阶层分化与居住分异:移民对中国城市社会结构变动的影响——基于青岛市的个案研究
|
摘要
对全球化进程中移民与城市社会结构变动的讨论已成为研究当前中国城市不容忽视的重要议题。通过对中国城市的个案研究,探讨了移民对中国城市社会结构变动产生的影响结果与关联机制。研究表明:全球化下移民劳动分工的经济产业链引发了城市社会阶层结构变动,跨境或跨域流动的移民生态链引发了城市社会空间结构的变动;经济产业链的依附机制与移民生态链的联结机制并存,在城市中促生了阶层分化和居住分异,表征了城市社会结构在"纵—横"两个维度的变动。"纵—横"社会结构的分化与整合共同促生移民流入下的中国城市社会结构变动的多维马赛克图景,这为中国城市在全球化背景下开展城市治理实践提出了新的课题。
The discussion of globalization, immigrant and urban social structure has become an important issue that can′t be ignored. Based on a case study of Qingdao, this paper explores the relationship between immigrant and urban social structure. The research shows that:(1)the economic industrial chain of labor division has led to the structural change of urban social class;(2)the ecological chain of cross-border or cross-regional immigrant ecological chain has led to the change in urban social spatial structure;(3)the mechanisms that affect urban social structure include the attachment of the economic industry chain and the linkage of the immigrant ecological chain.The result of coexistence mechanism promotes differentiation of class and residential segregation, and represents the changes of urban social structure in the two dimensions of "vertical-horizontal".The differentiation and integration of "vertical-horizontal" social structure promotes the multi-dimensional mosaic picture of social structure in immigrant city, which puts forward a new topic for urban governance in the context of globalization in China.
The discussion of globalization, immigrant and urban social structure has become an important issue that can′t be ignored. Based on a case study of Qingdao, this paper explores the relationship between immigrant and urban social structure. The research shows that:(1)the economic industrial chain of labor division has led to the structural change of urban social class;(2)the ecological chain of cross-border or cross-regional immigrant ecological chain has led to the change in urban social spatial structure;(3)the mechanisms that affect urban social structure include the attachment of the economic industry chain and the linkage of the immigrant ecological chain.The result of coexistence mechanism promotes differentiation of class and residential segregation, and represents the changes of urban social structure in the two dimensions of "vertical-horizontal".The differentiation and integration of "vertical-horizontal" social structure promotes the multi-dimensional mosaic picture of social structure in immigrant city, which puts forward a new topic for urban governance in the context of globalization in China.
引文
[1] 彼得·纽曼,(英)安迪·索恩利.规划世界城市——全球化与城市政治[M].刘晔等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2012:18.
[2] Pinch S.Social polarization:A comparison of evidence from Britain and the United States[J].Environment & Planning A,1993,25 (6):779-795.
[3] Friedmann J.China’s Urban Transition[M],University of Minnesota Press,2005.
[4] Chubarov I.& Brooker D.Multiple pathways to global city formation:A functional approach and review of recent evidence in China[J].Cities,2013,35(4):181-189.
[5] Shi Q.,Liu T.,Musterd S.,Cao G.How social structure changes in Chinese global cities:Synthesizing globalization,migration and institutional factors in Beijing[J].Cities,2017,60:156-165.
[6] 李志刚,吴缚龙,高向东.“全球城市”极化与上海社会空间分异研究[J].地理科学,2007,27(3):304-311.
[7] 何波.北京市韩国人聚居区的特征及整合——以望京“韩国村”为例[J].城市问题,2008(10)59-64.
[8] 李志刚,薛德升,杜枫,等.全球化下“跨国移民社会空间”的地方响应——以广州小北黑人区为例[J].地理研究,2009,28(4):920-932.
[9] 周雯婷,刘云刚,全志英.全球化背景下在华韩国人族裔聚居区的形成与发展演变——以北京望京为例[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):649-665.
[10] Waters M.Globalization:Key Ideas[M],London:Routledge,1995:1-3.
[11] (英)戴维·赫尔德.全球大变革:全球化时代的政治、经济与文化[M].杨雪冬,等,译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:392.
[12] Castles S.Understanding global migration:A social transformation perspective[J].Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2010,36(10):1565-1586.
[13] Piore,M.J.Birds of Passage:Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1979.
[14] Sassen S.The Global City:New York,London,tokyo[M],Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991.
[15] Sassen S.The Global City:New York,London,tokyo[M],Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991:255.
[16] Sassen S.Global Networks,Linked Cities[M].London and New York:Routledge,2002.
[17] Hamnett C.Social polarization in Global Cities:Theory and Evidence[J].Urban Studies,1994,31 (3):401-424.
[18] White J.W.Old Wine,Cracked Bottle?:Tokyo,Paris,and the Global City Hypothesis[J].Urban Affairs Review,1998,33 (4):451-477.
[19] (英)莱斯利·斯克莱尔.全球化社会学的基础[J].社会学研究,1994(2):5-17.
[20] Robinson W.I.& Harris J.Towards a Global Ruling Class?Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class[J].Science & Society,2000,64 (1):11-54.
[21] Gordon,P.﹠ Richardson,H.W.Review essay:Los Angeles,City of Angel?No,City of Angles[J],Urban Studies,1999,36(3):575-591.
[22] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[23] Portes A.Migration and Social Change:Some Conceptual Reflections[J].Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2010,36 (10):1537-1563.
[24] Castles S.Migration and Community Formation under Conditions of Globalization[J].International Migration Review,2002,36(4):1143-1168.
[25] 狄金华,周敏.族裔聚居区的经济与社会——对聚居区族裔经济理论的检视与反思[J].社会学研究,2016(4):193-217.
[26] Wu F.L.The Global and Local Dimensions of Place-making:Remaking Shanghai as a World City[J].Urban Studies,2000,37 (8):1359-1377;
[27] Brenner N.New State Spaces:Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood[M],New York:Oxford University Press,2004.
[28] (英)戴维·赫尔德.全球大变革:全球化时代的政治、经济与文化[M].杨雪冬,等,译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:395.
[29] Sassen,S.,& Roost,F.The city:Strategic site for the global entertainment industry.In D.R.Judd & S.S.Fainstein (Eds.),Tourist city[C].New Haven:Yale University Press,1999:162.
[30] Zhou M.Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship:Convergencies,Controversies,and Conceptual Advancements[J].International Migration Review,2004,38 (3):1040-1074.
[31] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[32] Useem M.The Inner Group of the American Capitalist Class[J].Social Problems,1978,25(3):225-240.
[33] (日)佐々木衛.中国朝鮮族に見られる移動と階層分化、エスニシティ,亚洲社会研究会编.階層·移動と社会·文化[C],东京:文化书房博文社,2005年.
[34] Martell L.The Sociology of Globalization[M],Cambridge:Polity Press,2010.
[35] 何波.北京市韩国人聚居区的特征及整合——以望京“韩国村”为例[J].城市问题,2008(10):59-64.
[36] 姜磊、陈勇.朝鲜移民与韩国迁移者比较分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版),2010,12(1):77-83.
[37] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[38] 狄金华,周敏.族裔聚居区的经济与社会——对聚居区族裔经济理论的检视与反思[J].社会学研究,2016(4):193-217.
[39] 佐々木衛(日).東アジアのグローバル化-エスニシティとナショナリズムの交錯[J].社会学評論,2005,56(2):347-362.
[40] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[41] Portes A.& Bach R.Latin Journey:Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1985.
[42] Snyder D.,& Kick E.L.Structural Position in the World System and Economic Growth,1955-1970:A Multiple-Network Analysis of Transnational Interactions[J].American Journal of Sociology,1979,84 (5):1096-1126.
[43] Breedlove W.L.& Nolan P.D.International Stratification and Inequality 1960-1980[J].International Journal of Contemporary Sociology,1988,25:105-123.
[44] Yoon I.J.The Changing Significance of Ethnic and Class Resources in Immigrant Businesses:The Case of Korean Immigrant Businesses in Chicago[J].International Migration Review,1991,25 (2):303-331.
[45] Piore,M.J.Birds of Passage:Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1979.
[46] Logan J.R.The New Chinese City:Globalization and Market Reform[M],Oxford and Malden,Mass.:Blackwell Publishers,2002:9.
[47] Brackette F.Williams.A C1ass Act:Anthropology and the Race to Nation Across Ethnic Terrain[J].Annual Review 0f Anthropology:1989,18:401-444.
[48] 周雯婷,刘云刚,全志英.全球化背景下在华韩国人族裔聚居区的形成与发展演变——以北京望京为例[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):649-665.
[49] 爱德华·索亚(美).区域城市化与城市——区域的治理危机.任远、陈向明、Dieter Lapple.全球城市:区域的时代[C].上海:复旦大学出版社,2009年.
[50] Timberlake M.,Wei Y.D.,Ma X.,Hao J.Global Cities with Chinese characteristics[J].Cites,2014,41:162-170.
[2] Pinch S.Social polarization:A comparison of evidence from Britain and the United States[J].Environment & Planning A,1993,25 (6):779-795.
[3] Friedmann J.China’s Urban Transition[M],University of Minnesota Press,2005.
[4] Chubarov I.& Brooker D.Multiple pathways to global city formation:A functional approach and review of recent evidence in China[J].Cities,2013,35(4):181-189.
[5] Shi Q.,Liu T.,Musterd S.,Cao G.How social structure changes in Chinese global cities:Synthesizing globalization,migration and institutional factors in Beijing[J].Cities,2017,60:156-165.
[6] 李志刚,吴缚龙,高向东.“全球城市”极化与上海社会空间分异研究[J].地理科学,2007,27(3):304-311.
[7] 何波.北京市韩国人聚居区的特征及整合——以望京“韩国村”为例[J].城市问题,2008(10)59-64.
[8] 李志刚,薛德升,杜枫,等.全球化下“跨国移民社会空间”的地方响应——以广州小北黑人区为例[J].地理研究,2009,28(4):920-932.
[9] 周雯婷,刘云刚,全志英.全球化背景下在华韩国人族裔聚居区的形成与发展演变——以北京望京为例[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):649-665.
[10] Waters M.Globalization:Key Ideas[M],London:Routledge,1995:1-3.
[11] (英)戴维·赫尔德.全球大变革:全球化时代的政治、经济与文化[M].杨雪冬,等,译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:392.
[12] Castles S.Understanding global migration:A social transformation perspective[J].Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2010,36(10):1565-1586.
[13] Piore,M.J.Birds of Passage:Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1979.
[14] Sassen S.The Global City:New York,London,tokyo[M],Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991.
[15] Sassen S.The Global City:New York,London,tokyo[M],Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991:255.
[16] Sassen S.Global Networks,Linked Cities[M].London and New York:Routledge,2002.
[17] Hamnett C.Social polarization in Global Cities:Theory and Evidence[J].Urban Studies,1994,31 (3):401-424.
[18] White J.W.Old Wine,Cracked Bottle?:Tokyo,Paris,and the Global City Hypothesis[J].Urban Affairs Review,1998,33 (4):451-477.
[19] (英)莱斯利·斯克莱尔.全球化社会学的基础[J].社会学研究,1994(2):5-17.
[20] Robinson W.I.& Harris J.Towards a Global Ruling Class?Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class[J].Science & Society,2000,64 (1):11-54.
[21] Gordon,P.﹠ Richardson,H.W.Review essay:Los Angeles,City of Angel?No,City of Angles[J],Urban Studies,1999,36(3):575-591.
[22] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[23] Portes A.Migration and Social Change:Some Conceptual Reflections[J].Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2010,36 (10):1537-1563.
[24] Castles S.Migration and Community Formation under Conditions of Globalization[J].International Migration Review,2002,36(4):1143-1168.
[25] 狄金华,周敏.族裔聚居区的经济与社会——对聚居区族裔经济理论的检视与反思[J].社会学研究,2016(4):193-217.
[26] Wu F.L.The Global and Local Dimensions of Place-making:Remaking Shanghai as a World City[J].Urban Studies,2000,37 (8):1359-1377;
[27] Brenner N.New State Spaces:Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood[M],New York:Oxford University Press,2004.
[28] (英)戴维·赫尔德.全球大变革:全球化时代的政治、经济与文化[M].杨雪冬,等,译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:395.
[29] Sassen,S.,& Roost,F.The city:Strategic site for the global entertainment industry.In D.R.Judd & S.S.Fainstein (Eds.),Tourist city[C].New Haven:Yale University Press,1999:162.
[30] Zhou M.Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship:Convergencies,Controversies,and Conceptual Advancements[J].International Migration Review,2004,38 (3):1040-1074.
[31] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[32] Useem M.The Inner Group of the American Capitalist Class[J].Social Problems,1978,25(3):225-240.
[33] (日)佐々木衛.中国朝鮮族に見られる移動と階層分化、エスニシティ,亚洲社会研究会编.階層·移動と社会·文化[C],东京:文化书房博文社,2005年.
[34] Martell L.The Sociology of Globalization[M],Cambridge:Polity Press,2010.
[35] 何波.北京市韩国人聚居区的特征及整合——以望京“韩国村”为例[J].城市问题,2008(10):59-64.
[36] 姜磊、陈勇.朝鲜移民与韩国迁移者比较分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版),2010,12(1):77-83.
[37] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[38] 狄金华,周敏.族裔聚居区的经济与社会——对聚居区族裔经济理论的检视与反思[J].社会学研究,2016(4):193-217.
[39] 佐々木衛(日).東アジアのグローバル化-エスニシティとナショナリズムの交錯[J].社会学評論,2005,56(2):347-362.
[40] Wilson K.L.,& Portes A.Immigrant Enclaves:An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami[J].American Journal of Sociology,1980,86 (2):295-319.
[41] Portes A.& Bach R.Latin Journey:Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1985.
[42] Snyder D.,& Kick E.L.Structural Position in the World System and Economic Growth,1955-1970:A Multiple-Network Analysis of Transnational Interactions[J].American Journal of Sociology,1979,84 (5):1096-1126.
[43] Breedlove W.L.& Nolan P.D.International Stratification and Inequality 1960-1980[J].International Journal of Contemporary Sociology,1988,25:105-123.
[44] Yoon I.J.The Changing Significance of Ethnic and Class Resources in Immigrant Businesses:The Case of Korean Immigrant Businesses in Chicago[J].International Migration Review,1991,25 (2):303-331.
[45] Piore,M.J.Birds of Passage:Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1979.
[46] Logan J.R.The New Chinese City:Globalization and Market Reform[M],Oxford and Malden,Mass.:Blackwell Publishers,2002:9.
[47] Brackette F.Williams.A C1ass Act:Anthropology and the Race to Nation Across Ethnic Terrain[J].Annual Review 0f Anthropology:1989,18:401-444.
[48] 周雯婷,刘云刚,全志英.全球化背景下在华韩国人族裔聚居区的形成与发展演变——以北京望京为例[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):649-665.
[49] 爱德华·索亚(美).区域城市化与城市——区域的治理危机.任远、陈向明、Dieter Lapple.全球城市:区域的时代[C].上海:复旦大学出版社,2009年.
[50] Timberlake M.,Wei Y.D.,Ma X.,Hao J.Global Cities with Chinese characteristics[J].Cites,2014,41:162-170.