聚乙烯材料的全缺口蠕变试验研究进展
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摘要
介绍了国外学者针对聚乙烯(PE)管材耐慢速裂纹增长试验时间过长问题提出的快速评价方法—全缺口蠕变试验(FNCT)的研究原理和标准;详细综述了在不同的试样缺口几何形状、表面活性剂、拉伸应力及温度条件下FNCT的试验结果;并对PE燃气管道FNCT技术的未来发展方向提出了展望。
This paper introduced the research principles and standards of full-notch creep test(FNCT) as a rapid evaluation method proposed by foreign scholars for the long-term test of slow crack growth resistance of polyethylene(PE) pipe. The FNCT results were described in detail under the geometric shape, surfactant, tensile stress and temperature conditions, and the future development prospects for evaluation of PE gas pipelines with the FNCT technology was also discussed.
This paper introduced the research principles and standards of full-notch creep test(FNCT) as a rapid evaluation method proposed by foreign scholars for the long-term test of slow crack growth resistance of polyethylene(PE) pipe. The FNCT results were described in detail under the geometric shape, surfactant, tensile stress and temperature conditions, and the future development prospects for evaluation of PE gas pipelines with the FNCT technology was also discussed.
引文
[1] ZHANG Y,BEN P Y JAR. Phenomenological Modelling of Tensile Fracture in PE Pipe by Considering Damage Evolution[J]. Materials & Design, 2015, 77: 72-82.
[2] FRANK A,PINTER G. Evaluation of the Applicability of the Cracked Round Bar Test as Standardized PE-Pipe Ranking Tool[J]. Polymer Testing, 2014, 33: 161-171.
[3] KRATOCHVILLA T R, FRANK A, PINTER G. Determination of Slow Crack Growth Behaviour of Polyethylene Pressure Pipes with Cracked Round Bar Test[J]. Polymer Testing, 2014, 40: 299-303.
[4] ADIB A, DOMíNGUEZ C, GARCíA R A, et al. Influence of Specimen Geometry on the Slow Crack Growth Testing of HDPE for Pipe Applications[J]. Polymer Testing, 2015, 48: 104-110.
[5] 王志刚,杨波,李茂东,等. 聚乙烯管材耐慢速裂纹增长性能的加速评价方法研究进展[J].中国塑料,2017,31(7):121-125. WANG Z G, YANG B, LI M D, et al. Research Progresses in Accelerated Evaluation Methods for Slow-crack-growth Resistant Performance of Polyethylene Pipes[J]. China Plastics, 2017, 31(7): 121-125.
[6] SARDASHTI P, SCOTT A J, TZOGANAKIS C, et al. Effect of Temperature on Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance and Crystal Structure of Polyethylene[J]. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, 2014, 51(3): 189-202.
[7] SCHILLING M, B?HNING M, OEHLER H, et al. Environmental Stress Cracking of Polyethylene High Density (PE-HD) Induced by Liquid Media-Validation and Verification of the Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT)[J]. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 2017, 48(9): 846-854.
[8] BEECH S H, CLUTTON E Q. Interpretation of Results of Full Notch Creep Test and Comparison with Notched Pipe Test[J]. Plastics Rubber and Composites, 2013, 34(7): 294-300.
[9] 赵启辉.聚乙烯承压管道及原料耐慢速裂纹增长测试标准及试验要求[J].中国塑料,2008,22(10): 90-94. ZHAO Q H. Standard and Test Requirements for Slow Crack Growth Resistance of Polyethylene Pressure Pipes and Raw Materials[J]. China Plastics, 2008, 22(10): 90-94.
[10] 陈国华,黄晓之,李茂东,等. 基于应变硬化与微观结构相关性的PE管材耐慢速裂纹扩展性能研究[J].塑料工业,2018,46(5):97-101. CHEN G H, HUANG X Z, LI M D, et al. Research on Slow Crack Growth Resistance of PE Pipes Based on Correlation between Strain Hardening and Microstructure[J].China Plastic Industry, 2018, 46(5): 97-101.
[11] KRATOCHVILLA T R, FRANK A, PINTER G. Determination of Slow Crack Growth Behavior of Polyethylene Pressure Pipes with Cracked Round Bar Test[J]. Polymer Testing, 2014, 40: 299-303.
[12] KURELEC L, TEEUWEN M, SCHOFFELEERS H, et al. Strain Hardening Modulus as a Measure of Environmental Stress Crack Resistance of High Density Polyethylene[J]. Polymer,2005,46(17) :6 369-6 379.
[13] DEBLIECK R A C, HAVERMANS D J M, REMERIE K, et al. Failure Mechanisms in Polyolefines: The Role of Crazing,Shear Yielding and the Entanglement Network[J]. Polymer, 2011, 52: 2 979-2 990.
[14] 熊志敏,孙佳文,武志军,等.聚乙烯管材慢速裂纹增长性能及其评价方法[J].塑料工业,2011,39(08):10-14. XIONG Z M, SUN J W, WU Z J, et al. Study on Slow Crack Growth Properties of Polyethylene Pipe and the Corresponding Evaluation Methods[J]. China Plastic Industry, 2011, 39(08): 10-14.
[15] BROWN N, LU X. A Fundamental Theory for Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylene[J].Polymer, 1995, 36(3): 543-548.
[16] STERN A, SABGER F A, LANG R W. Creep Crack Growth Testing of Plastics-II,Data Acquisition,Data Reduction and Experimental Results[J].Polymer Testing, 1998, 17: 423-441.
[17] 杨娜娜. 聚乙烯管道慢速裂纹扩展的粘弹性行为研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008.
[18] PLUMMER C J G, GOLDBERG A, GHANEM A. Micromechanisms of Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylene Under Constant Tensile Loading[J]. Polymer, 2001, 42(23): 9 551-9 564.
[19] Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 9. ISO 16770—2004. Plastics-Determination of Environmental Stress Cracking(ESC) of Polyethylene—Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT)[S].Switzerland: International Standard,2004.
[20] GB/T 32682—2016 塑料—聚乙烯环境应力开裂(ESC)的测定—全缺口蠕变试验(FNCT)[S].中国: 中国标准化技术委员会,2016.
[21] FLEISSNER M. Experience with a full Notch Creep Test in Determining the Stress Crack Performance of Polyethy-lenes[J]. Polymer Engineering, 1998, 38(2): 330-340.
[22] SCHILLING M,BOHNING M,OEHLER H,et al. Environmental Stress Cracking of Polyethylene High Density (PE-HD) Induced by Liquid Media-Validation and Verification of the Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT)[J]. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 2017, 48(9): 846-854.
[23] ADIB A, DOMíNGUEZ C, GARCíA R A, et al. Influence of Specimen Geometry on the Slow Crack Growth Testing of HDPE for Pipe Applications[J]. Polymer Testing, 2015, 48: 104-110.
[24] PINTER G, HAAGER M, LANG R W. Influence of Nonylphenol-Polyglycol-Ether Environments on the Results of the Full Notch Creep Test[J]. Polymer Testing, 2007, 26(6): 700-710.
[25] TONYALI K, BROWN H R. Efects of Detergent Concentration and Ethylene Oxide Chain Length of the Detergent Molecule on Stress-Cracking of Low-Density Polyethylene[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1987, 22: 3 287-3 292.
[26] GHANBARI-SIAHKALI A, KINGSHOTT P, BREIBY D W, et al. Investigating the Role of Anionic Surfactant and Polymer Morphology on the Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) of High-Density Polyethylene[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2005, 89(3): 442-453.
[27] GERETS B, WENZEL M, ENGELSING K and BASTIAN M. Langsames Risswachstum von Polyethylen: Beschleunigte und alternative Prüfmethoden[C]. Merseburg : PolyMerTec, 2014. 833-840.
[28] QIAN R, LU X and BROWN N. The Effect of Concentration of an Environmental Stress Cracking Agent on Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylenes[J]. Polymer, 1993, 34(22): 4 727-4 731.
[29] PORUBSKY T. Studium Vztahu Mezi Podmínkami Testu FNCT (Full Notched Creep) a Rychlost Trhliny SCG (Slow Crack Growth) pro Hodnocení Odolnosti HDPE . Brno:Vysok Brně, 2015.
[30] 熊志敏,武志军,华晔,等.加速试验研究HDPE管材耐慢速裂纹增长性能[J].合成树脂及塑料,2016,33(4):60-63. XIONG Z M, WU Z H, HUA Y, et al. Study on Accelerated Testing of Slow Crack Growth Resistance of High Density Polyethylene Pipe[J]. China Synthetic Resin and Plastics, 2016, 33(4): 60-63.
[31] VALENTE A J M, CASCALES J J L, ROMERO A J F. Thermodynamic Analysis of Unimer-Micelle and Sphere-to-Rod Micellar Transitions of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate[J]. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2014, 77: 54-62.
[32] PARSONS M, STEPANOV E V, HILTNER A, et al. Correlation of Fatigue and Creep Slow Crack Growth in a Medium Density Polyethylene Pipe Material[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2000,35(11): 2 659-2 674.
[33] HAAGER M, PINTER G, LANG R. Applicability and Limitations of the FNCT Methodology to Predict the Long Term Failure Behavior of Polyethylene-Pipe Materials[C]//Chicago: May 16-20, 2004, at Chicago 's Navy Pier, Illinois, 2004:4 023-4 027.
[34] SCHILLING M, NIEBERGALL U, B?HNING M. Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT) of PE-HD - Characterization and Differentiation of Brittle and Ductile Fracture Beha-vior during Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)[J]. Polymer Testing, 2017, 64:156-66.
[35] ROBLEDO N, DOMíNGUEZ C, GARCíA-MU?OZ R A. Alternative Accelerated and Short-Term Methods for Evaluating Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylene Resins with High Crack Resistance[J]. Polymer Testing, 2017, 62: 366-372.
[2] FRANK A,PINTER G. Evaluation of the Applicability of the Cracked Round Bar Test as Standardized PE-Pipe Ranking Tool[J]. Polymer Testing, 2014, 33: 161-171.
[3] KRATOCHVILLA T R, FRANK A, PINTER G. Determination of Slow Crack Growth Behaviour of Polyethylene Pressure Pipes with Cracked Round Bar Test[J]. Polymer Testing, 2014, 40: 299-303.
[4] ADIB A, DOMíNGUEZ C, GARCíA R A, et al. Influence of Specimen Geometry on the Slow Crack Growth Testing of HDPE for Pipe Applications[J]. Polymer Testing, 2015, 48: 104-110.
[5] 王志刚,杨波,李茂东,等. 聚乙烯管材耐慢速裂纹增长性能的加速评价方法研究进展[J].中国塑料,2017,31(7):121-125. WANG Z G, YANG B, LI M D, et al. Research Progresses in Accelerated Evaluation Methods for Slow-crack-growth Resistant Performance of Polyethylene Pipes[J]. China Plastics, 2017, 31(7): 121-125.
[6] SARDASHTI P, SCOTT A J, TZOGANAKIS C, et al. Effect of Temperature on Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance and Crystal Structure of Polyethylene[J]. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, 2014, 51(3): 189-202.
[7] SCHILLING M, B?HNING M, OEHLER H, et al. Environmental Stress Cracking of Polyethylene High Density (PE-HD) Induced by Liquid Media-Validation and Verification of the Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT)[J]. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 2017, 48(9): 846-854.
[8] BEECH S H, CLUTTON E Q. Interpretation of Results of Full Notch Creep Test and Comparison with Notched Pipe Test[J]. Plastics Rubber and Composites, 2013, 34(7): 294-300.
[9] 赵启辉.聚乙烯承压管道及原料耐慢速裂纹增长测试标准及试验要求[J].中国塑料,2008,22(10): 90-94. ZHAO Q H. Standard and Test Requirements for Slow Crack Growth Resistance of Polyethylene Pressure Pipes and Raw Materials[J]. China Plastics, 2008, 22(10): 90-94.
[10] 陈国华,黄晓之,李茂东,等. 基于应变硬化与微观结构相关性的PE管材耐慢速裂纹扩展性能研究[J].塑料工业,2018,46(5):97-101. CHEN G H, HUANG X Z, LI M D, et al. Research on Slow Crack Growth Resistance of PE Pipes Based on Correlation between Strain Hardening and Microstructure[J].China Plastic Industry, 2018, 46(5): 97-101.
[11] KRATOCHVILLA T R, FRANK A, PINTER G. Determination of Slow Crack Growth Behavior of Polyethylene Pressure Pipes with Cracked Round Bar Test[J]. Polymer Testing, 2014, 40: 299-303.
[12] KURELEC L, TEEUWEN M, SCHOFFELEERS H, et al. Strain Hardening Modulus as a Measure of Environmental Stress Crack Resistance of High Density Polyethylene[J]. Polymer,2005,46(17) :6 369-6 379.
[13] DEBLIECK R A C, HAVERMANS D J M, REMERIE K, et al. Failure Mechanisms in Polyolefines: The Role of Crazing,Shear Yielding and the Entanglement Network[J]. Polymer, 2011, 52: 2 979-2 990.
[14] 熊志敏,孙佳文,武志军,等.聚乙烯管材慢速裂纹增长性能及其评价方法[J].塑料工业,2011,39(08):10-14. XIONG Z M, SUN J W, WU Z J, et al. Study on Slow Crack Growth Properties of Polyethylene Pipe and the Corresponding Evaluation Methods[J]. China Plastic Industry, 2011, 39(08): 10-14.
[15] BROWN N, LU X. A Fundamental Theory for Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylene[J].Polymer, 1995, 36(3): 543-548.
[16] STERN A, SABGER F A, LANG R W. Creep Crack Growth Testing of Plastics-II,Data Acquisition,Data Reduction and Experimental Results[J].Polymer Testing, 1998, 17: 423-441.
[17] 杨娜娜. 聚乙烯管道慢速裂纹扩展的粘弹性行为研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008.
[18] PLUMMER C J G, GOLDBERG A, GHANEM A. Micromechanisms of Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylene Under Constant Tensile Loading[J]. Polymer, 2001, 42(23): 9 551-9 564.
[19] Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 9. ISO 16770—2004. Plastics-Determination of Environmental Stress Cracking(ESC) of Polyethylene—Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT)[S].Switzerland: International Standard,2004.
[20] GB/T 32682—2016 塑料—聚乙烯环境应力开裂(ESC)的测定—全缺口蠕变试验(FNCT)[S].中国: 中国标准化技术委员会,2016.
[21] FLEISSNER M. Experience with a full Notch Creep Test in Determining the Stress Crack Performance of Polyethy-lenes[J]. Polymer Engineering, 1998, 38(2): 330-340.
[22] SCHILLING M,BOHNING M,OEHLER H,et al. Environmental Stress Cracking of Polyethylene High Density (PE-HD) Induced by Liquid Media-Validation and Verification of the Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT)[J]. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 2017, 48(9): 846-854.
[23] ADIB A, DOMíNGUEZ C, GARCíA R A, et al. Influence of Specimen Geometry on the Slow Crack Growth Testing of HDPE for Pipe Applications[J]. Polymer Testing, 2015, 48: 104-110.
[24] PINTER G, HAAGER M, LANG R W. Influence of Nonylphenol-Polyglycol-Ether Environments on the Results of the Full Notch Creep Test[J]. Polymer Testing, 2007, 26(6): 700-710.
[25] TONYALI K, BROWN H R. Efects of Detergent Concentration and Ethylene Oxide Chain Length of the Detergent Molecule on Stress-Cracking of Low-Density Polyethylene[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1987, 22: 3 287-3 292.
[26] GHANBARI-SIAHKALI A, KINGSHOTT P, BREIBY D W, et al. Investigating the Role of Anionic Surfactant and Polymer Morphology on the Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) of High-Density Polyethylene[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2005, 89(3): 442-453.
[27] GERETS B, WENZEL M, ENGELSING K and BASTIAN M. Langsames Risswachstum von Polyethylen: Beschleunigte und alternative Prüfmethoden[C]. Merseburg : PolyMerTec, 2014. 833-840.
[28] QIAN R, LU X and BROWN N. The Effect of Concentration of an Environmental Stress Cracking Agent on Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylenes[J]. Polymer, 1993, 34(22): 4 727-4 731.
[29] PORUBSKY T. Studium Vztahu Mezi Podmínkami Testu FNCT (Full Notched Creep) a Rychlost Trhliny SCG (Slow Crack Growth) pro Hodnocení Odolnosti HDPE . Brno:Vysok Brně, 2015.
[30] 熊志敏,武志军,华晔,等.加速试验研究HDPE管材耐慢速裂纹增长性能[J].合成树脂及塑料,2016,33(4):60-63. XIONG Z M, WU Z H, HUA Y, et al. Study on Accelerated Testing of Slow Crack Growth Resistance of High Density Polyethylene Pipe[J]. China Synthetic Resin and Plastics, 2016, 33(4): 60-63.
[31] VALENTE A J M, CASCALES J J L, ROMERO A J F. Thermodynamic Analysis of Unimer-Micelle and Sphere-to-Rod Micellar Transitions of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate[J]. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2014, 77: 54-62.
[32] PARSONS M, STEPANOV E V, HILTNER A, et al. Correlation of Fatigue and Creep Slow Crack Growth in a Medium Density Polyethylene Pipe Material[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2000,35(11): 2 659-2 674.
[33] HAAGER M, PINTER G, LANG R. Applicability and Limitations of the FNCT Methodology to Predict the Long Term Failure Behavior of Polyethylene-Pipe Materials[C]//Chicago: May 16-20, 2004, at Chicago 's Navy Pier, Illinois, 2004:4 023-4 027.
[34] SCHILLING M, NIEBERGALL U, B?HNING M. Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT) of PE-HD - Characterization and Differentiation of Brittle and Ductile Fracture Beha-vior during Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)[J]. Polymer Testing, 2017, 64:156-66.
[35] ROBLEDO N, DOMíNGUEZ C, GARCíA-MU?OZ R A. Alternative Accelerated and Short-Term Methods for Evaluating Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylene Resins with High Crack Resistance[J]. Polymer Testing, 2017, 62: 366-372.