都市圈“土壤-饲料-动物”系统养分流动与环境效应——以北京市为例
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摘要
【目的】随着中国城市化进程的加快和经济的快速发展,人们对食品的需求和饮食结构发生了明显变化。城郊农牧生产的集约化发展在满足人们日益增长的对动物性产品和高品质植物性产品需求的同时,也带来了严重的资源浪费和环境污染问题。论文通过分析都市圈"土壤-饲料-动物"体系养分流动和环境排放特征,为养分资源综合管理、促进农牧结合和保护生态环境等提供科学建议。【方法】通过对北京市生猪(92个)、奶牛(28个)、肉牛(11个)、蛋鸡(27个)、肉鸡(26个)和肉鸭(16)共计200个农场的生产管理、饲料来源和投入、粪尿管理、还田利用的调研,总结出北京市农牧生产不同规模体系的特征参数,结合食物链养分流动模型(nutrient flows in food chains,environment and resources,NUFER)、北京市历史统计数据和文献参数数据对北京市都市圈农牧系统的氮磷流动、养分利用率和环境损失进行综合评价。对1980年与2013年农牧生产体系养分流动特征、利用率和环境排放特征的时空变化进行比较分析。【结果】从"土壤-饲料-动物"体系氮磷流动特征分析结果可以看出,体系中氮磷的投入和输出结构发生了较大变化。2013年,"土壤-饲料-动物"体系中进口主产物饲料氮磷投入是主要的养分来源,而1980年进口副产品饲料是主要的氮磷投入源。2013年氮磷损失为主要的输出项,而1980年氮磷还田为主要的输出项。这就说明随着城市化的发展和农牧系统的规模化,越来越多的外来养分在都市农牧系统中集中,从而带来了更大比例的环境损失输出。2013年,农牧生产体系氮素利用率NUEC+A为29.0%,与1980年相似。其中2013年农牧生产体系中的作物生产体系氮素养分利用率NUEC为33.0%,低于1980年的39.5%,而2013年动物生产体系NUEA为20.6%,高于1980年的17.8%。环境损失特征分析结果显示,单位面积氮磷损失和损失途径均发生了较大变化。2013年,每公顷耕地面积氮素和磷素总损失分别为436.5和37.5 kg·hm~(-2),而1980年的氮素和磷素损失分别为77.5和3.2 kg·hm~(-2),2013年单位耕地面积的氮素和磷素损失量较1980年分别增加了4.6倍和10.7倍。2013年氮素气体损失占氮素总损失的比例最大,为61.1%,其次为直接排放,为31.3%,淋溶径流损失比例最小,为7.6%。与1980年相比,气体损失比例明显降低,而无序排放比例明显增加,超过淋溶径流成为第二大损失途径。2013年磷素直接排放损失比例超过淋溶径流成为最主要的排放途径。同时,北京市"土壤-饲料-动物"体系环境氮磷损失在城郊区域迅速增加,而在城市中心区域迅速减少。【结论】1980—2013年间,北京市"土壤-饲料-动物"系统氮磷流动特征和环境排放时空分布发生了很大变化。这些变化与种养结构的变化、养殖规模和方式以及环保政策密切相关。
【Objective】With the accelerated process of urbanization and the rapid development of economy, people's demand for food and diet has changed greatly, especially the demand for livestock products increased significantly. The intensive development of crop-livestock production in the suburbs meets the increasing demand for animal products and high-quality plant products, but it also brings serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to analyze the nutrient flow and environmental emission characteristics of peri-urban area and provide scientific suggestions for the integrated management of nutrient resources, promoting the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and protecting the ecological environment.【Method】 In this study, the survey data about the farm management, feed sources and inputs, manure management and land use of a total of 200 farms in Beijing(92 pig farms, 28 dairy farms, 11 beef cattle farms, 27 layer farms, 26 broiler farms and 16 duck farms) were used to summarize the characteristics of different scales of farming system Beijing. The performance of nitrogen and phosphorus flow characteristic, use efficiency and environmental loss of "soil-feed-livestock" production system in Beijing from 1980 to 2013 was assessed, using data of farm survey, historical statistics data and literature and nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources model(NUFER) and calculations with the NUFER model. The spatial and temporal variations of nutrient flow characteristics, use efficiency and environmental emission characteristics of farming and animal system in 1980 and 2013 were compared. 【Result】 The result of characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus flow showed that the ratio of the input and output of nitrogen and phosphorus in the system had a great change. The main nutrient input was main feed import from other place in 2013, while the main inputs for nitrogen and phosphorus were from by-products feed import in 1980. The nitrogen and phosphorus loss was the main output in 2013, while the manure land use was the main output in 1980. The reason for the change is that with the development of urbanization and intensive farming system, more and more nutrients are concentrated in the urban area, resulting in a greater proportion of environmental loss. Nitrogen use efficiency of "soil-feed crop-livestock" production system in 2013 was 29.0% which was similar with 1980. Among them, NUEC of crop system in 2013 was 33.0%, lower than that in 1980(39.5%), while NUEA of animal system in 2013 was 20.6%, higher than that of 1980(17.8%). Nitrogen and phosphorus loss of per hectare and the ways of loss have great changes. In 2013, loss of nitrogen and phosphorus per hectare of arable land was 436.5 and 37.5 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, while the nitrogen and phosphorus loss in 1980 was 77.5 and 3.2 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. In 2013, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in cultivated land increased 4.6 and 10.7 times as compares with 1980, respectively. In 2013, nitrogen loss from gas emission accounted for 61.1% of the total nitrogen loss, followed by direct discharge(31.3%) and leaching and runoff(7.6%). Compared with 1980, the proportion of gas loss decreased significantly, while the proportion of discharge losses increased significantly which exceeding leaching runoff became the second largest loss. In 2013, the ratio of direct phosphorus emissions exceeded that of leaching runoff to become the largest proportion of emission. Meanwhile, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in "soil-feed-animal" system in Beijing increased rapidly in the suburbs and decreased rapidly in the urban center. 【Conclusion】During 1980-2013, the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus flow in "soil-feed-animal" system changed greatly. These changes are closely related to the changes in planting and breeding structure, the scale of animal farming, and environmental protection policies.
【Objective】With the accelerated process of urbanization and the rapid development of economy, people's demand for food and diet has changed greatly, especially the demand for livestock products increased significantly. The intensive development of crop-livestock production in the suburbs meets the increasing demand for animal products and high-quality plant products, but it also brings serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to analyze the nutrient flow and environmental emission characteristics of peri-urban area and provide scientific suggestions for the integrated management of nutrient resources, promoting the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and protecting the ecological environment.【Method】 In this study, the survey data about the farm management, feed sources and inputs, manure management and land use of a total of 200 farms in Beijing(92 pig farms, 28 dairy farms, 11 beef cattle farms, 27 layer farms, 26 broiler farms and 16 duck farms) were used to summarize the characteristics of different scales of farming system Beijing. The performance of nitrogen and phosphorus flow characteristic, use efficiency and environmental loss of "soil-feed-livestock" production system in Beijing from 1980 to 2013 was assessed, using data of farm survey, historical statistics data and literature and nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources model(NUFER) and calculations with the NUFER model. The spatial and temporal variations of nutrient flow characteristics, use efficiency and environmental emission characteristics of farming and animal system in 1980 and 2013 were compared. 【Result】 The result of characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus flow showed that the ratio of the input and output of nitrogen and phosphorus in the system had a great change. The main nutrient input was main feed import from other place in 2013, while the main inputs for nitrogen and phosphorus were from by-products feed import in 1980. The nitrogen and phosphorus loss was the main output in 2013, while the manure land use was the main output in 1980. The reason for the change is that with the development of urbanization and intensive farming system, more and more nutrients are concentrated in the urban area, resulting in a greater proportion of environmental loss. Nitrogen use efficiency of "soil-feed crop-livestock" production system in 2013 was 29.0% which was similar with 1980. Among them, NUEC of crop system in 2013 was 33.0%, lower than that in 1980(39.5%), while NUEA of animal system in 2013 was 20.6%, higher than that of 1980(17.8%). Nitrogen and phosphorus loss of per hectare and the ways of loss have great changes. In 2013, loss of nitrogen and phosphorus per hectare of arable land was 436.5 and 37.5 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, while the nitrogen and phosphorus loss in 1980 was 77.5 and 3.2 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. In 2013, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in cultivated land increased 4.6 and 10.7 times as compares with 1980, respectively. In 2013, nitrogen loss from gas emission accounted for 61.1% of the total nitrogen loss, followed by direct discharge(31.3%) and leaching and runoff(7.6%). Compared with 1980, the proportion of gas loss decreased significantly, while the proportion of discharge losses increased significantly which exceeding leaching runoff became the second largest loss. In 2013, the ratio of direct phosphorus emissions exceeded that of leaching runoff to become the largest proportion of emission. Meanwhile, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in "soil-feed-animal" system in Beijing increased rapidly in the suburbs and decreased rapidly in the urban center. 【Conclusion】During 1980-2013, the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus flow in "soil-feed-animal" system changed greatly. These changes are closely related to the changes in planting and breeding structure, the scale of animal farming, and environmental protection policies.
引文
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