云南省农牧生产系统氮素流动时空变化特征与环境效应
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摘要
【目的】研究云南省农牧生产系统的氮素流动途径并评价其环境效应,提高农牧业氮素利用率,改善农业生态环境,为制定符合云南省农业发展规律的政策提供科学依据,实现社会经济生态的可持续发展。【方法】通过运用食物链养分流动模型(nutrient flows in food chains,environment and resources use,NUFER),从时间序列的角度分析1995—2014年云南省农牧业氮素养分流动时间分异特征,结合GIS,从空间格局角度分析2014年云南省16个地州农牧业氮素养分流动空间分布特征。【结果】1995—2014年云南省农牧系统氮素投入量逐年递增,从1995年的2.1×106 t增至2014年的3.5×10~6 t。氮肥的施用和饲料进口是造成农牧系统氮素投入量增加的主要原因。农田主产品吸氮量与动物生产系统主产品吸氮量在时间上呈现同向增长的关系,农产品吸氮量1995—2014年间上涨2.1倍,动物生产系统主产品吸氮量上涨8.5倍,其中2000年、2006年变化最为剧烈。云南农牧业快速发展的过程中,由于作物播种面积扩大、栽植技术提高,畜牧业养殖规模扩大,模式改良所引起的氮素吸收效率提高。云南省农牧生产系统氮素流动表现出极大的不平衡性;氮素投入呈现放射式分布特征,中心投入量高,四周投入量逐渐递减。吸氮量则表现出与区域社会经济发展状况相协同的特点,经济发达地区吸氮量较高,经济发展滞后的区域,吸氮量较低。由于地形条件引起的径流、侵蚀、淋洗,以及由于施肥方式不合理所引起的氨挥发是导致农牧生产系统中氮素损失的重要原因。根据云南省氮素投入、吸收和损失规律,可将各地州划分为高投入高排放(大理、昆明、红河)、高投入低排放(曲靖、丽江、楚雄等)、低投入高排放(迪庆、昭通等)和低投入低排放(怒江、普洱)4大类型。【结论】云南省传统施肥方式导致施肥过量,大量肥料通过氨挥发的方式排入大气中,动物养殖过程中产生的粪尿中氮素通过径流、淋溶进入水体,造成农业生产过程中经济效益的降低、环境污染。从空间格局上看,大理、昆明、红河的氮素损失较高。今后亟需改进化肥施用方式,提高化肥利用率,改进畜牧业养殖模式,提高粪尿有机还田的数量。针对主要区域重点治理,采用因地制宜的农牧体系氮素优化管理技术、增加粪尿养分循环和提高氮养分效率,减少氮素向大气和水体中的排放数量,从而实现农牧体系氮素的合理循环。
【Objective】The objective of this paper is to study the nitrogen(N) nutrient flow of crop-livestock system(CLS) and evaluate its related environmental effects in Yunnan Province, increase the utilization efficiency of N, improve the agricultural eco-environment, and to provide a scientific basis for making the policies obeying the agricultural development law in Yunnan Province. It is also of strategic importance to realize the sustainable development of social eco-economics.【Method】The temporal differentiation characteristics of N flow of CLS in terms of time series were analyzed based on the NUFER model(nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources use). The spatial distribution of N flow of CLS in 16 prefectures of Yunnan Province in 2014 were analyzed based on GIS from the perspective of spatial pattern.【Result】N inputs of CLS in Yunnan Province increased year by year from 1995(2.1×10~6 tons) to 2014(3.5×10~6 tons). The applications of N fertilizer and the imports of feed primarily caused the increasing of N inputs to CLS. The N uptake amount of main products of farmland and that of animal production systems showed the same increasing trends along time, and the multiples of which were 2.1 and 8.5 times from 1995 to 2014, respectively. The N uptake amount increased a lot in 2000 and 2006, because of the expansion of the crop growing area and livestock breeding scale, and the improvement of the planting techniques and also the mode in the development of agricultural and animal husbandry of Yunnan. N flow of CLS in Yunnan Province exhibited great imbalance, and the input of N presented a distribution characteristic showing high inputs in the center and the gradual decreasing trends towards the surrounding area. N uptake amount coordinated with the status of the regional social economic development. The more the developed region economy, the higher the N uptake amount. The significant reasons of N losses in CLS were the ammonia volatilization which attributed to the runoff, erosion and leaching caused by terrain condition and some unreasonable fertilization patterns. According to the characteristics of input, uptake and loss of N in Yunnan Province, four types of N flow were divided as follows: high input with high discharge(Dali, Kunming and Honghe), high input with low discharge(Qujing, Lijiang, and Chuxiong, etc.), low input with high discharge(Diqing and Zhaotong, etc.) and low input with low discharge(Nujiang and Puer).【Conclusion】 Due to the traditional fertilization approaches which led to the excessive fertilization and the consequent great amount of N entering into the atmosphere through ammonia emission, and also due to the runoff and leaching effect of N from the urines and feces of livestock, the economic benefit of agricultural production was reduced and the environment was also contaminated. The N losses were higher in Dali, Kunming and Honghe based on the spatial distribution characteristics. Therefore, there are several aspects which should be amended like improving the pattern of fertilization, upgrading the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, improving the livestock breeding mode and also increasing the amount of urines and feces returning to the fields. Different CLS N optimized management techniques should be adopted according to the characterizes of different areas, and other approaches such as increasing manure nutrient cycling, improving the efficiency of N nutrient, decreasing fertilizers and exogenous feed requirements and reducing the discharge quantity into air and water should also be conducted in order to realize the reasonable cycling of nitrogen in the CLS.
【Objective】The objective of this paper is to study the nitrogen(N) nutrient flow of crop-livestock system(CLS) and evaluate its related environmental effects in Yunnan Province, increase the utilization efficiency of N, improve the agricultural eco-environment, and to provide a scientific basis for making the policies obeying the agricultural development law in Yunnan Province. It is also of strategic importance to realize the sustainable development of social eco-economics.【Method】The temporal differentiation characteristics of N flow of CLS in terms of time series were analyzed based on the NUFER model(nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources use). The spatial distribution of N flow of CLS in 16 prefectures of Yunnan Province in 2014 were analyzed based on GIS from the perspective of spatial pattern.【Result】N inputs of CLS in Yunnan Province increased year by year from 1995(2.1×10~6 tons) to 2014(3.5×10~6 tons). The applications of N fertilizer and the imports of feed primarily caused the increasing of N inputs to CLS. The N uptake amount of main products of farmland and that of animal production systems showed the same increasing trends along time, and the multiples of which were 2.1 and 8.5 times from 1995 to 2014, respectively. The N uptake amount increased a lot in 2000 and 2006, because of the expansion of the crop growing area and livestock breeding scale, and the improvement of the planting techniques and also the mode in the development of agricultural and animal husbandry of Yunnan. N flow of CLS in Yunnan Province exhibited great imbalance, and the input of N presented a distribution characteristic showing high inputs in the center and the gradual decreasing trends towards the surrounding area. N uptake amount coordinated with the status of the regional social economic development. The more the developed region economy, the higher the N uptake amount. The significant reasons of N losses in CLS were the ammonia volatilization which attributed to the runoff, erosion and leaching caused by terrain condition and some unreasonable fertilization patterns. According to the characteristics of input, uptake and loss of N in Yunnan Province, four types of N flow were divided as follows: high input with high discharge(Dali, Kunming and Honghe), high input with low discharge(Qujing, Lijiang, and Chuxiong, etc.), low input with high discharge(Diqing and Zhaotong, etc.) and low input with low discharge(Nujiang and Puer).【Conclusion】 Due to the traditional fertilization approaches which led to the excessive fertilization and the consequent great amount of N entering into the atmosphere through ammonia emission, and also due to the runoff and leaching effect of N from the urines and feces of livestock, the economic benefit of agricultural production was reduced and the environment was also contaminated. The N losses were higher in Dali, Kunming and Honghe based on the spatial distribution characteristics. Therefore, there are several aspects which should be amended like improving the pattern of fertilization, upgrading the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, improving the livestock breeding mode and also increasing the amount of urines and feces returning to the fields. Different CLS N optimized management techniques should be adopted according to the characterizes of different areas, and other approaches such as increasing manure nutrient cycling, improving the efficiency of N nutrient, decreasing fertilizers and exogenous feed requirements and reducing the discharge quantity into air and water should also be conducted in order to realize the reasonable cycling of nitrogen in the CLS.
引文
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