微丝的基本性质与细胞核肌动蛋白
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摘要
微丝,作为细胞骨架的重要成员,普遍存在于所有的真核细胞中。构成微丝的肌动蛋白,与肌球蛋白一起作用,使细胞产生和传导机械力,并促进细胞运动。尽管人们很早就已经认识到体细胞核中存在单体肌动蛋白,但细胞核中聚合的微丝如何动态调控及行使何种功能,仍存在争议。该文概述了微丝细胞骨架的基本性质和成核过程,并讨论细胞核内肌动蛋白的功能。
Microfilaments are seen in almost all the eukaryotic cells. Actin, the building block of the microfilaments, generates and transduces cellular forces and promotes cell motility when working in concert with the motor protein myosin. Although it has been noticed long ago that actin monomers existed in the nucleus, the role and dynamics of the polymerized actin filaments have been under debate. Here, we review the general properties and the nucleation process of the microfilaments. We also discuss recent advances in nuclear actin.
Microfilaments are seen in almost all the eukaryotic cells. Actin, the building block of the microfilaments, generates and transduces cellular forces and promotes cell motility when working in concert with the motor protein myosin. Although it has been noticed long ago that actin monomers existed in the nucleus, the role and dynamics of the polymerized actin filaments have been under debate. Here, we review the general properties and the nucleation process of the microfilaments. We also discuss recent advances in nuclear actin.
引文
1 Gunning PW,Ghoshdastider U,Whitaker S,Popp D,Robinson RC.The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments.J Cell Sci 2015;128(11):2009-19.
2 van Wijk E,Krieger E,Kemperman MH,De Leenheer EM,Huygen PL,Cremers CW,et al.A mutation in the gamma actin 1(ACTG1)gene causes autosomal dominant hearing loss(DFNA20/26).J Med Genet 2003;40(12):879-84.
3 Milewicz DM,Guo DC,Tran-Fadulu V,Lafont AL,Papke CL,Inamoto S,et al.Genetic basis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections:focus on smooth muscle cell contractile dysfunction.Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008;9:283-302.
4 Sparrow JC,Nowak KJ,Durling HJ,Beggs AH,Wallgren-Pettersson C,Romero N,et al.Muscle disease caused by mutations in the skeletal muscle alpha-actin gene(ACTA1).Neuromuscul Disord2003;13(7/8):519-31.
5 Dominguez R,Holmes KC.Actin structure and function.2011;40:169-86.
6 Pollard TD,Korn ED.Acanthamoeba myosin.I.Isolation from Acanthamoeba castellanii of an enzyme similar to muscle myosin.JBiol Chem 1973;248(13):4682-90.
7 Vicente-Manzanares M,Ma X,Adelstein RS,Horwitz AR.Nonmuscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009;10(11):778-90.
8 Halliburton WD.On muscle-plasma.J Physiol 1887;8(3/4):133-202.
9 Szentgyorgyi A.Studies on muscle.Arkiv for Kemi Mineralogi Och Geologi 1945;19(3):1-9.
10 Straub FB,Feuer G.Adenosinetriphosphate the functional group of actin.Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1950;4(4):455-70.
11 Hitchcock-De Gregori SE,Irving TC,Huxley HE.The compleat biophysicist.Biophys J 2014;107(7):1493-501.
12 Hatano S,Oosawa F.Isolation and characterization of plasmodium actin.Biochim Biophys Acta 1966;127(2):488-98.
13 Adelman MR,Taylor EW.Further purification and characterization of slime mold myosin and slime mold actin.Biochemistry 1969;8(12):4976-88.
14 Collins JH,Elzinga M.The primary structure of actin from rabbit skeletal muscle.Completion and analysis of the amino acid sequence.J Biol Chem 1975;250(15):5915-20.
15 Kabsch W,Mannherz HG,Suck D,Pai EF,Holmes KC.Atomic structure of the actin:DNase I complex.Nature 1990;347(6288):37-44.
16 Holmes KC,Popp D,Gebhard W,Kabsch W.Atomic model of the actin filament.Nature 1990;347(6288):44-9.
17 von der Ecken J,Muller M,Lehman W,Manstein DJ,Penczek PA,Raunser S.Structure of the F-actin-tropomyosin complex.Nature2015;519(7541):114-7.
18 Barik BP.Animal actin phylogeny and RNA secondary structure study.Int J Knowl Dis in Bioinform 2015;5(1):46-61.
19 Begg DA,Rodewald R,Rebhun LI.The visualization of actin filament polarity in thin sections.Evidence for the uniform polarity of membrane-associated filaments.J Cell Biol 1978;79(3):846-52.
20 Geneser F,Histologi:(Uden titel).Munksgaard,1981.
21翟中和,王喜忠,丁明孝.细胞生物学.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
22 Adelstein RS,Scordilis SP,Trotter JA.The cytoskeleton and cell movement:general considerations.Methods Achiev Exp Pathol1979;8:1-41.
23 Pollard TD,Cooper JA.Actin,a central player in cell shape and movement.Science 2009;326(5957):1208-12.
24 Rotty JD,Wu C,Bear JE.New insights into the regulation and cellular functions of the ARP2/3 complex.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol2013;14(1):7-12.
25 Evangelista M,Zigmond S,Boone C.Formins:signaling effectors for assembly and polarization of actin filaments.J Cell Sci 2003;116(Pt 13):2603-11.
26 Carlsson L,Nystrom LE,Sundkvist I,Markey F,Lindberg U.Actin polymerizability is influenced by profilin,a low-molecular weight protein in non-muscle cells.J Mol Biol 1977;115(3):465-83.
27 Gordon AM,Homsher E,Regnier M.Regulation of contraction in striated muscle.Physiol Rev 2000;80(2):853-924.
28 Maytum R,Lehrer SS,Geeves MA.Cooperativity and switching within the three-state model of muscle regulation.Biochemistry1999;38(3):1102-10.
29 Virtanen JA,Vartiainen MK.Diverse functions for different forms of nuclear actin.Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017;46:33-8.
30 Misu S,Takebayashi M,Miyamoto K.Nuclear actin in development and transcriptional reprogramming.Front Genet.2017;7(8):27.
31 Baarlink C,Wang HC,Grosse R.Nuclear actin network assembly by formins regulates the SRF coactivator MAL.Science 2013;340(6134):864-67.
32 Lundquist MR,Storaska AJ,Liu TC,Larsen SD,Evans T,Neubig RR,et al.Redox modification of nuclear actin by MICAL-2 regulates SRF signaling.Cell 2014;156(3):563-76.
33 Hinojosa LS,Holst M,Baarlink C,Grosse R.MRTF transcription and Ezrin-dependent plasma membrane blebbing are required for entotic invasion.J Cell Biol 2017;216(10):3087-95.
34 Plessner M,Grosse R.Extracellular signaling cues for nuclear actin polymerization.Eur J Cell Biol 2015;94(7/8/9):359-62.
35 Plessner M,Melak M,Chinchilla P,Baarlink C,Grosse R.Nuclear F-actin formation and reorganization upon cell spreading.J Biol Chem 2015;290(18):11209-16.
36 Belin BJ,Cimini BA,Blackburn EH,Mullins RD.Visualization of actin filaments and monomers in somatic cell nuclei.Mol Biol Cell2013;24(7):982-94.
37 Ohkawa T,Welch MD.Baculovirus actin-based motility drives nuclear envelope disruption and nuclear egress.Curr Biol 2018;28(13):2153.
38 Caridi CP,D’Agostino C,Ryu T,Zapotoczny G,Delabaere L,Li X,et al.Nuclear F-actin and myosins drive relocalization of heterochromatic breaks.Nature 2018;559(7712):54-60.
39 Schrank BR,Aparicio T,Li YY,Chang W,Chait BT,Gundersen GG,et al.Nuclear ARP2/3 drives DNA break clustering for homology-directed repair.Nature 2018;559(7712):61.
40 Belin BJ,Lee T,Mullins RD.DNA damage induces nuclear actin filament assembly by Formin-2 and Spire-1/2 that promotes efficient DNA repair.Elife 2015;doi:10.7554/eLife.07735.
41 Liu C,Mao Y.Diaphanous formin mDia2 regulates CENP-A levels at centromeres.J Cell Biol 2016;213(4):415-24.
42 Parisis N,Krasinska L,Harker B,Urbach S,Rossignol M,Camasses A,et al.Initiation of DNA replication requires actin dynamics and formin activity.EMBO J 2017;36(21):3212-31.
43 Baarlink C,Plessner M,Sherrard A,Morita K,Misu S,.A transient pool of nuclear F-actin at mitotic exit controls chromatin organization.Nat Cell Biol 2017;19(12):1389-99.
44 Baarlink C,Plessner M,Sherrard A,Morita K,Misu S,Virant D,et al.A transient pool of nuclear F-actin at mitotic exit controls chromatin organization.Nat Cell Biol 2017;19(12):1389.
2 van Wijk E,Krieger E,Kemperman MH,De Leenheer EM,Huygen PL,Cremers CW,et al.A mutation in the gamma actin 1(ACTG1)gene causes autosomal dominant hearing loss(DFNA20/26).J Med Genet 2003;40(12):879-84.
3 Milewicz DM,Guo DC,Tran-Fadulu V,Lafont AL,Papke CL,Inamoto S,et al.Genetic basis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections:focus on smooth muscle cell contractile dysfunction.Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008;9:283-302.
4 Sparrow JC,Nowak KJ,Durling HJ,Beggs AH,Wallgren-Pettersson C,Romero N,et al.Muscle disease caused by mutations in the skeletal muscle alpha-actin gene(ACTA1).Neuromuscul Disord2003;13(7/8):519-31.
5 Dominguez R,Holmes KC.Actin structure and function.2011;40:169-86.
6 Pollard TD,Korn ED.Acanthamoeba myosin.I.Isolation from Acanthamoeba castellanii of an enzyme similar to muscle myosin.JBiol Chem 1973;248(13):4682-90.
7 Vicente-Manzanares M,Ma X,Adelstein RS,Horwitz AR.Nonmuscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009;10(11):778-90.
8 Halliburton WD.On muscle-plasma.J Physiol 1887;8(3/4):133-202.
9 Szentgyorgyi A.Studies on muscle.Arkiv for Kemi Mineralogi Och Geologi 1945;19(3):1-9.
10 Straub FB,Feuer G.Adenosinetriphosphate the functional group of actin.Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1950;4(4):455-70.
11 Hitchcock-De Gregori SE,Irving TC,Huxley HE.The compleat biophysicist.Biophys J 2014;107(7):1493-501.
12 Hatano S,Oosawa F.Isolation and characterization of plasmodium actin.Biochim Biophys Acta 1966;127(2):488-98.
13 Adelman MR,Taylor EW.Further purification and characterization of slime mold myosin and slime mold actin.Biochemistry 1969;8(12):4976-88.
14 Collins JH,Elzinga M.The primary structure of actin from rabbit skeletal muscle.Completion and analysis of the amino acid sequence.J Biol Chem 1975;250(15):5915-20.
15 Kabsch W,Mannherz HG,Suck D,Pai EF,Holmes KC.Atomic structure of the actin:DNase I complex.Nature 1990;347(6288):37-44.
16 Holmes KC,Popp D,Gebhard W,Kabsch W.Atomic model of the actin filament.Nature 1990;347(6288):44-9.
17 von der Ecken J,Muller M,Lehman W,Manstein DJ,Penczek PA,Raunser S.Structure of the F-actin-tropomyosin complex.Nature2015;519(7541):114-7.
18 Barik BP.Animal actin phylogeny and RNA secondary structure study.Int J Knowl Dis in Bioinform 2015;5(1):46-61.
19 Begg DA,Rodewald R,Rebhun LI.The visualization of actin filament polarity in thin sections.Evidence for the uniform polarity of membrane-associated filaments.J Cell Biol 1978;79(3):846-52.
20 Geneser F,Histologi:(Uden titel).Munksgaard,1981.
21翟中和,王喜忠,丁明孝.细胞生物学.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
22 Adelstein RS,Scordilis SP,Trotter JA.The cytoskeleton and cell movement:general considerations.Methods Achiev Exp Pathol1979;8:1-41.
23 Pollard TD,Cooper JA.Actin,a central player in cell shape and movement.Science 2009;326(5957):1208-12.
24 Rotty JD,Wu C,Bear JE.New insights into the regulation and cellular functions of the ARP2/3 complex.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol2013;14(1):7-12.
25 Evangelista M,Zigmond S,Boone C.Formins:signaling effectors for assembly and polarization of actin filaments.J Cell Sci 2003;116(Pt 13):2603-11.
26 Carlsson L,Nystrom LE,Sundkvist I,Markey F,Lindberg U.Actin polymerizability is influenced by profilin,a low-molecular weight protein in non-muscle cells.J Mol Biol 1977;115(3):465-83.
27 Gordon AM,Homsher E,Regnier M.Regulation of contraction in striated muscle.Physiol Rev 2000;80(2):853-924.
28 Maytum R,Lehrer SS,Geeves MA.Cooperativity and switching within the three-state model of muscle regulation.Biochemistry1999;38(3):1102-10.
29 Virtanen JA,Vartiainen MK.Diverse functions for different forms of nuclear actin.Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017;46:33-8.
30 Misu S,Takebayashi M,Miyamoto K.Nuclear actin in development and transcriptional reprogramming.Front Genet.2017;7(8):27.
31 Baarlink C,Wang HC,Grosse R.Nuclear actin network assembly by formins regulates the SRF coactivator MAL.Science 2013;340(6134):864-67.
32 Lundquist MR,Storaska AJ,Liu TC,Larsen SD,Evans T,Neubig RR,et al.Redox modification of nuclear actin by MICAL-2 regulates SRF signaling.Cell 2014;156(3):563-76.
33 Hinojosa LS,Holst M,Baarlink C,Grosse R.MRTF transcription and Ezrin-dependent plasma membrane blebbing are required for entotic invasion.J Cell Biol 2017;216(10):3087-95.
34 Plessner M,Grosse R.Extracellular signaling cues for nuclear actin polymerization.Eur J Cell Biol 2015;94(7/8/9):359-62.
35 Plessner M,Melak M,Chinchilla P,Baarlink C,Grosse R.Nuclear F-actin formation and reorganization upon cell spreading.J Biol Chem 2015;290(18):11209-16.
36 Belin BJ,Cimini BA,Blackburn EH,Mullins RD.Visualization of actin filaments and monomers in somatic cell nuclei.Mol Biol Cell2013;24(7):982-94.
37 Ohkawa T,Welch MD.Baculovirus actin-based motility drives nuclear envelope disruption and nuclear egress.Curr Biol 2018;28(13):2153.
38 Caridi CP,D’Agostino C,Ryu T,Zapotoczny G,Delabaere L,Li X,et al.Nuclear F-actin and myosins drive relocalization of heterochromatic breaks.Nature 2018;559(7712):54-60.
39 Schrank BR,Aparicio T,Li YY,Chang W,Chait BT,Gundersen GG,et al.Nuclear ARP2/3 drives DNA break clustering for homology-directed repair.Nature 2018;559(7712):61.
40 Belin BJ,Lee T,Mullins RD.DNA damage induces nuclear actin filament assembly by Formin-2 and Spire-1/2 that promotes efficient DNA repair.Elife 2015;doi:10.7554/eLife.07735.
41 Liu C,Mao Y.Diaphanous formin mDia2 regulates CENP-A levels at centromeres.J Cell Biol 2016;213(4):415-24.
42 Parisis N,Krasinska L,Harker B,Urbach S,Rossignol M,Camasses A,et al.Initiation of DNA replication requires actin dynamics and formin activity.EMBO J 2017;36(21):3212-31.
43 Baarlink C,Plessner M,Sherrard A,Morita K,Misu S,.A transient pool of nuclear F-actin at mitotic exit controls chromatin organization.Nat Cell Biol 2017;19(12):1389-99.
44 Baarlink C,Plessner M,Sherrard A,Morita K,Misu S,Virant D,et al.A transient pool of nuclear F-actin at mitotic exit controls chromatin organization.Nat Cell Biol 2017;19(12):1389.