百年战争中苏格兰与英格兰的关系及其影响
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摘要
百年战争前,为了反对英格兰入侵,苏格兰民族经过长期不懈的斗争,付出了沉重的代价,终于实现了国家独立。在百年战争爆发后,具有独立精神的苏格兰王国与法国多次签订了同盟互助条约,有效地遏制了英格兰的扩张。在捍卫国家独立和民族自由的长期战争中,苏格兰人增强了民族认同意识,突出了民族文化特征,提高了本民族在未来国家中的地位,而这种影响远比百年战争更持久。苏格兰人的民族独立意识是现代苏格兰民族分离主义运动产生的重要原因之一。
In order to oppose the invasion of England,the Scottish nation paid a heavy price through a long and indomitable struggle,and achieved national independence at last before the Hundred Years War.After the outbreak of the Hundred Years War,the independent kingdom of Scotland and the kingdom of France signed the alliance and mutual aid treaties many times,they effectively restrained the expansion of England.In the long war of safeguarding national independence and freedom,the Scots enhanced their sense of national identity,highlighted the characteristics of national culture,and improved their status in the future country,but this influence is far more lasting than the war itself.The Scottish consciousness of national independence is one of the important reasons of the modern Scottish national separatism movement.
In order to oppose the invasion of England,the Scottish nation paid a heavy price through a long and indomitable struggle,and achieved national independence at last before the Hundred Years War.After the outbreak of the Hundred Years War,the independent kingdom of Scotland and the kingdom of France signed the alliance and mutual aid treaties many times,they effectively restrained the expansion of England.In the long war of safeguarding national independence and freedom,the Scots enhanced their sense of national identity,highlighted the characteristics of national culture,and improved their status in the future country,but this influence is far more lasting than the war itself.The Scottish consciousness of national independence is one of the important reasons of the modern Scottish national separatism movement.
引文
[1]Walter Scott.The History of Scotland,vol.I[M].London:Longman,1845.
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[4][美]克雷顿·罗伯特,戴维·罗伯特.英国史——从史前到 1714 年[M].贾士蘅,译.台北:五南图书出版公司,1986.
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[12][英]伊勒·伍德沃德.英国简史[M].王世训,译.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1990:38.
[13]M.Smith.The Making of Britain:the Middle Ages[M].Macmillan,1985:77.
[14]Anthony Tuck.Crown And Nobility England 1272-1461[M].Blackwell Publishers Ltd,1999.
[15][美]朱迪斯·本内特,C ·沃伦·霍利斯特.欧洲中世纪史[M].杨宁,等,译.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2007:348.
[16][英]屈勒味林.英国史:上[M].钱端什,译.北京:红旗出版社,2017:182.
[17]钱乘旦,许洁明.英国通史[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2012:49.
[18][英]大卫·休谟.英国史:卷3[M].刘仲敬,译.长春:吉林出版集团股份有限公司,2016.
[19]A.R.Myers,F.R.Hist.English History Documents1327—1485[M].London,1969:701.
[20]Anne Curry.The Hundred Years War[M].London:The Macmillan Press Ltd,1993:91.
[21][英] 温斯顿·丘吉尔.英语国家史略:上卷[M].薛力敏,等,译.北京:新华出版社,1985 .
[22]G.H.Murray.Scottish Nationality[M].New York :Macmillan Press Ltd,2001:37.
[23]Michael Lynch.The Oxford Companion to Scottish History[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001.
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[25][英]西蒙·詹金斯.英格兰简史[M].钱峰,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2016:102.
[26]Robert Tittler & Norman Jones.A Companion to Tudor Britain[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2004.
[27][英]阿萨·勃里格斯.英国社会史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1991:190.
[28]James Kellas.The Scottish Political System[M].Cambridge University Press,1989:7.
[29][英]梅特兰.英格兰宪政史[M].李红海,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2010:214.
[30] D.Abulafia.The New Cambridge Medieval History V (c.1198—c.1300) [M].Cambridge,1999:809.
[31]Scott.H.Paul.TowardsIndependence:essaysonScotland[M].Edinburgh:Polygon,1991:50.
[2][英]丽贝卡·弗雷泽.英国人的故事:从罗马时代到21世纪[M].叶锁焰,史林,译.北京:中信出版集团股份有限公司,2018:276.
[3]G.Clark.The Oxford History of England IV:the Thirteenth Century (1216—1307)[M].Oxford,1962.
[4][美]克雷顿·罗伯特,戴维·罗伯特.英国史——从史前到 1714 年[M].贾士蘅,译.台北:五南图书出版公司,1986.
[5]A.D.M.Barrell.Medieval Scotland[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[6]E.L.Melvin,Gould and J.Thompson,A New Scottish History [M].John Murry,1980:132.
[7][英]吉林厄姆,格里菲思.中世纪英国:征服与同化[M].沈弘,译.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2007:266.
[8][英]安东尼娅·弗雷泽.历代英王生平[M].杨照明,张振山,译.武汉:湖北人民出版社,1985.
[9][英]琼斯.金雀花王朝:缔造英格兰的武士国王与王后们[M].陆大鹏,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
[10][英]肯尼恩·O·摩根.牛津英国通史[M].王觉非,等,译.北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[11]Christopher Harvie.Scotland:A Short History[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002:58.
[12][英]伊勒·伍德沃德.英国简史[M].王世训,译.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1990:38.
[13]M.Smith.The Making of Britain:the Middle Ages[M].Macmillan,1985:77.
[14]Anthony Tuck.Crown And Nobility England 1272-1461[M].Blackwell Publishers Ltd,1999.
[15][美]朱迪斯·本内特,C ·沃伦·霍利斯特.欧洲中世纪史[M].杨宁,等,译.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2007:348.
[16][英]屈勒味林.英国史:上[M].钱端什,译.北京:红旗出版社,2017:182.
[17]钱乘旦,许洁明.英国通史[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2012:49.
[18][英]大卫·休谟.英国史:卷3[M].刘仲敬,译.长春:吉林出版集团股份有限公司,2016.
[19]A.R.Myers,F.R.Hist.English History Documents1327—1485[M].London,1969:701.
[20]Anne Curry.The Hundred Years War[M].London:The Macmillan Press Ltd,1993:91.
[21][英] 温斯顿·丘吉尔.英语国家史略:上卷[M].薛力敏,等,译.北京:新华出版社,1985 .
[22]G.H.Murray.Scottish Nationality[M].New York :Macmillan Press Ltd,2001:37.
[23]Michael Lynch.The Oxford Companion to Scottish History[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001.
[24][英]德斯蒙德·苏厄德.百年战争简史[M].文俊,译.成都:四川人民出版社,2017.
[25][英]西蒙·詹金斯.英格兰简史[M].钱峰,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2016:102.
[26]Robert Tittler & Norman Jones.A Companion to Tudor Britain[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2004.
[27][英]阿萨·勃里格斯.英国社会史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1991:190.
[28]James Kellas.The Scottish Political System[M].Cambridge University Press,1989:7.
[29][英]梅特兰.英格兰宪政史[M].李红海,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2010:214.
[30] D.Abulafia.The New Cambridge Medieval History V (c.1198—c.1300) [M].Cambridge,1999:809.
[31]Scott.H.Paul.TowardsIndependence:essaysonScotland[M].Edinburgh:Polygon,1991:50.