日本竞技体育政策演变的历程、特征与启示
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摘要
在加快推进体育强国建设和备战2020年东京奥运会的新时代背景下,探讨日本竞技体育政策演变的历程与特征,对于推动新时期竞技体育发展和奥运备战工作具有现实意义。研究认为不同政策导向下的日本竞技体育跨越了"脱亚入欧"期、快速崛起期、改革转折期、渐进复苏期、全面复兴期五个阶段,贯穿了以军事性、功利性、保守性、振兴性、争先性为中心的政策主导思想。日本竞技体育政策服务于不同时期国家发展战略和国家政治利益需要;打造了"一贯制"优秀竞技体育后备人才选拔、培养与保障体系;构建了科技、信息、医疗、训练、服务等"一体化"运动员援助体系;特定时期缺乏持续性,未处理好与大众体育协调发展的关系。提出拓宽我国竞技体育政策目标,服务于新时代国家利益新诉求;完善奥运备战援助政策,大力提升科技助力、运动员援助、训练参赛等科学化水平;健全适应中国国情的多元化、"一贯制"后备人才培养政策体系;强调政策的延续性和包容性,推动竞技体育持续发展和带动社会共同发展。
In the context of accelerating the development of sports power and preparing for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics,it is of practical significance to explore the course and characteristics of the evolution of Japanese competitive sports policy to promote the development of Chinese competitive sports and prepare for Olympic games. The study believes that Japan's competitive sports with different policy orientations spans five stages: "out of Asia and into Europe"period,rapid rise period,reform transition period,gradual recovery period,and comprehensive revitalization period. It runs through the leading ideas of policy centered on military,utilitarian,conservative,radical,and contending. Japan 's competitive sports policy serves the needs of national development strategies and national interests at different times;pay attention to the selection,training and security of outstanding competitive talents; it incorporates multiple elements such as scientific and technological assistance,athlete assistance,and training competitions; the lack of continuity in specific periods has led to ups and downs in competitive sports performance. It is proposed that China's competitive sports policy should conform to the National development strategy of the new era and serve the needs of national interests; we must emphasize preparations for the Olympic Games and vigorously promote scientific and technological support,athletes 'assistance,and training. It is necessary to highlight the training and security system of competitive talents adapted to Chinese conditions; we should maintain policy continuity,promote the sustained development of competitive sports and promote the common development of society.
In the context of accelerating the development of sports power and preparing for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics,it is of practical significance to explore the course and characteristics of the evolution of Japanese competitive sports policy to promote the development of Chinese competitive sports and prepare for Olympic games. The study believes that Japan's competitive sports with different policy orientations spans five stages: "out of Asia and into Europe"period,rapid rise period,reform transition period,gradual recovery period,and comprehensive revitalization period. It runs through the leading ideas of policy centered on military,utilitarian,conservative,radical,and contending. Japan 's competitive sports policy serves the needs of national development strategies and national interests at different times;pay attention to the selection,training and security of outstanding competitive talents; it incorporates multiple elements such as scientific and technological assistance,athlete assistance,and training competitions; the lack of continuity in specific periods has led to ups and downs in competitive sports performance. It is proposed that China's competitive sports policy should conform to the National development strategy of the new era and serve the needs of national interests; we must emphasize preparations for the Olympic Games and vigorously promote scientific and technological support,athletes 'assistance,and training. It is necessary to highlight the training and security system of competitive talents adapted to Chinese conditions; we should maintain policy continuity,promote the sustained development of competitive sports and promote the common development of society.
引文
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[2]景俊杰,肖焕禹. 21世纪日本体育政策的发展及启示[J].上海体育学院学报,2014(1):31-40.
[3] ALLEN G,LEE T. Japanese sports:a history[M]. Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,2001:12-18.
[4]李力研.野蛮的文明[M].北京:中国社会出版社,1998:17-19.
[5]高峰.二战后日本公共体育政策变化特征及影响[J].体育文化导刊,2018(6):52-57.
[6]景俊杰,肖焕禹.二战后日本体育政策的历史变迁及借鉴建议[J].体育与科学,2013(2):107-110.
[7]吴寄南.新世纪日本的行政改革[M].北京:时事出版社,2003:12-18.
[8]日本文部科学省.文部科学白書[EB/OL].[2015-03-12]. http:∥www. mext. go. Jp.
[9]陈国强.“马拉松之父”与日本马拉松的崛起[J].体育学研究,2018(2):75-76.
[10] JOSEPH M. Japan,sport and society[M]. New York:Rutledge,2006:28-33.
[11]彭国强,杨国庆.世界竞技体育强国备战奥运政策及其对我国备战东京奥运会的启示[J].体育科学,2018(10):19-29.
[12]彭国强,舒盛芳.日俄体育战略嬗变的经验与启示[J].西安体育学院学报,2016(3):288-294.
[13]三和良一.概说日本经济史:近现代[M].东京:东京大学出版会,2012:290-301.
[14]何文捷,陈琳,王跃新.里约奥运周期日本实力探析[J].竞技体育信息,2016(4):33-36.
[15] 2015年日本奥运实力分析[EB/OL].[2016-11-28]. http://www. sportinfo. net. cn/show/Article.
[16]何文捷,王泽峰.日本备战2020年东京奥运会的举措[C].第十届全国体育科学大会论文摘要汇编(二),2015(8):2281-2282.
[17]日本文部科学省.日本文部科学白皮书[M].东京:东京平成,2016:13-15.
[18]胡启林.日本竞技体育发展策略研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2017(6):95-100.
[19]日本体育协会[EB/OL]. http://www. japan-sports. or. jp/publish/pdf/seigo_3-2. pdf.
[20]彭国强,杨国庆.新时代中国竞技体育结构性改革的特征、问题与路径[J].武汉体育学院学报,2018(10):5-12.