发达国家生育支持政策及启示
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摘要
不同发达国家实施的生育支持政策的效果存在显著差异:瑞典、英国、澳大利亚保持较高的人口增长率,总和生育率接近人口世代更替水平;日本、德国人口长期处于负增长,总和生育率长期在1. 3—1. 4之间徘徊,陷入了"低生育率陷阱"。我们研究发现,形成这些差异的主要原因在于生育支持政策是否突出平衡妇女工作与家庭的冲突、性别平等理念,以及0—2岁儿童是否实现了抚养高度社会化。全面放开二孩生育后,我国的生育出现了少子化现象,因此,我国的生育支持政策应该向少子化倾斜,逐步建立法治型、发展型、性别平等型、适度普惠型、家庭友好型生育支持政策。
There are significant differences in the effects of implementing birth support policies in different developed countries. Sweden,the UK and Australia maintain a high population growth rate,the total fertility rate is close to the generational replacement level of the population. However,Japanese and German populations have been in negative growth for a long time and the total fertility is trapped into a low birth trap between 1. 3—1. 4 for a long time. Our study found that the main reason for these differences is whether the birth support policy highlights the balance between work and family,the concept of gender equality,and whether children aged 0—2 achieve a high degree of socialization. After the full release of the two-child birth policy,the birth of China has undergone a declining birthrate. Chinas birth support policy should be tilted towards the minority and gradually established legal,developmental,gender-equitable,moderately inclusive,family-friendly fertility support policy.
There are significant differences in the effects of implementing birth support policies in different developed countries. Sweden,the UK and Australia maintain a high population growth rate,the total fertility rate is close to the generational replacement level of the population. However,Japanese and German populations have been in negative growth for a long time and the total fertility is trapped into a low birth trap between 1. 3—1. 4 for a long time. Our study found that the main reason for these differences is whether the birth support policy highlights the balance between work and family,the concept of gender equality,and whether children aged 0—2 achieve a high degree of socialization. After the full release of the two-child birth policy,the birth of China has undergone a declining birthrate. Chinas birth support policy should be tilted towards the minority and gradually established legal,developmental,gender-equitable,moderately inclusive,family-friendly fertility support policy.
引文
[1]粟芳,魏陆.瑞典社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2010.
[2]郑春荣.英国社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012.
[3]杨翠迎,郭光芝.澳大利亚社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012.
[4]宋健敏.日本社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012.
[5]姚玲珍.德国社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2011.
[6]经济合作与发展组织. 2016年统计数据[EB/OL]. https://stats. oecd. org.
[7]孙艳艳. 0—3岁儿童早期发展家庭政策与公共服务探索[J].社会科学,2015,(10).
[2]郑春荣.英国社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012.
[3]杨翠迎,郭光芝.澳大利亚社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012.
[4]宋健敏.日本社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012.
[5]姚玲珍.德国社会保障制度[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2011.
[6]经济合作与发展组织. 2016年统计数据[EB/OL]. https://stats. oecd. org.
[7]孙艳艳. 0—3岁儿童早期发展家庭政策与公共服务探索[J].社会科学,2015,(10).