雌性凹耳蛙生育力与体型参数间相关性及其配对模式
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摘要
为了探究雌性凹耳蛙(Odorrana tormota)生育力与体型参数之间是否存在相关性,测量了黄山浮溪地区23只排卵后雌蛙的体重、体长、头长、头宽、前臂宽、前肢及指长、前肢长、后肢全长、胫长等9个体型参数,并计数每只雌蛙的窝卵数。相关性分析显示,雌蛙的窝卵数和9个体型参数值均呈正相关性(P <0.05),体长和其他8个体型参数值均呈现正相关性(P <0.05),以体长为控制变量,偏相关分析显示,窝卵数和体重呈正相关性(P <0.05),故具有较长的体长、较重的体重特征的雌蛙,可以携带更多的卵,具有更强的生育能力。不同雌蛙个体间的窝卵数差异较大,平均窝卵数为(646.5±37.6)枚(590～706枚)。大个体雌蛙具有更强的生育力、更大的繁殖输出,可能是导致凹耳蛙两性间异形程度较大(雌大雄小)的重要驱动力。为了探究抱对雌、雄凹耳蛙之间的配对模式,测量了21对抱对雌、雄蛙的上述9个体型参数,分析显示,抱对雌、雄间9个体型参数值均不存在相关性(P> 0.05),未发现凹耳蛙在性选择的过程中采用选型配对模式,雌性凹耳蛙可能倾向雄蛙非体型的品质特征,比如鸣叫声等。
We measured totally 9 types of body characteristic parameters of 23 female frogs(Odorrana tormota) including snout-vent length(SVL), head length(HL), head width(HW), width of lower arm(WLA), length of lower arm and hand(LAHL), forelimb length(FLL), hindlimb length(HLL), tibia length(TL), body mass(BM) in Huangshan Fuxi area after they ovulating to explore whether there is a correlation between fertility and the body characteristic parameters. We found out that the 9 types of body characteristic parameters frogs had significant positive correlation with clutch size(P < 0.05, Table 1). We also found out that SVL was also positively correlated with the rest 8 types of body characteristic parameters(P < 0.05, Table 2). By using the SVL as the control variable, we conducted a partial correlation analysis and got a positively correlation of the clutch size with BM(P < 0.05, Table 3). These results indicated those females who with longer SVL and heavier BM produced a larger clutch size and had a stronger fertility. The clutch size between female individuals was differences with average around 646.5 ± 37.6(590﹣706). The larger individual females have stronger fertility and larger reproductive output, which may be played an important role for the high degree sexual dimorphism of the concave-eared torrent female frogs. In order to explore what kind of mating patterns do male and female frogs choose, we measured and compared the 9 body characteristic parameters mentioned above from 21 mating paires and found out that the body characteristic parameters did not affect the female frogs selecting their matings(P > 0.05, Table 4). The fact means that the female frogs may prefer males with other quality characteristics, such as croaks.
We measured totally 9 types of body characteristic parameters of 23 female frogs(Odorrana tormota) including snout-vent length(SVL), head length(HL), head width(HW), width of lower arm(WLA), length of lower arm and hand(LAHL), forelimb length(FLL), hindlimb length(HLL), tibia length(TL), body mass(BM) in Huangshan Fuxi area after they ovulating to explore whether there is a correlation between fertility and the body characteristic parameters. We found out that the 9 types of body characteristic parameters frogs had significant positive correlation with clutch size(P < 0.05, Table 1). We also found out that SVL was also positively correlated with the rest 8 types of body characteristic parameters(P < 0.05, Table 2). By using the SVL as the control variable, we conducted a partial correlation analysis and got a positively correlation of the clutch size with BM(P < 0.05, Table 3). These results indicated those females who with longer SVL and heavier BM produced a larger clutch size and had a stronger fertility. The clutch size between female individuals was differences with average around 646.5 ± 37.6(590﹣706). The larger individual females have stronger fertility and larger reproductive output, which may be played an important role for the high degree sexual dimorphism of the concave-eared torrent female frogs. In order to explore what kind of mating patterns do male and female frogs choose, we measured and compared the 9 body characteristic parameters mentioned above from 21 mating paires and found out that the body characteristic parameters did not affect the female frogs selecting their matings(P > 0.05, Table 4). The fact means that the female frogs may prefer males with other quality characteristics, such as croaks.
引文
Angilletta M J,Sears M W.2010.The metabolic cost of reproduction in an oviparous lizard.Functional Ecology,14(1):39-45.
Briggs V S.2008.Mating patterns of red-eyed treefrogs,Agalychnis callidryas and A.moreletii.Ethology,114(5):489-498.
Cummins C P,Swan M J S.1995.Variation in reproductive characteristics of the stream frog Colostethus trinitatis on the island of Trinidad.Journal of Tropical Ecology,11(4):603-618.
Fan X L,Lin Z H,Ji X.2013.Male size does not correlate with fertilization success in two bufonid toads that show size-assortative mating.Current Zoology,59(6):740-746.
Feng A S,Narins P M,Xu C H,et al.2006.Ultrasonic communication in frogs.Nature,440(7082):333-336.
Feng A S,Narins P M,Xu C H.2002.Vocal acrobatics in a Chinese frog,Amolops tormotus.Naturwissenschaften,89(8):352-356.
Friedl T W P,Klump G M.2005.Sexual selection in the lek-breeding European treefrog:body size,chorus attendance,random mating and good genes.Animal Behaviour,70(5):1141-1154.
Gibbons J W,Lovich J E.1990.Sexual dimorphism in turtles with emphasis on the slider turtle(Trachemys scripta).Herpetological Monographs,4:1-29.
Gibbons M M,Mccarthy T K.2015.The reproductive output of frogs Rana temporaria(L.)with particular reference to body size and age.Journal of Zoology,209(4):579-593.
Gramapurohit N P,Radder R S.2012.Mating pattern,spawning behavior,and sexual size dimorphism in the tropical toad Bufo melanostictus(Schn.).Journal of Herpetology,46(3):412-416.
Hedrick A V,Temeles E J.1989.The evolution of sexual dimorphism in animals:hypotheses and tests.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,4(5):136-138.
Jiang Y,Bolnick D I,Kirkpatrick M.2013.Assortative mating in animals.The American Naturalist,181(6):125-138.
Kozlowska M.1971.Difference in the reproductive biology of mountain and lowland common frogs,Rana temporaria L.Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Serie Zoologia,14(1):17-23.
Kuhn J.1994.Lebensgeschichte und demographie von erd-kr?tenweibchen Bufo bufo bufo(L.).Zeitschrift Fǜr Feldherpetologie,1(3):3-87.
Kyriakopoulou-Sklavounou P,Stylianou P,Tsiora A.2008.Askeletochronological study of age,growth and longevity in a population of the frog Rana ridibunda from southern Europe.Zoology,11(1):30-36.
La Barbera M.1986.Patterns and Processes in the History of Life.Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,69-98.
Lemckert F.2005.Body size of male common eastern froglets Crinia signifera does not appear to influence mating success during explosive breeding events.Acta Zoologica Sinica,51(2):232-236.
Liao W B,Lu X.2009.Sex recognition by male Andrew′s toad Bufo andrewsi in a subtropical montane region.Behavioural Processes,82(1):100-103.
Lu X,Chen W,Zhang L,et al.2010.Mechanical constraint on size-assortative paring success in a temperate frog:an experimental approach.Behavioural Processes,85(2):181-184.
Nali R C,Zamudio K R,Haddad C F,et al.2014.Size-dependent selective mechanisms on males and females and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in frogs.The American Naturalist,184(6):727-740.
Nauwelaerts S,Ramsay J,Aerts P.2007.Morphological correlates of aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in a semi-aquatic frog,Rana esculenta:no evidence for a design conflict.Journal of Anatomy,210(3):304-317.
Olgun K,Miaud C,Gautier P.2001.Age,growth,and survivorship in the viviparous salamander Mertensiella Luschani from southwestern Turkey.Revue Canadienne De Zoologie,79(9):1559-1567.
Olsson M,Shine R,Wapstra E,et al.2002.Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape:the roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection.Evolution,56(7):1538-1542.
Peters R H.1983.The Ecological Implications of Body Size.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,45-54.
Roff D A.1993.The Evolution of Life Histories:Theory and Analysis.British:Chapman and Hall,5-10.
Ryan M J.1980.The reproductive behavior of the Bullfrog(Rana catesbeiana).Copeia,1980(1):108-114.
Schoener T W,Slade J B,Stinson C H.1982.Diet and sexual dimorphism in the very catholic lizard genus,Leiocephalus of the Bahamas.Oecologia,53(2):160-169.
Shine R.1979.Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the amphibia.Copeia,1979(2):297-306.
Ugarte C A,Rice K G,Donnelly M A.2007.Comparison of diet,reproductive biology,and growth of the pig frog(Rana grylio)from harvested and protected areas of the Florida everglades.Copeia,2007(2):436-448.
Zhang F,Zhao J,Feng A S.2017.Vocalizations of female frogs contain nonlinear characteristics and individual signatures.PLoSOne,12(3):e0174815.
Zhu B,Wang J,Zhao L,et al.2016.Bigger is not always better:females prefer males of mean body size in Philautus odontotarsus.PLoS One,11(2):e0149879.
陈壁辉.1991.安徽两栖爬行动物志.合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,135-137.
陈旭,张方,陈潘,等.2013.凹耳蛙的两性异形.四川动物,32(1):73-77.
费梁.2004.中国两栖动物检索及图解.四川:四川科学技术出版社,6-7.
李斌,卢欣.2004.中国林蛙繁殖产量与雌体大小及年龄的关系.武汉大学学报:理学版,50(4):493-496.
林植华,雷焕宗,计翔.2005.虎蚊蛙储能器官的种群内变异和个体生育力∥中国动物学会.中国动物学会两栖爬行动物学分会2005年学术研讨会暨会员代表大会论文集.长春:吉林人民出版社,148-154.
路庆芳,郑荣泉,刘春涛,等.2008.湖南平江棘胸蛙两性异形和雌性个体生育力.浙江师范大学学报:自然科学版,31(2):220-224.
寿鹿,杜卫国,舒霖.2005.金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙的两性异形与生育力.生态学报,25(4):664-668.
魏洁.2016.同域分布饰纹姬蛙和泽陆蛙的繁殖特征及其蝌蚪反捕食行为.杭州:杭州师范大学硕士学位论文,22-30.
郑方东,王彦武,刘西,等.2018.黑眶蟾蜍的两性异形与选型配对模式.动物学杂志,53(3):360-367.
Briggs V S.2008.Mating patterns of red-eyed treefrogs,Agalychnis callidryas and A.moreletii.Ethology,114(5):489-498.
Cummins C P,Swan M J S.1995.Variation in reproductive characteristics of the stream frog Colostethus trinitatis on the island of Trinidad.Journal of Tropical Ecology,11(4):603-618.
Fan X L,Lin Z H,Ji X.2013.Male size does not correlate with fertilization success in two bufonid toads that show size-assortative mating.Current Zoology,59(6):740-746.
Feng A S,Narins P M,Xu C H,et al.2006.Ultrasonic communication in frogs.Nature,440(7082):333-336.
Feng A S,Narins P M,Xu C H.2002.Vocal acrobatics in a Chinese frog,Amolops tormotus.Naturwissenschaften,89(8):352-356.
Friedl T W P,Klump G M.2005.Sexual selection in the lek-breeding European treefrog:body size,chorus attendance,random mating and good genes.Animal Behaviour,70(5):1141-1154.
Gibbons J W,Lovich J E.1990.Sexual dimorphism in turtles with emphasis on the slider turtle(Trachemys scripta).Herpetological Monographs,4:1-29.
Gibbons M M,Mccarthy T K.2015.The reproductive output of frogs Rana temporaria(L.)with particular reference to body size and age.Journal of Zoology,209(4):579-593.
Gramapurohit N P,Radder R S.2012.Mating pattern,spawning behavior,and sexual size dimorphism in the tropical toad Bufo melanostictus(Schn.).Journal of Herpetology,46(3):412-416.
Hedrick A V,Temeles E J.1989.The evolution of sexual dimorphism in animals:hypotheses and tests.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,4(5):136-138.
Jiang Y,Bolnick D I,Kirkpatrick M.2013.Assortative mating in animals.The American Naturalist,181(6):125-138.
Kozlowska M.1971.Difference in the reproductive biology of mountain and lowland common frogs,Rana temporaria L.Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Serie Zoologia,14(1):17-23.
Kuhn J.1994.Lebensgeschichte und demographie von erd-kr?tenweibchen Bufo bufo bufo(L.).Zeitschrift Fǜr Feldherpetologie,1(3):3-87.
Kyriakopoulou-Sklavounou P,Stylianou P,Tsiora A.2008.Askeletochronological study of age,growth and longevity in a population of the frog Rana ridibunda from southern Europe.Zoology,11(1):30-36.
La Barbera M.1986.Patterns and Processes in the History of Life.Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,69-98.
Lemckert F.2005.Body size of male common eastern froglets Crinia signifera does not appear to influence mating success during explosive breeding events.Acta Zoologica Sinica,51(2):232-236.
Liao W B,Lu X.2009.Sex recognition by male Andrew′s toad Bufo andrewsi in a subtropical montane region.Behavioural Processes,82(1):100-103.
Lu X,Chen W,Zhang L,et al.2010.Mechanical constraint on size-assortative paring success in a temperate frog:an experimental approach.Behavioural Processes,85(2):181-184.
Nali R C,Zamudio K R,Haddad C F,et al.2014.Size-dependent selective mechanisms on males and females and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in frogs.The American Naturalist,184(6):727-740.
Nauwelaerts S,Ramsay J,Aerts P.2007.Morphological correlates of aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in a semi-aquatic frog,Rana esculenta:no evidence for a design conflict.Journal of Anatomy,210(3):304-317.
Olgun K,Miaud C,Gautier P.2001.Age,growth,and survivorship in the viviparous salamander Mertensiella Luschani from southwestern Turkey.Revue Canadienne De Zoologie,79(9):1559-1567.
Olsson M,Shine R,Wapstra E,et al.2002.Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape:the roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection.Evolution,56(7):1538-1542.
Peters R H.1983.The Ecological Implications of Body Size.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,45-54.
Roff D A.1993.The Evolution of Life Histories:Theory and Analysis.British:Chapman and Hall,5-10.
Ryan M J.1980.The reproductive behavior of the Bullfrog(Rana catesbeiana).Copeia,1980(1):108-114.
Schoener T W,Slade J B,Stinson C H.1982.Diet and sexual dimorphism in the very catholic lizard genus,Leiocephalus of the Bahamas.Oecologia,53(2):160-169.
Shine R.1979.Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the amphibia.Copeia,1979(2):297-306.
Ugarte C A,Rice K G,Donnelly M A.2007.Comparison of diet,reproductive biology,and growth of the pig frog(Rana grylio)from harvested and protected areas of the Florida everglades.Copeia,2007(2):436-448.
Zhang F,Zhao J,Feng A S.2017.Vocalizations of female frogs contain nonlinear characteristics and individual signatures.PLoSOne,12(3):e0174815.
Zhu B,Wang J,Zhao L,et al.2016.Bigger is not always better:females prefer males of mean body size in Philautus odontotarsus.PLoS One,11(2):e0149879.
陈壁辉.1991.安徽两栖爬行动物志.合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,135-137.
陈旭,张方,陈潘,等.2013.凹耳蛙的两性异形.四川动物,32(1):73-77.
费梁.2004.中国两栖动物检索及图解.四川:四川科学技术出版社,6-7.
李斌,卢欣.2004.中国林蛙繁殖产量与雌体大小及年龄的关系.武汉大学学报:理学版,50(4):493-496.
林植华,雷焕宗,计翔.2005.虎蚊蛙储能器官的种群内变异和个体生育力∥中国动物学会.中国动物学会两栖爬行动物学分会2005年学术研讨会暨会员代表大会论文集.长春:吉林人民出版社,148-154.
路庆芳,郑荣泉,刘春涛,等.2008.湖南平江棘胸蛙两性异形和雌性个体生育力.浙江师范大学学报:自然科学版,31(2):220-224.
寿鹿,杜卫国,舒霖.2005.金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙的两性异形与生育力.生态学报,25(4):664-668.
魏洁.2016.同域分布饰纹姬蛙和泽陆蛙的繁殖特征及其蝌蚪反捕食行为.杭州:杭州师范大学硕士学位论文,22-30.
郑方东,王彦武,刘西,等.2018.黑眶蟾蜍的两性异形与选型配对模式.动物学杂志,53(3):360-367.