher quality is the fundamental way of playing the decisive role of market for the allocation of resources and realizing high-quality development. At present, China faces three types of problems: first, the problem of low price leading to low quality goods, such as, the low quality of lowest price win-bid projects, supply disruptions of lowest price win-bid drugs. Second, higher quality without good price, such as, green and high quality agricultural products could not be sold at a higher price; higher-quality original developed drugs are too expensive. Third, high price of low quality goods or service,such as telecommunication service and banking service. The deep-seated reasons are unreasonable policies,imperfect market, lack of regulation and administrative monopoly. We suggest perfecting policy design to realize good price for higher quality, improving public bidding policies, agricultural products purchasing policies and matching policy system. Perfect market mechanism of good price for higher quality, perfecting information transmission mechanism and marketing channel, setting up trade association to reduce vicious competition. Strengthening quality regulation system, Strengthen punishment intensity, improve regulation method and bringing third party regulation into full play. Strengthen anti-monopoly law enforcement and competition policies, speed up to establishing the fundamental position of competition policies; relax the market access and perfect market withdrawal mechanism.
Good price for higher quality is the fundamental way of playing the decisive role of market for the allocation of resources and realizing high-quality development. At present, China faces three types of problems: first, the problem of low price leading to low quality goods, such as, the low quality of lowest price win-bid projects, supply disruptions of lowest price win-bid drugs. Second, higher quality without good price, such as, green and high quality agricultural products could not be sold at a higher price; higher-quality original developed drugs are too expensive. Third, high price of low quality goods or service,such as telecommunication service and banking service. The deep-seated reasons are unreasonable policies,imperfect market, lack of regulation and administrative monopoly. We suggest perfecting policy design to realize good price for higher quality, improving public bidding policies, agricultural products purchasing policies and matching policy system. Perfect market mechanism of good price for higher quality, perfecting information transmission mechanism and marketing channel, setting up trade association to reduce vicious competition. Strengthening quality regulation system, Strengthen punishment intensity, improve regulation method and bringing third party regulation into full play. Strengthen anti-monopoly law enforcement and competition policies, speed up to establishing the fundamental position of competition policies; relax the market access and perfect market withdrawal mechanism.
引文
[1]Nelson,P.Information and Consumer Behavior.Journal of Political Economy,1970.
[2]Akerlof,George A.,"The Market for a`Lemons':Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism",The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1970.
[3]拉丰、梯若尔著,石磊、王永钦译,《政府采购与规制中的激励理论》,上海人民出版社,2004.
[4]Lewis,T.and Sappington,D.,1988b:Regulating a Monopolist with Unknown Demand?and?Cost Functions,Rand Journal of Economics.
[5]林毅夫、潘士远:《信息不对称、逆向选择与经济发展》,《世界经济》,2006(1).
[6]盛洪、赵农,天则经济研究所课题组,《中国行政性垄断的原因、行为与破除分报告之一电信产业的行政性垄断》,2013.
[7]盛洪、赵农,天则经济研究所课题组,《中国行政性垄断的原因、行为与破除分报告之四银行业的行政性垄断》,2013.
[8]周适,《环境监管的他国镜鉴与对策选择》,《改革》,2015(4).
(1)中国的绿色食品分为两个级别:A级和AA级。AA级相当于有机食品。
(2)参见:腾讯网,银行四个窗口只开一个最长排队近4小时,2017-01-04,http://money.qq.com/a/20170104/012693.htm
(3)参见:吉林省人民政府网,省政府督查室对银行窗口办事人员长时间排队问题开展专项督查,2018-02-27,http://www.jl.gov.cn/zw/xxgk/ducha/dcyw/201802/t20180227_2891112.html
(4)运销商的调查显示,我国蔬菜90-95%是个体经营的小商贩,农贸市场交易占到终端销费量的90%以上,就全国而言,通过超市销售的生鲜蔬菜在总销售量中占的比例只有2-3%(樊孝凤,2007)。这种极为分散的生产销售结构决定了中间商和本地市场不能将市场需求信息,如蔬菜的口味、外观、需求时间等传达给菜农。
(5)电信业务分为基础电信业务和增值电信业务。
[2]Akerlof,George A.,"The Market for a`Lemons':Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism",The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1970.
[3]拉丰、梯若尔著,石磊、王永钦译,《政府采购与规制中的激励理论》,上海人民出版社,2004.
[4]Lewis,T.and Sappington,D.,1988b:Regulating a Monopolist with Unknown Demand?and?Cost Functions,Rand Journal of Economics.
[5]林毅夫、潘士远:《信息不对称、逆向选择与经济发展》,《世界经济》,2006(1).
[6]盛洪、赵农,天则经济研究所课题组,《中国行政性垄断的原因、行为与破除分报告之一电信产业的行政性垄断》,2013.
[7]盛洪、赵农,天则经济研究所课题组,《中国行政性垄断的原因、行为与破除分报告之四银行业的行政性垄断》,2013.
[8]周适,《环境监管的他国镜鉴与对策选择》,《改革》,2015(4).
(1)中国的绿色食品分为两个级别:A级和AA级。AA级相当于有机食品。
(2)参见:腾讯网,银行四个窗口只开一个最长排队近4小时,2017-01-04,http://money.qq.com/a/20170104/012693.htm
(3)参见:吉林省人民政府网,省政府督查室对银行窗口办事人员长时间排队问题开展专项督查,2018-02-27,http://www.jl.gov.cn/zw/xxgk/ducha/dcyw/201802/t20180227_2891112.html
(4)运销商的调查显示,我国蔬菜90-95%是个体经营的小商贩,农贸市场交易占到终端销费量的90%以上,就全国而言,通过超市销售的生鲜蔬菜在总销售量中占的比例只有2-3%(樊孝凤,2007)。这种极为分散的生产销售结构决定了中间商和本地市场不能将市场需求信息,如蔬菜的口味、外观、需求时间等传达给菜农。
(5)电信业务分为基础电信业务和增值电信业务。