基于农田灌溉系统水能关系的农业节水管理分区研究——以上海为例
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摘要
【目的】对不同类型的农业灌溉区域进行节水的节能潜力分析并开展相关管理对策探讨。【方法】根据上海农业灌溉系统水资源消耗与能源消耗特征,构建了农业节水管理分区指标体系,采用Ward系统聚类法对上海镇域尺度上的农业灌溉区域进行聚类分析,通过实证研究将上海农业灌溉区域分为4类,并讨论了具有针对性的节水与节能管理对策。【结果】(1)增加水利基础设施建设投入在提升农业用水效率的同时,需兼顾农业灌溉系统的能源利用效率,以提升区域农业灌溉系统的综合效益;(2)在上海当前节水管理水平和区域水资源利用条件下,小规模分散型农业灌溉模式向规模化灌溉方式转变,对提升区域农业用水效率与用能效率的效果并不明显;(3)针对分散型小规模农业灌区实施用水与用能的价格激励机制是实现农业用水效率与用能效率共同提升的一项有益尝试;(4)针对灌溉用水与用能等生产成本占总生产成本比重较小的规模化大型农场,为提高生产经营者的灌溉节水节能意识与动力,应加强农业水总量控制与定额管理,并利用水价的市场调节作用,激励其用水效率与用能效率的共同提升。【结论】基于农田灌溉系统用水与用能关系综合分析的农业节水分区研究,可以为上海及其他平原河网地区农业灌溉系统节水与节能综合效益提升提供科学的管理建议。
【Objective】Analyze the water-saving and energy-saving potential of different types of agricultural irrigation area.【Method】We took Shanghai as an example to explore the theoretical framework of agricultural water-saving regionalization based on the analysis of water-energy nexus. Ward cluster analysis method was introduced to the town-type scale cluster analysis.【Result】Based on the results of the case study, Shanghai was divided into 4 agricultural irrigation types, and the targeted management strategies were discussed in this article. The main conclusions were as follow:(1) Higher investment in water-saving technology and infrastructure could improve the agricultural water use efficiency and also tended to increase energy consumption and carbon emissions,it restricted the comprehensive agricultural water-saving benefits;(2)For the small-scale decentralized agricultural irrigation district, implementing the energy and water pricing mechanism would be conducive to improve agricultural water and energy efficiency;(3) Small-scale decentralized agricultural irrigation districts merged into large one could achieve tiny water-saving benefits but may reduced the energy efficiency of agricultural irrigation systems;(4) The utilization of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology and facilities with different level of energy intensity should be followed by local conditions.【Conclusion】Exploring agricultural water-saving regionalization based on the water-energy nexus can improve the benefits of agricultural water-saving and energy-saving and provide management strategies for Shanghai and other places in Yangtze River Delta.
【Objective】Analyze the water-saving and energy-saving potential of different types of agricultural irrigation area.【Method】We took Shanghai as an example to explore the theoretical framework of agricultural water-saving regionalization based on the analysis of water-energy nexus. Ward cluster analysis method was introduced to the town-type scale cluster analysis.【Result】Based on the results of the case study, Shanghai was divided into 4 agricultural irrigation types, and the targeted management strategies were discussed in this article. The main conclusions were as follow:(1) Higher investment in water-saving technology and infrastructure could improve the agricultural water use efficiency and also tended to increase energy consumption and carbon emissions,it restricted the comprehensive agricultural water-saving benefits;(2)For the small-scale decentralized agricultural irrigation district, implementing the energy and water pricing mechanism would be conducive to improve agricultural water and energy efficiency;(3) Small-scale decentralized agricultural irrigation districts merged into large one could achieve tiny water-saving benefits but may reduced the energy efficiency of agricultural irrigation systems;(4) The utilization of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology and facilities with different level of energy intensity should be followed by local conditions.【Conclusion】Exploring agricultural water-saving regionalization based on the water-energy nexus can improve the benefits of agricultural water-saving and energy-saving and provide management strategies for Shanghai and other places in Yangtze River Delta.
引文
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[16]王海龙,王会肖.渭河流域关中地区农业节水潜力研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(4):126-132.
[17]张艳妮,白清俊,项艳,井冬梅,王恩亮.基于主成分分析与聚类法的山东农业灌溉分区[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(5):87-89.
[18]CREMADES R,ROTHAUSEN S G S A,CONWAY D,et al.Co-benefits and trade-offs in the water-energy nexus of irrigation modernization in China[J].Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(5):054007.
[19]叶治安,徐其华.水,地球万物的生命之源——聚焦水质型缺水与水安全管理[J].上海城市管理,2017,26(2):8-11.
[20]陈静,程东祥,吴秀玲,等.水质型缺水地区节水型社会系统及经济驱动研究[J].生态经济,2014,30(9):77-81.
[21]车越,吴阿娜,杨凯.区域发展与水源保护的协调方法研究:以中国东部平原河网地区为例[J].中国软科学,2007(4):94-93.
[22]李绍飞.改进的模糊物元模型在灌区农业用水效率评价中的应用[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(11):175-181.
[23]霍叶青,何跃.基于离差最大化和Ward系统聚类的四川城镇化水平研究[J].软科学,2010,24(6):71-73.
[2]王西琴,吴若然,李兆捷,等.我国农业用水安全的分区及发展对策[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(10):1 428-1 434.
[3]钟晨晨,崔宁博,谭畅,等.近53a长江流域气温的时空变化特征分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(12):88-96.
[4]佟金萍,马剑锋,王圣,等.长江流域农业用水效率研究:基于超效率DEA和Tobit模型[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(4):603-608.
[5]杨裕恒,曹升乐,程雨菲,等.济南市1997―2014年农业水足迹及结构变化特征分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(8):95-102.
[6]赵文杰,丁凡琳.我国节水灌溉技术推广现状与对策研究综述[J].节水灌溉,2015(4):95-98.
[7]邬杨明,郑世宗.平原河网灌区农业节水激励机制研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2014(11):32-34.
[8]李璐,陈远生,何希吾,等.城市水系统水-能关系研究进展[J].中国水利,2012(6):22-25.
[9]尹剑,王会肖,李鹏,等.保定市农业节水分区[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012,10(4):127-132.
[10]姚林,郑华斌,刘建霞,等.中国水稻节水灌溉技术的现状及发展趋势[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(5):1 381-1 387.
[11]刘军,朱美玲.农业用水效率评价指标体系研究[J].节水灌溉,2013(5):61-63.
[12]王文川,李筱峰,徐冬梅,等.大型灌区节水改造综合效益评价方法研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(1):119-123.
[13]蒲文辉,张新燕,朱德兰.硅藻土微孔陶瓷灌水器水力性能研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(6):57-62.
[14]TRUNG T C,GUPTA A D,BABEL M S,et al.Assessment of different irrigation management models in Vietnam[J].International Journal of Water Resources Development,2005,21(3):525-535.
[15]GONCALVES J M,PEREIRA L S,FANG S X,et al.Modelling and multicriteria analysis of water saving scenarios for an irrigation district in the upper Yellow River Basin[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,94(1/3):93-108.
[16]王海龙,王会肖.渭河流域关中地区农业节水潜力研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(4):126-132.
[17]张艳妮,白清俊,项艳,井冬梅,王恩亮.基于主成分分析与聚类法的山东农业灌溉分区[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(5):87-89.
[18]CREMADES R,ROTHAUSEN S G S A,CONWAY D,et al.Co-benefits and trade-offs in the water-energy nexus of irrigation modernization in China[J].Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(5):054007.
[19]叶治安,徐其华.水,地球万物的生命之源——聚焦水质型缺水与水安全管理[J].上海城市管理,2017,26(2):8-11.
[20]陈静,程东祥,吴秀玲,等.水质型缺水地区节水型社会系统及经济驱动研究[J].生态经济,2014,30(9):77-81.
[21]车越,吴阿娜,杨凯.区域发展与水源保护的协调方法研究:以中国东部平原河网地区为例[J].中国软科学,2007(4):94-93.
[22]李绍飞.改进的模糊物元模型在灌区农业用水效率评价中的应用[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(11):175-181.
[23]霍叶青,何跃.基于离差最大化和Ward系统聚类的四川城镇化水平研究[J].软科学,2010,24(6):71-73.