石墨烯等离激元增强红外光谱
|
摘要
红外光谱能够精准反映分子振动的信息,是表征材料成分和结构的重要手段.但是纳米尺度材料与微米尺度红外光波长之间约三个数量级的尺寸失配导致两者之间相互作用十分微弱,无法直接进行红外光谱表征.因此如何获得微量纳米材料的红外光谱信息成为了近年来红外光谱领域面临的关键挑战.等离激元能够将光场压缩实现局域光场增强,从而增强光与物质的相互作用.其中石墨烯等离激元因其具有高光场压缩、电学动态可调和低本征衰减等优点,为表面增强红外光谱提供了重要的解决方案.本文首先从不同材料体系出发介绍了红外等离激元,在此基础上从石墨烯的基本性质出发总结石墨烯等离激元及其在表面增强红外光谱上的优势,并重点介绍了石墨烯等离激元增强红外光谱的最新进展和应用,包括单分子层生物化学探测、气体识别和折射率传感等.最后对石墨烯等离激元增强红外光谱的下一步发展方向和应用前景进行了展望.
Infrared spectroscopy can accurately reflect the information of molecular vibration, and it is an important technology to characterize the composition and structure of materials. However, since the interaction between nanomaterials and infrared light is very weak due to the significant size mismatch, it is challenging to obtain the spectral information of nanomaterials in the field of infrared spectroscopy. The plasmon is a collective electron oscillation on the surface of the material inducing by the incident light, and it has excellent light field confinement, which can significantly enhance the interaction between light and nanomaterials. Graphene plasmon has prominent properties, such as high light field confinement, dynamic adjustment, and low intrinsic attenuation. Therefore it is an important solution to enhance the infrared absorption of nanomaterials. This article systematically introduces the infrared plasmon materials system. Then it summarizes the characteristics of graphene plasmon and their advantages on surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy, and it emphasizes the recent important researches and applications of graphene plasmon enhanced infrared spectroscopy in the world,including single molecular layer biochemical detection, gas identification, refractive index sensing, etc. Further prospects for the development and potential applications of graphene plasmon enhanced infrared spectroscopy are also demonstrated.
Infrared spectroscopy can accurately reflect the information of molecular vibration, and it is an important technology to characterize the composition and structure of materials. However, since the interaction between nanomaterials and infrared light is very weak due to the significant size mismatch, it is challenging to obtain the spectral information of nanomaterials in the field of infrared spectroscopy. The plasmon is a collective electron oscillation on the surface of the material inducing by the incident light, and it has excellent light field confinement, which can significantly enhance the interaction between light and nanomaterials. Graphene plasmon has prominent properties, such as high light field confinement, dynamic adjustment, and low intrinsic attenuation. Therefore it is an important solution to enhance the infrared absorption of nanomaterials. This article systematically introduces the infrared plasmon materials system. Then it summarizes the characteristics of graphene plasmon and their advantages on surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy, and it emphasizes the recent important researches and applications of graphene plasmon enhanced infrared spectroscopy in the world,including single molecular layer biochemical detection, gas identification, refractive index sensing, etc. Further prospects for the development and potential applications of graphene plasmon enhanced infrared spectroscopy are also demonstrated.
引文
[1]Magazu S,Calabro E 2011 J.Phys.Chem.B 115 6818
[2]Brar V W,Jang M S,Sherrott M,Lopez J J,Atwater H A2013 Nano Lett.13 2541
[3]Yang X,Sun Z,Low T,Hu H,Guo X,Garcia de Abajo F J,Avouris P,Dai Q 2018 Adv.Mater.30 e1704896
[4]Zhang G,Huang S,Chaves A,Song C,Ozcelik V O,Low T,Yan H 2017 Nat. Commun.8 14071
[5]Li P,Dolado I,Alfaro-Mozaz F J,CasanovaF,Hueso L E,Liu S,Edgar J H,Nikitin A,Velez S,Hillenbrand R 2018Science 359 892
[6]Li Y,Yan H,Farmer D B,Meng X,Zhu W,Osgood R M,Heinz T F,Avouris P 2014 Nano Lett.14 1573
[7]Low T,Chaves A,Caldwell J D,Kumar A,Fang N X,Avouris P,Heinz T F,Guinea F,Martin-Moreno L,Koppens F 2017 Nat.Mater.16 182
[8]Hartstein A,Kirtley J R,Tsang J C 1980 Phys.Rev.Lett.45 201
[9]Yanik A A,Huang M,Kamohara O,Artar A,Geisbert T W,Connor J H,Altug H 2010 Nano Lett.10 4962
[10]Rodrigo D,Tittl A,Limaj O,Abajo F J G,Pruneri V,Altug H 2017 Light Sci.Appl. 6 e16277
[11]Yan H,Li X,Chandra B,Tulevski G,Wu Y,Freitag M,Zhu W,Avouris P,Xia F 2012 Nat.Nanotechnol. 7 330
[12]Liao B,Guo X,Hu H,Liu N,Chen K,Yang X,Dai Q 2018Chin.Phys.B 27 094101
[13]Grigorenko A N,Polini M,Novoselov K S 2012 Nat.Photon.6 749
[14]Yang X X,Kong X T,Dai Q 2015 Acta Phys.Sin.64106801(in Chinese)[杨晓霞,孔祥天,戴庆2015物理学报64106801]
[15]Hwang E H,Das Sarma S 2007 Phys.Rev.B 75 205418
[16]Ju L,Geng B,Horng J,Girit C,Martin M,Hao Z,Bechtel H A,Liang X,Zettl A,Shen Y R,Wang F 2011 Nat.Nanotechnol. 6 630
[17]Chen J,Badioli M,Alonso-Gonzalez P,Thongrattanasiri S,Huth F,Osmond J,Spasenovic M,Centeno A,Pesquera A,Godignon P,Zurutuza Elorza A,Camara N,Garcia deAbajo F J,Hillenbrand R,Koppens F H L 2012 Nature 48777
[18]Fei Z,Rodin A S,Andreev G O,Bao W,McLeod A S,Wagner M,Zhang L M,Zhao Z,Thiemens M,Dominguez G,Fogler M M,Castro Neto A H,Lau C N,Keilmann F,Basov D N 2012 Nature 487 82
[19]Yan H,Low T,Zhu W,Wu Y,Freitag M,Li X,Guinea F,Avouris P,Xia F 2013 Nat. Photon.7 394
[20]Wang J,Hernandez Y,Lotya M,Coleman J N,Blau W J2009 Adv.Mater.21 2430
[21]Liu M,Yin X,Ulin-Avila E,Geng B,Zentgraf T,Ju L,Wang F,Zhang X 2011 Nature 474 64
[22]Ye L,Sui K,Zhang Y,Liu Q H 2019 Nanoscale 11 3229
[23]Zhu A Y,Cubukcu E 2015 2D Mater.2 032005
[24]Hu H,Yang X,Zhai F,Hu D,Liu R,Liu K,Sun Z,Dai Q2016 Nat. Commun.7 12334
[25]Rodrigo D,Limaj O,Janner D,Etezadi D,Garcia de Abajo F J,Pruneri V,Altug H 2015 Scien.ce 349 165
[26]Wu C,Liu N,Hu H,Guo X,Liao B,Liu J,Wang L,Chen C,Yang X,Dai Q 2019 Chin.Opt.Lett.6 062401
[27]Hu H,Yang X,Guo X,Khaliji K,Biswas S R,Garcia de Abajo F J,Low T,Sun Z,Dai Q 2019 Nat.Commun.101131
[28]Wenger T,Viola G,Kinaret J,Fogelstrom M,Tassin P 20172D Mater.4 025103
[29]Guo X,Hu H,Zhu X,Yang X,Dai Q 2017 Nanoscale 914998
[30]Ni G X,McLeod A S,Sun Z,Wang L,Xiong L,Post K W,Sunku S S,Jiang B Y,Hone J,Dean C R,Fogler M M,Basov D N 2018 Nature 557 530
[31]Jablan M,Buljan H,Soljacic M 2009 Phys.Rev.B 80245435
[32]Liu J P,Zhai X,Wang L L,Li H J,Xie F,Xia S X,Shang X J,Luo X 2016 Opt.Express 24 5376
[33]Reale C 1974 J.Phys.F:Metal Phys.4 2218
[34]Basov D N,Fogler M M,Garcia de Abajo F J 2016 Science354 6309
[35]Soref R,Peale R E,Buchwald W 2008 Opt.Express 16 6507
[36]Naik G V,Shalaev V M,Boltasseva A 2013 Adv.Mater.253264
[37]Ueno K,Nakamura S,Shimotani H,Yuan H T,Kimura N,Nojima T,Aoki H,Iwasa Y,Kawasaki M 2011 Nat.Nanotechnol. 6 408
[38]Tassin P,Koschny T,Kafesaki M,Soukoulis C M 2012 Nat.Photon.6 259
[39]Huynh K K,Tanabe Y,Urata T,Oguro H,Heguri S,Watanabe K,Tanigaki K 2014 Phys.Rev.B 90 144516
[40]Yuan J,Ma W,Zhang L,Lu Y,Zhao M,Guo H,Zhao J,Yu W,Zhang Y,Zhang K,Hoh H Y,Li X,Loh K P,Li S,Qiu C W,Bao Q 2017 ACS Photon.4 3055
[41]Deshko Y,Krusin-Elbaum L,Menon V,Khanikaev A,Trevino J 2016 Opt. Express 24 7398
[42]Butch N P,Kirshenbaum K,Syers P,Sushkov A B,Jenkins G S,Drew H D,Paglione J 2010 Phys.Rev.B 81 241301
[43]Alcaraz Iranzo D,Nanot S,Dias E J C,Epstein I,Peng C,Efetov D K,Lundeberg M B,Parret R,Osmond J,Hong J Y,Kong J,Englund D R,Peres N M R,Koppens F H L2018 Science 360 291
[44]Chiu K C,Falk A L,Ho P H,Farmer D B,Tulevski G,Lee Y H,Avouris P,Han S J 2017 Nano Lett.17 5641
[45]Hartmann N,Piredda G,Berthelot J,Colas des Francs G,Bouhelier A,Hartschuh A 2012 Nano Lett.12 177
[46]Javey A,Kim H,Brink M,Wang Q,Ural A,Guo J,McIntyre P,McEuen P,Lundstrom M,Dai H 2002 Nat.Mater.1 241
[47]Shi Z,Hong X,Bechtel H A,Zeng B,Martin M C,Watanabe K,Taniguchi T,Shen Y R,Wang F 2015 Nat.Photon.9 515
[48]Falk A L,Chiu K C,Farmer D B,Cao Q,Tersoff J,Lee Y H,Avouris P,Han S J 2017 Phys.Rev.Lett.118 257401
[49]Wang W,Zhang N 2018 Acta Phys.Sin.67 247302(in Chinese)[王文慧,张孬2018物理学报67 247302]
[50]Li Z,Yu X,Fu X,Hao Z,Li K 2008 Chin.Phys.Lett.251776
[51]Kundu J,Le F,Nordlander P,Halas N J 2008 Chem.Phys.Lett 452 115
[52]Brown L V,Yang X,Zhao K,Zheng B Y,Nordlander P,Halas N J 2015 Nano Lett.15 1272
[53]Willets K A,van Duyne R P 2007 Annu.Rev.Phys.Chem.58 267
[54]Schaadt D M,Feng B,Yu E T 2005 Appl. Phys.Lett.86063106
[55]Mulvaney P 1996 Langmuir 12 788
[56]El-Sayed K S,El-Sayed M A 2006 J.Phys.Chem.B 11019220
[57]Nikitin A Y,Guinea F,Garcia-Vidal F J,Martin-Moreno L2012 Phys.Rev.B 85 081405
[58]Huang Y W,Lee H W H,Sokhoyan R,Pala R A,Thyagarajan K,Han S,Tsai D P,Atwater H A 2016 Nano Lett.16 5319
[59]Baldassarre L,Sakat E,Frigerio J,Samarelli A,Gallacher K,Calandrini E,Isella G,Paul D J,Ortolani M,Biagioni P2015 Nano Lett. 15 7225
[60]Abb M,Wang Y,Papasimakis N,de Groot C H,Muskens O L 2014 Nano Lett. 14 346
[61]Samarelli A,Frigerio J,Sakat E,Baldassarre L,Gallacher K,Finazzi M,Isella G,Ortolani M,Biagioni P,Paul D J2016 Thin Solid Films 602 52
[62]Chen Y B 2009 Opt.Expre.ss 17 3130
[63]Zheng H,Jia J F 2019 Chin.Phys.B 28 067403
[64]Gao Y X,Zhang L Z,Zhang Y Y,Du S X 2018 Acta Phys.Sin..67 238101(in Chinese)[高艺璇,张礼智,张余洋,杜世萱2018物理学报67 2381011
[65]Autore M,D'Apuzzo F,Di Gaspare A,Giliberti V,Limaj O,Roy P,Brahlek M,Koirala N,Oh S,Garcia de Abajo F J,Lupi S 2015 Adv.Opt.Mater.3 1257
[66]Qi J,Liu H,Xie X C 2014 Phys.Rev.B 89 155420
[67]Xu Y,Miotkowski I,Liu C,Tian J,Nam H,Alidoust N,Hu J,Shih C K,Hasan M Z,Chen Y P 2014 Nat. Phys.10 956
[68]Chen H T,Yang H,Singh R,O'Hara J F,Azad A K,Trugman S A,Jia Q X,Taylor A J 2010 Phys.Rev.Lett.105 247402
[69]Kurter C,Abrahams J,Shvets G,Anlage S M 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 180510
[70]Zheludev N I,Kivshar Y S 2012 Nat. Mater.11 917
[71]Woessner A,Lundeberg M B,Gao Y,Principi A,AlonsoGonzalez P,Carrega M,Watanabe K,Taniguchi T,Vignale G,Polini M,Hone J,Hillenbrand R,Koppens F H 2015 Nat.Mater.14 421
[72]Liu R,Liao B,Guo X,Hu D,Hu H,Du L,Yu H,Zhang G,Yang X,Dai Q 2017 Nanoscale 9 208
[73]Garcia de Abajo F J 2014 ACS Photon.1 135
[74]Principi A,Vignale G,Carrega M,Polini M 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 195405
[75]Bao Q,Loh K 2012 ACS Nano 6 3677
[76]Low T,Avouris P 2014 ACS Nano 8 1086
[77]Fei Z,Andreev G 0,Bao W,Zhang L,McLeod A S,Wang C,Stewart M K,Zhao Z,Dominguez G,Thiemens M,Foger M M,Tauber M J,Castro-Neto A H,Lau C N,Keilmann F,Basov D NJ 2011 Nano Lett.11 4701
[78]Martin-Moreno L,Garcia de Abajo F J,Vidal F J 2015Phys.Rev.Lett.115 173601
[79]Morimoto T,Joung S K,Saito T,Futaba D N,Hat a K,Okazaki T 2014 A CS Nano 8 9897
[80]Bonaccorso F,Sun Z,Hasan T,Ferrari A C 2010 Nat.Photon.4 611
[81]Castro Neto A H,Guinea F,Peres N M R,Novoselov K S,Geim A K 2009 Rev.Modern Phys.81 109
[82]Lee I H,Yoo D,Avouris P,Low T,Oh S H 2019 Nat.Nanotechnol. 14 313
[83]Guo Q,Li C,Deng B,Yuan S,Guinea F,Xia F 2017 ACS Photon.4 2989
[84]Fang Z,Thong S,Schlather A,Liu Z,Ma L,Wang Y,Ajayan P M,Nordlander P,Halas N,Abajo F 2013 ACS Nano 7 2388
[85]Nikitin A Y,Guinea F,Martin-Moreno L 2012 Appl. Phys.L ett. 101 151119
[86]Gan C,Chu H,Li E 2012 Phys.Rev.B 12 125431
[87]Hwang E H,Das Sarma S 2009 Phys.Rev.B 80 205405
[88]Farmer D B,Rodrigo D,Low T,Avouris P 2015 Nano Lett.15 2582
[89]Hu H,Liao B,Guo X,Hu D,Qiao X,Liu N,Liu R,Chen K,Bai B,Yang X,Dai Q 2017 Small 13 160302
[90]Hu H,Guo X,Hu D,Sun Z,Yang X,Dai Q 2018 Adv Sci 51800175
[91]Chen S,Autore M,Li J,Li P,Alonso-Gonzalez P,Yang Z,Martin-Moreno L,Hillenbrand R,Nikitin A Y 2017 ACS Photon.4 3089
[92]Beutler H 1935 Zeitschrift fur Physik 93 177
[93]Fano U 1961 Phys.Rev.124 1866
[94]Guo X,Hu H,Liao B,Zhu X,Yang X,Dai Q 2018Nanotechnology 29 184004
[95]Liu X,Cheng S,Liu H,Hu S,Zhang D,Ning H 2012Sensors(Basel)12 9635
[96]Hodgkinson J,Tatam R P 2013 Measur.Sci.Technol. 24012004
[97]Liu N,Tang M L,Hentschel M,Giessen H,Alivisatos A P2011 Nat.Mater.10 631
[98]Farmer D B,Avouris P,Li Y,Heinz T F,Han S J 2016ACS Photon.3 553
[99]Liu F,Cubukcu E 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 115439
[100]Slavik R,Homola J 2007 Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical123 10
[101]Cheng H,Chen S,Yu P,Duan X,Xie B,Tian J 2013 Appl.Phys.Lett. 103 203112
[102]Pan M,Liang Z,Wang Y,Chen Y 2016 Sci.Rep.6 29984
[103]Du X,Skachko I,Barker A,Andrei E Y 2008 Nat.Nanotechnol. 3 491
[2]Brar V W,Jang M S,Sherrott M,Lopez J J,Atwater H A2013 Nano Lett.13 2541
[3]Yang X,Sun Z,Low T,Hu H,Guo X,Garcia de Abajo F J,Avouris P,Dai Q 2018 Adv.Mater.30 e1704896
[4]Zhang G,Huang S,Chaves A,Song C,Ozcelik V O,Low T,Yan H 2017 Nat. Commun.8 14071
[5]Li P,Dolado I,Alfaro-Mozaz F J,CasanovaF,Hueso L E,Liu S,Edgar J H,Nikitin A,Velez S,Hillenbrand R 2018Science 359 892
[6]Li Y,Yan H,Farmer D B,Meng X,Zhu W,Osgood R M,Heinz T F,Avouris P 2014 Nano Lett.14 1573
[7]Low T,Chaves A,Caldwell J D,Kumar A,Fang N X,Avouris P,Heinz T F,Guinea F,Martin-Moreno L,Koppens F 2017 Nat.Mater.16 182
[8]Hartstein A,Kirtley J R,Tsang J C 1980 Phys.Rev.Lett.45 201
[9]Yanik A A,Huang M,Kamohara O,Artar A,Geisbert T W,Connor J H,Altug H 2010 Nano Lett.10 4962
[10]Rodrigo D,Tittl A,Limaj O,Abajo F J G,Pruneri V,Altug H 2017 Light Sci.Appl. 6 e16277
[11]Yan H,Li X,Chandra B,Tulevski G,Wu Y,Freitag M,Zhu W,Avouris P,Xia F 2012 Nat.Nanotechnol. 7 330
[12]Liao B,Guo X,Hu H,Liu N,Chen K,Yang X,Dai Q 2018Chin.Phys.B 27 094101
[13]Grigorenko A N,Polini M,Novoselov K S 2012 Nat.Photon.6 749
[14]Yang X X,Kong X T,Dai Q 2015 Acta Phys.Sin.64106801(in Chinese)[杨晓霞,孔祥天,戴庆2015物理学报64106801]
[15]Hwang E H,Das Sarma S 2007 Phys.Rev.B 75 205418
[16]Ju L,Geng B,Horng J,Girit C,Martin M,Hao Z,Bechtel H A,Liang X,Zettl A,Shen Y R,Wang F 2011 Nat.Nanotechnol. 6 630
[17]Chen J,Badioli M,Alonso-Gonzalez P,Thongrattanasiri S,Huth F,Osmond J,Spasenovic M,Centeno A,Pesquera A,Godignon P,Zurutuza Elorza A,Camara N,Garcia deAbajo F J,Hillenbrand R,Koppens F H L 2012 Nature 48777
[18]Fei Z,Rodin A S,Andreev G O,Bao W,McLeod A S,Wagner M,Zhang L M,Zhao Z,Thiemens M,Dominguez G,Fogler M M,Castro Neto A H,Lau C N,Keilmann F,Basov D N 2012 Nature 487 82
[19]Yan H,Low T,Zhu W,Wu Y,Freitag M,Li X,Guinea F,Avouris P,Xia F 2013 Nat. Photon.7 394
[20]Wang J,Hernandez Y,Lotya M,Coleman J N,Blau W J2009 Adv.Mater.21 2430
[21]Liu M,Yin X,Ulin-Avila E,Geng B,Zentgraf T,Ju L,Wang F,Zhang X 2011 Nature 474 64
[22]Ye L,Sui K,Zhang Y,Liu Q H 2019 Nanoscale 11 3229
[23]Zhu A Y,Cubukcu E 2015 2D Mater.2 032005
[24]Hu H,Yang X,Zhai F,Hu D,Liu R,Liu K,Sun Z,Dai Q2016 Nat. Commun.7 12334
[25]Rodrigo D,Limaj O,Janner D,Etezadi D,Garcia de Abajo F J,Pruneri V,Altug H 2015 Scien.ce 349 165
[26]Wu C,Liu N,Hu H,Guo X,Liao B,Liu J,Wang L,Chen C,Yang X,Dai Q 2019 Chin.Opt.Lett.6 062401
[27]Hu H,Yang X,Guo X,Khaliji K,Biswas S R,Garcia de Abajo F J,Low T,Sun Z,Dai Q 2019 Nat.Commun.101131
[28]Wenger T,Viola G,Kinaret J,Fogelstrom M,Tassin P 20172D Mater.4 025103
[29]Guo X,Hu H,Zhu X,Yang X,Dai Q 2017 Nanoscale 914998
[30]Ni G X,McLeod A S,Sun Z,Wang L,Xiong L,Post K W,Sunku S S,Jiang B Y,Hone J,Dean C R,Fogler M M,Basov D N 2018 Nature 557 530
[31]Jablan M,Buljan H,Soljacic M 2009 Phys.Rev.B 80245435
[32]Liu J P,Zhai X,Wang L L,Li H J,Xie F,Xia S X,Shang X J,Luo X 2016 Opt.Express 24 5376
[33]Reale C 1974 J.Phys.F:Metal Phys.4 2218
[34]Basov D N,Fogler M M,Garcia de Abajo F J 2016 Science354 6309
[35]Soref R,Peale R E,Buchwald W 2008 Opt.Express 16 6507
[36]Naik G V,Shalaev V M,Boltasseva A 2013 Adv.Mater.253264
[37]Ueno K,Nakamura S,Shimotani H,Yuan H T,Kimura N,Nojima T,Aoki H,Iwasa Y,Kawasaki M 2011 Nat.Nanotechnol. 6 408
[38]Tassin P,Koschny T,Kafesaki M,Soukoulis C M 2012 Nat.Photon.6 259
[39]Huynh K K,Tanabe Y,Urata T,Oguro H,Heguri S,Watanabe K,Tanigaki K 2014 Phys.Rev.B 90 144516
[40]Yuan J,Ma W,Zhang L,Lu Y,Zhao M,Guo H,Zhao J,Yu W,Zhang Y,Zhang K,Hoh H Y,Li X,Loh K P,Li S,Qiu C W,Bao Q 2017 ACS Photon.4 3055
[41]Deshko Y,Krusin-Elbaum L,Menon V,Khanikaev A,Trevino J 2016 Opt. Express 24 7398
[42]Butch N P,Kirshenbaum K,Syers P,Sushkov A B,Jenkins G S,Drew H D,Paglione J 2010 Phys.Rev.B 81 241301
[43]Alcaraz Iranzo D,Nanot S,Dias E J C,Epstein I,Peng C,Efetov D K,Lundeberg M B,Parret R,Osmond J,Hong J Y,Kong J,Englund D R,Peres N M R,Koppens F H L2018 Science 360 291
[44]Chiu K C,Falk A L,Ho P H,Farmer D B,Tulevski G,Lee Y H,Avouris P,Han S J 2017 Nano Lett.17 5641
[45]Hartmann N,Piredda G,Berthelot J,Colas des Francs G,Bouhelier A,Hartschuh A 2012 Nano Lett.12 177
[46]Javey A,Kim H,Brink M,Wang Q,Ural A,Guo J,McIntyre P,McEuen P,Lundstrom M,Dai H 2002 Nat.Mater.1 241
[47]Shi Z,Hong X,Bechtel H A,Zeng B,Martin M C,Watanabe K,Taniguchi T,Shen Y R,Wang F 2015 Nat.Photon.9 515
[48]Falk A L,Chiu K C,Farmer D B,Cao Q,Tersoff J,Lee Y H,Avouris P,Han S J 2017 Phys.Rev.Lett.118 257401
[49]Wang W,Zhang N 2018 Acta Phys.Sin.67 247302(in Chinese)[王文慧,张孬2018物理学报67 247302]
[50]Li Z,Yu X,Fu X,Hao Z,Li K 2008 Chin.Phys.Lett.251776
[51]Kundu J,Le F,Nordlander P,Halas N J 2008 Chem.Phys.Lett 452 115
[52]Brown L V,Yang X,Zhao K,Zheng B Y,Nordlander P,Halas N J 2015 Nano Lett.15 1272
[53]Willets K A,van Duyne R P 2007 Annu.Rev.Phys.Chem.58 267
[54]Schaadt D M,Feng B,Yu E T 2005 Appl. Phys.Lett.86063106
[55]Mulvaney P 1996 Langmuir 12 788
[56]El-Sayed K S,El-Sayed M A 2006 J.Phys.Chem.B 11019220
[57]Nikitin A Y,Guinea F,Garcia-Vidal F J,Martin-Moreno L2012 Phys.Rev.B 85 081405
[58]Huang Y W,Lee H W H,Sokhoyan R,Pala R A,Thyagarajan K,Han S,Tsai D P,Atwater H A 2016 Nano Lett.16 5319
[59]Baldassarre L,Sakat E,Frigerio J,Samarelli A,Gallacher K,Calandrini E,Isella G,Paul D J,Ortolani M,Biagioni P2015 Nano Lett. 15 7225
[60]Abb M,Wang Y,Papasimakis N,de Groot C H,Muskens O L 2014 Nano Lett. 14 346
[61]Samarelli A,Frigerio J,Sakat E,Baldassarre L,Gallacher K,Finazzi M,Isella G,Ortolani M,Biagioni P,Paul D J2016 Thin Solid Films 602 52
[62]Chen Y B 2009 Opt.Expre.ss 17 3130
[63]Zheng H,Jia J F 2019 Chin.Phys.B 28 067403
[64]Gao Y X,Zhang L Z,Zhang Y Y,Du S X 2018 Acta Phys.Sin..67 238101(in Chinese)[高艺璇,张礼智,张余洋,杜世萱2018物理学报67 2381011
[65]Autore M,D'Apuzzo F,Di Gaspare A,Giliberti V,Limaj O,Roy P,Brahlek M,Koirala N,Oh S,Garcia de Abajo F J,Lupi S 2015 Adv.Opt.Mater.3 1257
[66]Qi J,Liu H,Xie X C 2014 Phys.Rev.B 89 155420
[67]Xu Y,Miotkowski I,Liu C,Tian J,Nam H,Alidoust N,Hu J,Shih C K,Hasan M Z,Chen Y P 2014 Nat. Phys.10 956
[68]Chen H T,Yang H,Singh R,O'Hara J F,Azad A K,Trugman S A,Jia Q X,Taylor A J 2010 Phys.Rev.Lett.105 247402
[69]Kurter C,Abrahams J,Shvets G,Anlage S M 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 180510
[70]Zheludev N I,Kivshar Y S 2012 Nat. Mater.11 917
[71]Woessner A,Lundeberg M B,Gao Y,Principi A,AlonsoGonzalez P,Carrega M,Watanabe K,Taniguchi T,Vignale G,Polini M,Hone J,Hillenbrand R,Koppens F H 2015 Nat.Mater.14 421
[72]Liu R,Liao B,Guo X,Hu D,Hu H,Du L,Yu H,Zhang G,Yang X,Dai Q 2017 Nanoscale 9 208
[73]Garcia de Abajo F J 2014 ACS Photon.1 135
[74]Principi A,Vignale G,Carrega M,Polini M 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 195405
[75]Bao Q,Loh K 2012 ACS Nano 6 3677
[76]Low T,Avouris P 2014 ACS Nano 8 1086
[77]Fei Z,Andreev G 0,Bao W,Zhang L,McLeod A S,Wang C,Stewart M K,Zhao Z,Dominguez G,Thiemens M,Foger M M,Tauber M J,Castro-Neto A H,Lau C N,Keilmann F,Basov D NJ 2011 Nano Lett.11 4701
[78]Martin-Moreno L,Garcia de Abajo F J,Vidal F J 2015Phys.Rev.Lett.115 173601
[79]Morimoto T,Joung S K,Saito T,Futaba D N,Hat a K,Okazaki T 2014 A CS Nano 8 9897
[80]Bonaccorso F,Sun Z,Hasan T,Ferrari A C 2010 Nat.Photon.4 611
[81]Castro Neto A H,Guinea F,Peres N M R,Novoselov K S,Geim A K 2009 Rev.Modern Phys.81 109
[82]Lee I H,Yoo D,Avouris P,Low T,Oh S H 2019 Nat.Nanotechnol. 14 313
[83]Guo Q,Li C,Deng B,Yuan S,Guinea F,Xia F 2017 ACS Photon.4 2989
[84]Fang Z,Thong S,Schlather A,Liu Z,Ma L,Wang Y,Ajayan P M,Nordlander P,Halas N,Abajo F 2013 ACS Nano 7 2388
[85]Nikitin A Y,Guinea F,Martin-Moreno L 2012 Appl. Phys.L ett. 101 151119
[86]Gan C,Chu H,Li E 2012 Phys.Rev.B 12 125431
[87]Hwang E H,Das Sarma S 2009 Phys.Rev.B 80 205405
[88]Farmer D B,Rodrigo D,Low T,Avouris P 2015 Nano Lett.15 2582
[89]Hu H,Liao B,Guo X,Hu D,Qiao X,Liu N,Liu R,Chen K,Bai B,Yang X,Dai Q 2017 Small 13 160302
[90]Hu H,Guo X,Hu D,Sun Z,Yang X,Dai Q 2018 Adv Sci 51800175
[91]Chen S,Autore M,Li J,Li P,Alonso-Gonzalez P,Yang Z,Martin-Moreno L,Hillenbrand R,Nikitin A Y 2017 ACS Photon.4 3089
[92]Beutler H 1935 Zeitschrift fur Physik 93 177
[93]Fano U 1961 Phys.Rev.124 1866
[94]Guo X,Hu H,Liao B,Zhu X,Yang X,Dai Q 2018Nanotechnology 29 184004
[95]Liu X,Cheng S,Liu H,Hu S,Zhang D,Ning H 2012Sensors(Basel)12 9635
[96]Hodgkinson J,Tatam R P 2013 Measur.Sci.Technol. 24012004
[97]Liu N,Tang M L,Hentschel M,Giessen H,Alivisatos A P2011 Nat.Mater.10 631
[98]Farmer D B,Avouris P,Li Y,Heinz T F,Han S J 2016ACS Photon.3 553
[99]Liu F,Cubukcu E 2013 Phys.Rev.B 88 115439
[100]Slavik R,Homola J 2007 Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical123 10
[101]Cheng H,Chen S,Yu P,Duan X,Xie B,Tian J 2013 Appl.Phys.Lett. 103 203112
[102]Pan M,Liang Z,Wang Y,Chen Y 2016 Sci.Rep.6 29984
[103]Du X,Skachko I,Barker A,Andrei E Y 2008 Nat.Nanotechnol. 3 491