鱼类促性腺激素释放激素3(GnRH3)来源、进化及功能研究进展
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摘要
GnRH3 (gonadotropin releasing hormone-3)是促性腺激素释放激素家族成员之一,是鱼类所特有的GnRH类型。鱼类GnRH3具有经典的十肽结构,通过与促性腺激素释放激素受体的结合,在鱼类的性腺发育成熟和感觉调节中起着至关重要的调控作用。本文主要从以下四部分进行了论述,一、GnRH3的结构:其由3个内含子和4个外显子组成,非编码区及内含子与脊椎动物不同,但编码区高度保守;二、鱼类GnRH3的来源:产生于两轮基因组复制事件,最终在鱼类中保留下来;三、GnRH3的产生迁移:嗅区和胚胎外胚层的GnRH3神经元最终迁移到达视前区、腹端脑;四、GnRH3的研究功能进展。本文综述了GnRH3的研究进展,并对未来的发展前景进行展望,旨在为鱼类繁殖调控提供理论依据。
Gonadotropin releasing hormone 3(GnRH3) is a member of the gonadotropin releasing hormone family. GnRH3 has been derived from an earlier genome duplication in an ancestral vertebrate, followed by its loss in the tetrapod lineage, so it has been a unique GnRH type in fish. GnRH3 of fish has a classical decapeptide structure, which plays a crucial regulatory role in maturation of gonads and sensory regulation of fish by binding to gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors. This paper discusses from the following four parts. 1. Structure of GnRH3: It is composed of 3 introns and 4 exons. Non-coding regions and introns are different from vertebrates, but the coding regions are highly conserved; 2. Source of GnRH3: It was generated in two rounds of genome replication events and ultimately reserved in fish; 3. Production and migration of GnRH3: GnRH3 neurons in the olfactory area and the ectoderm of the embryo eventually migrated to the preoptic area and the ventral brain; 4. Research progress of GnRH3. In this paper, the research progress of GnRH3 was reviewed, and the future development prospect was prospected, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of fish reproduction.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone 3(GnRH3) is a member of the gonadotropin releasing hormone family. GnRH3 has been derived from an earlier genome duplication in an ancestral vertebrate, followed by its loss in the tetrapod lineage, so it has been a unique GnRH type in fish. GnRH3 of fish has a classical decapeptide structure, which plays a crucial regulatory role in maturation of gonads and sensory regulation of fish by binding to gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors. This paper discusses from the following four parts. 1. Structure of GnRH3: It is composed of 3 introns and 4 exons. Non-coding regions and introns are different from vertebrates, but the coding regions are highly conserved; 2. Source of GnRH3: It was generated in two rounds of genome replication events and ultimately reserved in fish; 3. Production and migration of GnRH3: GnRH3 neurons in the olfactory area and the ectoderm of the embryo eventually migrated to the preoptic area and the ventral brain; 4. Research progress of GnRH3. In this paper, the research progress of GnRH3 was reviewed, and the future development prospect was prospected, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of fish reproduction.
引文
林浩然.2004.促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)结构与功能及其受体的进化发展[J].中山大学学报:自然科学版,43(6):1-5.(Lin H R.2004.The structure and function of gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH)and the evolutionary development of its receptors[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University:Natural Science Edition,43(6):1-5.)
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Abraham E,Palevitch O,Gothilf Y,et al.2009.The zebrafish as a model system for forebrain GnRH neuronal development[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,164(2-3):151-160.
Abraham E,Palevitch O,Gothilf Y,et al.2010.Targeted gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neuron ablation in zebrafish:effects on neurogenesis,neuronal migration,and reproduction[J].Endocrinology,151(1):332-340.
Adams B A,Tello J A,Erchegyi J,et al.2003.Six novel gonadotropin-releasing hormones are encoded as triplets on each of two genes in the protochordate,Ciona intesti?nalis[J].Endocrinology,144(5):1907-1919.
Aguillon R,Blader P,Madelaine R,et al.2018.Cell-type heterogeneity in the early zebrafish olfactory epithelium is generated from progenitors within preplacodal ectoderm[J].eLife,7:e32041.
Ando H,Swanson P,Kitani T,et al.2004.Synergistic effects of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone and estradiol-17βon gonadotropin subunit gene expression and release in masu salmon pituitary cells in vitro[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,137(1):109-121.
Breton B,Jalabert B,Billard R,et al.1971.In vitro stimulation of the release of pituitary gonadotropic hormone by a hypothalamic factor in the carp Cyprinus carpio L[J].Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'Academie des Sciences.Serie D:Sciences Naturelles,273(25):2591-2594.
Carolsfeld J,Powell J F F,Park M,et al.2000.Primary structure and function of three gonadotropin-releasing hormones,including a novel form,from an ancient teleost,herring[J].Endocrinology,141(2):505-512.
Das K,Ogawa S,Kitahashi T,Parhar I S.2019.Expression of neuropeptide Y and gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene types in the brain of female Nile tilapia(Oreochro?mis niloticus)during mouthbrooding and food restriction[J].Peptides,112:67-77.
Decatur W A,Hall J A,Smith J J,et al.2013.Insight from the lamprey genome:glimpsing early vertebrate development via neuroendocrine-associated genes and shared synteny of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)[J]General and Comparative Endocrinology,192:237-245.
Fernald R D,White R B.1999.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes:Phylogeny,structure,and functions[J].Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology,20(3):224-240.
Gaillard A L,Tay B H,Pérez Sirkin D I,et al.2018.Characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)genes from cartilaginous fish:Evolutionary perspectives[J].Frontiers in Neuroscience,12:607.
González-Martínez D,Zmora N,Ma?anos E,et al.2002.Immunohistochemical localization of three different prepro-GnRHs in the brain and pituitary of the European sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax)using antibodies to the corresponding GnRH-associated peptides[J].Journal of Comparative Neurology,446(2):95-113.
Hu W,Li S,Tang B,et al.2007.Antisense for gonadotropinreleasing hormone reduces gonadotropin synthesis and gonadal development in transgenic common carp(Cypri?nus carpio)[J].Aquaculture,271(1-4):498-506.
Jimenez-Li?an M,Rubin B S,King J C.1997.Examination of guinea pig luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene reveals a unique decapeptide and existence of two transcripts in the brain[J].Endocrinology,138(10):4123-4130.
Kavanaugh S I,Nozaki M,Sower S A.2008.Origins of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)in vertebrates:Identification of a novel GnRH in a basal vertebrate,the sea lamprey[J].Endocrinology,149(8):3860-3869.
Kawai T,Abe H,Oka Y.2013.Burst generation mediated by cholinergic input in terminal nerve-gonadotrophin releasing hormone neurones of the goldfish[J].The Journal of Physiology,591(22):5509-5523.
Kawai T,Abe H,Akazome Y,et al.2010.Neuromodulatory effect of GnRH on the synaptic transmission of the olfactory bulbar neural circuit in goldfish,Carassius aura?tus[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,104(6):3540-3550.
Kim D K,Cho E B,Moon M J,et al.2011.Revisiting the evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormones and their receptors in vertebrates:Secrets hidden in genomes[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,170(1):68-78.
King J A,Millar R P.1982.Structure of chicken hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.II.Isolation and characterization[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,257(18):10729-10732.
Kinoshita M,Kobayashi S,Urano A,et al.2010.Neuromodulatory effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on retinotectal synaptic transmission in the optic tectum of rainbow trout[J].European Journal of Neuroscience,25(2):480-484.
Koide T,Yabuki Y,Yoshihara Y.2018.Terminal nerve GnRH3neurons mediate slow avoidance of carbon dioxide in larval zebrafish[J].Cell Reports,22(5):1115-1123.
Lepretre E,Anglade I,Williot P,et al.1993.Comparative distribution of mammalian GnRH(gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)and chicken GnRH-II in the brain of the immature Siberian sturgeon(Acipenser baeri)[J].Journal of Comparative Neurology,337(4):568-583.
Li L,Wojtowicz J L,Malin J H,et al.2017.GnRH-mediated olfactory and visual inputs promote mating-like behaviors in male zebrafish[J].PLoS One,12(3):e0174143.
Lien S,Koop B F,Sandve S R,et al.2016.The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization[J].Nature,22(5):200-205.
Liu Y,Tang H,Xie R,et al.2017.Genetic evidence for multifactorial control of the reproductive axis in zebrafish[J].Endocrinology,158(3):604-611.
Lovejoy D A,Fischer W H,Ngamvongchon S,et al.1992.Distinct sequence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)in dogfish brain provides insight into GnRHevolution.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,1992,89(14):6373-6377.
Maruska K P,Tricas T C,2011.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)modulates auditory processing in the fish brain[J].Hormones and Behavior,59(4):451-464.
Miyamoto K,Hasegawa Y,Nomura M,et al.1984.Identification of the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone in chicken hypothalamus:Evidence that gonadotropin secretion is probably controlled by two distinct gonadotropin-releasing hormones in avian species.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,81(12):3874-3878.
Montaner A D,Park M K,Fischer W H,et al.2001.Primary structure of a novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the brain of a teleost,pejerrey[J].Endocrinology,142(4):1453-1460.
Narita Y,Tsutiya A,Nakano Y,et al.2018.Androgen induced cellular proliferation,neurogenesis,and generation of GnRH3 neurons in the brain of mature female Mozam?bique tilapia[J].Science Reports,8(1):16855.
Ngamvongchon S,Lovejoy D A,Fischer W H,et al.1992.Primary structures of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone,one distinct and one conserved,from catfish brain[J].Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience,3(1):17-22.
Nock T G,Chand D,Lovejoy D A.2011.Identification of members of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH),corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF)families in the genome of the holocephalan,Callorhinchus milii(elephant shark)[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,171(2):237-244.
O'Neill D F,Powell J F,Standen E M,et al.1998.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)in ancient teleosts,the bonytongue fishes:putative origin of salmon GnRH[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,112(3):415-425.
Ogawa S,Akiyama G,Kato S,et al.2006.Immunoneutralization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone type-III suppresses male reproductive behavior of cichlids[J].Neuroscience Letters,403(3):201-205.
Okubo K,Nagahama Y,2008.Structural and functional evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in vertebrates[J].Acta Physiologica,193(1):3-15.
Okubo K,Sakai F,Lau E L,et al.2006.Forebrain gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal development:Insights from transgenic medaka and the relevance to X-linked Kallmann syndrome[J].Endocrinology,147(3):1076-1084.
Okuyama T,Yokoi S,Abe H,et al.2014.A neural mechanism underlying mating preferences for familiar individuals in medaka fish[J].Science,343(6166):91-94.
Parhar I S,Soga T,Ishikawa Y,et al.1998.Neurons synthesizing gonadotropinⅠreleasing hormone m RNA subtypes have multiple developmental origins in the medaka[J].Journal of Comparative Neurology,401(2):217-226.
Powell J F,Zohar Y,Elizur A,et al.1994.Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone characterized from brains of one species[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,91(25):12081-12085.
Read T D,Petit R A,Joseph S J,et al.2017.Draft sequencing and assembly of the genome of the world's largest fish,the whale shark:Rhincodon typus Smith 1828[J].BMCGenomics,18(1):532.
Roch G J,Busby E R,Sherwood N M.2014.GnRH receptors and peptides:Skating backward[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,209:118-134.
Roch G J,Busby E R,Sherwood N M.2011.Evolution of GnRH:Diving deeper[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,171(1):1-16.
Sherwood N,Eiden L,Brownstein M,et al.1983.Characterization of a teleost gonadotropin-releasing hormone[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,80(9):2794-2798.
Sower S A,Chiang Y C,Lovas S,et al.1993.Primary structure and biological activity of a third gonadotropin-releasing hormone from lamprey brain[J].Endocrinology,1993,132(3):1125-1131.
Spicer O S,Wong T T,Zmora N,et al.2016.Targeted mutagenesis of the hypophysiotropic Gnrh3 in zebrafish(Da?nio rerio)reveals no effects on reproductive performance[J].PLoS One,11(6):e0158141.
Sukhan Z P,Kitano H,Selvaraj S,et al.2013.Identification and distribution of three gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)isoforms in the brain of a clupeiform fish,Engraulis japonicas[J].Zoological science,30(12):1081-1091.
Takahashi A,Islam M S,Abe H,et al.2016.Morphological analysis of the early development of telencephalic and diencephalic gonadotropinⅠreleasing hormone neuronal systems in enhanced green fluorescent proteinⅠexpressing transgenic medaka lines[J].Journal of Comparative Neurology,524(4):896-913.
Tostivint H,2011.Evolution of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)gene family in relation to vertebrate tetraploidizations[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,170(3):575-581.
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Abraham E,Palevitch O,Ijiri S,et al.2008.Early development of forebrain gonadotrophin-releasing hormone(GnRH)neurones and the role of GnRH as an autocrine migration factor[J].Journal of Neuroendocrinology,20(3):394-405.
Abraham E,Palevitch O,Gothilf Y,et al.2009.The zebrafish as a model system for forebrain GnRH neuronal development[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,164(2-3):151-160.
Abraham E,Palevitch O,Gothilf Y,et al.2010.Targeted gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neuron ablation in zebrafish:effects on neurogenesis,neuronal migration,and reproduction[J].Endocrinology,151(1):332-340.
Adams B A,Tello J A,Erchegyi J,et al.2003.Six novel gonadotropin-releasing hormones are encoded as triplets on each of two genes in the protochordate,Ciona intesti?nalis[J].Endocrinology,144(5):1907-1919.
Aguillon R,Blader P,Madelaine R,et al.2018.Cell-type heterogeneity in the early zebrafish olfactory epithelium is generated from progenitors within preplacodal ectoderm[J].eLife,7:e32041.
Ando H,Swanson P,Kitani T,et al.2004.Synergistic effects of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone and estradiol-17βon gonadotropin subunit gene expression and release in masu salmon pituitary cells in vitro[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,137(1):109-121.
Breton B,Jalabert B,Billard R,et al.1971.In vitro stimulation of the release of pituitary gonadotropic hormone by a hypothalamic factor in the carp Cyprinus carpio L[J].Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'Academie des Sciences.Serie D:Sciences Naturelles,273(25):2591-2594.
Carolsfeld J,Powell J F F,Park M,et al.2000.Primary structure and function of three gonadotropin-releasing hormones,including a novel form,from an ancient teleost,herring[J].Endocrinology,141(2):505-512.
Das K,Ogawa S,Kitahashi T,Parhar I S.2019.Expression of neuropeptide Y and gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene types in the brain of female Nile tilapia(Oreochro?mis niloticus)during mouthbrooding and food restriction[J].Peptides,112:67-77.
Decatur W A,Hall J A,Smith J J,et al.2013.Insight from the lamprey genome:glimpsing early vertebrate development via neuroendocrine-associated genes and shared synteny of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)[J]General and Comparative Endocrinology,192:237-245.
Fernald R D,White R B.1999.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes:Phylogeny,structure,and functions[J].Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology,20(3):224-240.
Gaillard A L,Tay B H,Pérez Sirkin D I,et al.2018.Characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)genes from cartilaginous fish:Evolutionary perspectives[J].Frontiers in Neuroscience,12:607.
González-Martínez D,Zmora N,Ma?anos E,et al.2002.Immunohistochemical localization of three different prepro-GnRHs in the brain and pituitary of the European sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax)using antibodies to the corresponding GnRH-associated peptides[J].Journal of Comparative Neurology,446(2):95-113.
Hu W,Li S,Tang B,et al.2007.Antisense for gonadotropinreleasing hormone reduces gonadotropin synthesis and gonadal development in transgenic common carp(Cypri?nus carpio)[J].Aquaculture,271(1-4):498-506.
Jimenez-Li?an M,Rubin B S,King J C.1997.Examination of guinea pig luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene reveals a unique decapeptide and existence of two transcripts in the brain[J].Endocrinology,138(10):4123-4130.
Kavanaugh S I,Nozaki M,Sower S A.2008.Origins of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)in vertebrates:Identification of a novel GnRH in a basal vertebrate,the sea lamprey[J].Endocrinology,149(8):3860-3869.
Kawai T,Abe H,Oka Y.2013.Burst generation mediated by cholinergic input in terminal nerve-gonadotrophin releasing hormone neurones of the goldfish[J].The Journal of Physiology,591(22):5509-5523.
Kawai T,Abe H,Akazome Y,et al.2010.Neuromodulatory effect of GnRH on the synaptic transmission of the olfactory bulbar neural circuit in goldfish,Carassius aura?tus[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,104(6):3540-3550.
Kim D K,Cho E B,Moon M J,et al.2011.Revisiting the evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormones and their receptors in vertebrates:Secrets hidden in genomes[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,170(1):68-78.
King J A,Millar R P.1982.Structure of chicken hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.II.Isolation and characterization[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,257(18):10729-10732.
Kinoshita M,Kobayashi S,Urano A,et al.2010.Neuromodulatory effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on retinotectal synaptic transmission in the optic tectum of rainbow trout[J].European Journal of Neuroscience,25(2):480-484.
Koide T,Yabuki Y,Yoshihara Y.2018.Terminal nerve GnRH3neurons mediate slow avoidance of carbon dioxide in larval zebrafish[J].Cell Reports,22(5):1115-1123.
Lepretre E,Anglade I,Williot P,et al.1993.Comparative distribution of mammalian GnRH(gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)and chicken GnRH-II in the brain of the immature Siberian sturgeon(Acipenser baeri)[J].Journal of Comparative Neurology,337(4):568-583.
Li L,Wojtowicz J L,Malin J H,et al.2017.GnRH-mediated olfactory and visual inputs promote mating-like behaviors in male zebrafish[J].PLoS One,12(3):e0174143.
Lien S,Koop B F,Sandve S R,et al.2016.The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization[J].Nature,22(5):200-205.
Liu Y,Tang H,Xie R,et al.2017.Genetic evidence for multifactorial control of the reproductive axis in zebrafish[J].Endocrinology,158(3):604-611.
Lovejoy D A,Fischer W H,Ngamvongchon S,et al.1992.Distinct sequence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)in dogfish brain provides insight into GnRHevolution.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,1992,89(14):6373-6377.
Maruska K P,Tricas T C,2011.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)modulates auditory processing in the fish brain[J].Hormones and Behavior,59(4):451-464.
Miyamoto K,Hasegawa Y,Nomura M,et al.1984.Identification of the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone in chicken hypothalamus:Evidence that gonadotropin secretion is probably controlled by two distinct gonadotropin-releasing hormones in avian species.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,81(12):3874-3878.
Montaner A D,Park M K,Fischer W H,et al.2001.Primary structure of a novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the brain of a teleost,pejerrey[J].Endocrinology,142(4):1453-1460.
Narita Y,Tsutiya A,Nakano Y,et al.2018.Androgen induced cellular proliferation,neurogenesis,and generation of GnRH3 neurons in the brain of mature female Mozam?bique tilapia[J].Science Reports,8(1):16855.
Ngamvongchon S,Lovejoy D A,Fischer W H,et al.1992.Primary structures of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone,one distinct and one conserved,from catfish brain[J].Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience,3(1):17-22.
Nock T G,Chand D,Lovejoy D A.2011.Identification of members of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH),corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF)families in the genome of the holocephalan,Callorhinchus milii(elephant shark)[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,171(2):237-244.
O'Neill D F,Powell J F,Standen E M,et al.1998.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)in ancient teleosts,the bonytongue fishes:putative origin of salmon GnRH[J].General&Comparative Endocrinology,112(3):415-425.
Ogawa S,Akiyama G,Kato S,et al.2006.Immunoneutralization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone type-III suppresses male reproductive behavior of cichlids[J].Neuroscience Letters,403(3):201-205.
Okubo K,Nagahama Y,2008.Structural and functional evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in vertebrates[J].Acta Physiologica,193(1):3-15.
Okubo K,Sakai F,Lau E L,et al.2006.Forebrain gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal development:Insights from transgenic medaka and the relevance to X-linked Kallmann syndrome[J].Endocrinology,147(3):1076-1084.
Okuyama T,Yokoi S,Abe H,et al.2014.A neural mechanism underlying mating preferences for familiar individuals in medaka fish[J].Science,343(6166):91-94.
Parhar I S,Soga T,Ishikawa Y,et al.1998.Neurons synthesizing gonadotropinⅠreleasing hormone m RNA subtypes have multiple developmental origins in the medaka[J].Journal of Comparative Neurology,401(2):217-226.
Powell J F,Zohar Y,Elizur A,et al.1994.Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone characterized from brains of one species[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,91(25):12081-12085.
Read T D,Petit R A,Joseph S J,et al.2017.Draft sequencing and assembly of the genome of the world's largest fish,the whale shark:Rhincodon typus Smith 1828[J].BMCGenomics,18(1):532.
Roch G J,Busby E R,Sherwood N M.2014.GnRH receptors and peptides:Skating backward[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,209:118-134.
Roch G J,Busby E R,Sherwood N M.2011.Evolution of GnRH:Diving deeper[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,171(1):1-16.
Sherwood N,Eiden L,Brownstein M,et al.1983.Characterization of a teleost gonadotropin-releasing hormone[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,80(9):2794-2798.
Sower S A,Chiang Y C,Lovas S,et al.1993.Primary structure and biological activity of a third gonadotropin-releasing hormone from lamprey brain[J].Endocrinology,1993,132(3):1125-1131.
Spicer O S,Wong T T,Zmora N,et al.2016.Targeted mutagenesis of the hypophysiotropic Gnrh3 in zebrafish(Da?nio rerio)reveals no effects on reproductive performance[J].PLoS One,11(6):e0158141.
Sukhan Z P,Kitano H,Selvaraj S,et al.2013.Identification and distribution of three gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)isoforms in the brain of a clupeiform fish,Engraulis japonicas[J].Zoological science,30(12):1081-1091.
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