土地利用对溶丘洼地土壤容重、水分和有机质空间异质性的影响——以南洞流域驻马哨洼地为例
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摘要
为了探究溶丘洼地土壤空间异质性及其影响因素,本文以驻马哨溶丘洼地为研究对象,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,从不同土地利用、坡度、坡向、土壤深度分析土壤容重、水分及有机质的空间异质性。结果表明:(1)土壤有机质为强变异,变异系数为0.71,容重和水分变异系数分别为0.15、0.11,属中等变异,土壤容重和水分呈极显著负相关,和有机质呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.609、-0.581;(2)块基比介于0.78～0.97,随机部分引起的空间变异程度较大,空间自相关较小,且模型拟合较好。(3)耕地土壤有机质、水分含量最低,容重最大,而灌木土壤反之;(4)北坡土壤容重高于南坡,变异系数小于南坡;而土壤水分、有机质低于南坡,变异系数高于南坡。从不同坡位、坡向的比较中,皆体现了土地利用对土壤空间异质性的影响。在土地利用作为主要因素的影响下,驻马哨洼地土壤水分、容重、有机质由随机部分引起的空间变异增加,空间自相关减小。
The purpose of this work was to explore the influencing factors of soil spatial heterogeneity in Karst hilly depressions. Taking the hill depression catchment of Zhumashao as an example, by the methods of classical statistics and geostatistics, spatial heterogeneity of soil bulk density and water content and organic matter were analyzed in view of different land uses, slopes and aspects. The results show that the soil organic matter is strongly varied with a coefficient of variation(CV) 0.71 while the soil bulk density and moisture are of moderate variation with CV 0.16 and 0.11, respectively. The soil bulk density is significantly negatively correlated with the moisture and organic matter with correlation coefficients-0.609 and-0.58, respectively. Geostatistics shows that the block-to-base ratio is between 0.78 to 0.97. The spatial variation caused by random part is large, the spatial autocorrelation is smaller, and the model fits well. Soil structure of the cultivated land is poor, with lowest organic matter and moisture content in the soil with largest bulk density, while the shrub is better. Soil bulk density in the north slope is higher than that of the south slope, while the CV is smaller than that of the south slope. And soil moisture content and organic matter on north slopes are lower than that of the south slopes. The effects of land use on spatial heterogeneity of soil are reflected in the comparison of different slope positions and directions. Under these effects, spatial variability of soil moisture, bulk density and organic matter increase from random parts, and spatial autocorrelation decreases. These information would be useful for prediction of soil property change and study in hilly depression areas.
The purpose of this work was to explore the influencing factors of soil spatial heterogeneity in Karst hilly depressions. Taking the hill depression catchment of Zhumashao as an example, by the methods of classical statistics and geostatistics, spatial heterogeneity of soil bulk density and water content and organic matter were analyzed in view of different land uses, slopes and aspects. The results show that the soil organic matter is strongly varied with a coefficient of variation(CV) 0.71 while the soil bulk density and moisture are of moderate variation with CV 0.16 and 0.11, respectively. The soil bulk density is significantly negatively correlated with the moisture and organic matter with correlation coefficients-0.609 and-0.58, respectively. Geostatistics shows that the block-to-base ratio is between 0.78 to 0.97. The spatial variation caused by random part is large, the spatial autocorrelation is smaller, and the model fits well. Soil structure of the cultivated land is poor, with lowest organic matter and moisture content in the soil with largest bulk density, while the shrub is better. Soil bulk density in the north slope is higher than that of the south slope, while the CV is smaller than that of the south slope. And soil moisture content and organic matter on north slopes are lower than that of the south slopes. The effects of land use on spatial heterogeneity of soil are reflected in the comparison of different slope positions and directions. Under these effects, spatial variability of soil moisture, bulk density and organic matter increase from random parts, and spatial autocorrelation decreases. These information would be useful for prediction of soil property change and study in hilly depression areas.
引文
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[19] 覃星铭,蒋忠诚,何丙辉,等.南洞流域东部重点区的石漠化现状及治理对策分析[J].中国岩溶,2014,33(4):456-463.
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[22] 胡忠良,潘根兴,李恋卿,等.贵州喀斯特山区不同植被下土壤C、N、P含量和空间异质性[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4187-4195.
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[26] Zhou J,Tang Y,Yang P,et al.Inference of creep mechanism in underground soil loss of karst conduits I.Conceptual model[J].Nat Hazards,2012,62(3):1191-215.
[27] 王军,傅伯杰,邱扬,等.黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的时空变异特征:半变异函数[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):428-438.
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[30] Xu Y Q,Shao X M,Kong X B,et al.Adapting the RUSLE and GIS to model soil erosion risk in a mountains karst watershed,Guizhou Province,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2018,141(3):275-286.
[31] Zhao Z M,Shen Y X,Shan Z J,et al.Infiltration Patterns and Ecological Function of Outcrop Runoff in Epikarst Areas of Southern China[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2018,17(1):170-197.
[2] 李哈滨,王政权,王庆成.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):651-657.
[3] 宋同清,彭晚霞,曾馥平,等.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被类型土壤水分的空间异质性分析:以广西环江毛南族自治县西南峰丛洼地区为例[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(1):6-11.
[4] 蒋勇军,袁道先,章程,等.典型岩溶农业区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响:以云南小江流域为例[J].地理学报,2005,60(5):751-760.
[5] 刘玉,李林立,赵柯,等.岩溶山地石漠化地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤物理性状分析[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):142-145.
[6] 宋同清,彭晚霞,曾馥平,等.喀斯特木论自然保护区旱季土壤水分的空间异质性[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(1):98-104.
[7] 张继光,陈洪松,苏以荣,等.喀斯特洼地表层土壤水分的空间异质性及其尺度效应[J].土壤学报,2008,45(3):544-549.
[8] 闫俊华,周传艳,文安邦,等.贵州喀斯特石漠化过程中的土壤有机碳与容重关系[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2011,19(3):273-278.
[9] 吴敏,刘淑娟,叶莹莹,等.喀斯特地区坡耕地与退耕地土壤有机碳空间异质性及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2016,36(6):1619-1627.
[10] 张伟,陈洪松,王克林,等.喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤养分空间分异特征及影响因子分析[J].中国农业科学,2006,40(9):1828-1835.
[11] 张忠华,胡刚,祝介东,等.喀斯特森林土壤养分的空间异质性及其对树种分布的影响[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(10):1038-1049.
[12] 张珍明,周运超,黄先飞,等.喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度及碳储量空间分布异质性[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):184-190+214.
[13] 曹建华,邓艳,杨慧,等.喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化演变及治理技术与示范[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7103-7108.
[14] 王宇,张华,张贵,等.喀斯特断陷盆地环境地质分区及功能[J].中国岩溶,2017,36(3):283-295.
[15] 廖洪凯,李娟,龙健,等.贵州喀斯特山区花椒林小生境类型与土壤环境因子的关系[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(12):2429-2435.
[16] 覃星铭,蒋忠诚,蓝芙宁,等.南洞地下河最枯径流的周期变化及趋势分析[J].广西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,33(2):120-126.
[17] 张任.云南省开远南洞地下河流域洞穴研究[J].中国岩溶,1992,11(4):366-382.
[18] 覃星铭,蒋忠诚,蓝芙宁,等.南洞地下河月径流时间序列的混沌特征及预测[J].中国岩溶,2015,34(4):341-347.
[19] 覃星铭,蒋忠诚,何丙辉,等.南洞流域东部重点区的石漠化现状及治理对策分析[J].中国岩溶,2014,33(4):456-463.
[20] 康彦仁,梁彬.云南南洞地下河系统的水文地质特征[J].水文地质工程地质,1996,(4):28-30.
[21] 夏日元.西南岩溶区生态环境演变机制与治理对策:以云南省蒙自盆地为例[A].中国测绘学,全面建设小康社会:中国科技工作者历史责任——中国科协2003年学术年会论文集(下)[C].中国测绘学会,2003:2.
[22] 胡忠良,潘根兴,李恋卿,等.贵州喀斯特山区不同植被下土壤C、N、P含量和空间异质性[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4187-4195.
[23] 刘目兴,聂艳,于婧.不同初始含水率下粘质土壤的入渗过程[J].生态学报,2012,32(3):871-878.
[24] 季天委.重铬酸钾容量法中不同加热方式测定土壤有机质的比较研究[J].浙江农业学报,2005(5):311-313.
[25] 薛正平,杨星卫,段项锁,等.土壤养分空间变异及合理取样数研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):6-9.
[26] Zhou J,Tang Y,Yang P,et al.Inference of creep mechanism in underground soil loss of karst conduits I.Conceptual model[J].Nat Hazards,2012,62(3):1191-215.
[27] 王军,傅伯杰,邱扬,等.黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的时空变异特征:半变异函数[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):428-438.
[28] Zhou J,Tang Y Q,Zhang X H,et al.The influence of water content on soil erosion in the desertification area of Guizhou,China[J].Carbonate Evaporite,2012,27(2):185-92.
[29] 岳跃民,王克林,张伟,等.基于典范对应分析的喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤:环境关系研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(5):1400-1405.
[30] Xu Y Q,Shao X M,Kong X B,et al.Adapting the RUSLE and GIS to model soil erosion risk in a mountains karst watershed,Guizhou Province,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2018,141(3):275-286.
[31] Zhao Z M,Shen Y X,Shan Z J,et al.Infiltration Patterns and Ecological Function of Outcrop Runoff in Epikarst Areas of Southern China[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2018,17(1):170-197.