构造稳定时期河控三角洲三元控砂模式
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摘要
三角洲砂体是含油气盆地勘探的最主要储集体类型之一,湖相三角洲类型基本均为河控型三角洲。明确河控三角洲砂体发育机制、迁移规律、分布特征、组合结构等规律不仅具有科学意义,而且对于油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。影响河控三角洲砂体的因素较多,宏观上构造活动控制了盆地的类型、形成、演化、沉积底型形态、坡度及物源等。在构造相对稳定时期,河控三角洲砂体主要受3种因素控制:物源供屑能力(简称物源),沉积底型坡度(简称坡度)和湖岸线位置(简称岸线)。物源供屑能力控制了砂体规模,体现在粒度、砂体厚度及范围;底型坡度控制了砂体宽厚比,表现在砂体前积层角度大小及三角洲形状;湖岸线河口处是沉积物主要卸载区,其位置及迁移幅度控制了砂体位置及连续性。3种因素不同的变化组合形成了不同特征的三角洲砂体分布模式。
Delta sand body was one of the most important reservoir types for oil and gas exploration,and the lacustrine delta type was basically a river-dominated delta. To figure out the development mechanism,migration law,distribution characteristics and combination structure of sand body in river-dominated delta not only has scientific significance,but also has implications for oil and gas exploration. There are many factors affecting the river-dominated delta sand bodies. Tectonic activities control the type,formation and evolution of the basin,as well as the form of the sedimentary bottom type,the slope and the sediment source in a macroscale. In the relatively tectonic stable period,the sand body of a river-dominated delta was mainly controlled by three factors: The supply rate of the source (the source),the sedimentary bottom slope (slope) and the position of the lakeshore line (shoreline). The scale of the sand body was controlled by the supply capacity of the source,which was reflected in grain size,sand body thickness and distribution range; the sedimentary bottom slope controls the ratio of width to length,and was demonstrated by the angle of the front layer and the delta shape; The estuaries of the lakeshore were the main unloading areas of the sediments,and therefore,the position and the migration amplitude of the shoreline control the unloading position and continuity of the sand body. Different combinations of three factors lead to the different types and distribution pattern of delta sand bodies.
Delta sand body was one of the most important reservoir types for oil and gas exploration,and the lacustrine delta type was basically a river-dominated delta. To figure out the development mechanism,migration law,distribution characteristics and combination structure of sand body in river-dominated delta not only has scientific significance,but also has implications for oil and gas exploration. There are many factors affecting the river-dominated delta sand bodies. Tectonic activities control the type,formation and evolution of the basin,as well as the form of the sedimentary bottom type,the slope and the sediment source in a macroscale. In the relatively tectonic stable period,the sand body of a river-dominated delta was mainly controlled by three factors: The supply rate of the source (the source),the sedimentary bottom slope (slope) and the position of the lakeshore line (shoreline). The scale of the sand body was controlled by the supply capacity of the source,which was reflected in grain size,sand body thickness and distribution range; the sedimentary bottom slope controls the ratio of width to length,and was demonstrated by the angle of the front layer and the delta shape; The estuaries of the lakeshore were the main unloading areas of the sediments,and therefore,the position and the migration amplitude of the shoreline control the unloading position and continuity of the sand body. Different combinations of three factors lead to the different types and distribution pattern of delta sand bodies.
引文
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张兴阳,罗平,顾家裕,罗忠,刘柳红,陈飞,张玄杰.2006.三级基准面旋回内三角洲砂体骨架模型的建立:以陕北安塞三角洲露头为例.沉积学报,24(4):540-547.[Zhang X Y,Luo P,Gu J Y,Luo Z,Liu L H,Chen F,Zhang X J.2006.Establishment of the delta sandbody frame work model in a 3rd order baselevel cycle:Taking Shanbei Ansai delta outcrop as example.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(4):540-547]
赵贤正,金凤鸣,刘震,张以明,王权,韩春元.2007.二连盆地地层岩性油藏“多元控砂-四元成藏:主元富集”与勘探实践(Ⅰ):“多元控砂”机理.岩性油气藏,19(2):9-15.[Zhao X Z,Jin FM,Liu Z,Zhang Y M,Wang Q,Han C Y.2007.“Multi-factor controlling,four-factor entrapping and key-factor enrichment”of stratigraphic-lithologic reservoir sand exploration practice in Erlian Basin(Ⅰ):“Multi-factor controlling”mechanism.Lithologic Reservoirs,19(2):9-15]
Galloway W E.1975.Process Framework for Describing the Morphologic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Deltaic Depositional Systems.In:Broussard MⅠ(ed).Deltas,Models for Exploration.Houston,TX:Houston Geology Society,87-98.
冯有良,李思田.2001.东营凹陷沙河街组三段层序低位域砂体沉积特征.地质论评,47(3):278-286.[Feng Y L,Li S T.2001.Depositional characteristics of lowstand sand bodies of the Third Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Depression and the significance in petroleum geology.Geological Review,47(3):278-286]
何治亮.1986.湖盆三角洲分类的初步探讨.石油与天然气地质,7(4):395-403.[He Z L.1986.Preliminary approach of the classification of lake basin delta.Oil&Gas Geology,7(4):395-403]
李士祥,楚美娟,黄锦绣,郭正权.2013.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长8油层组砂体结构特征及成因机理.石油学报,34(3):435-444.[Li S X,Chu M J,Huang J X,Guo Z Q.2013.Characteristics and genetic mechanism of sandbody architecture in chang-8 oil layer of Yangchang Formation,Ordos Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,34(3):435-444]
李树同,王琪,仲佳爱,邱军利,刘志伟,乔华伟,廖朋.2013.鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长81浅水三角洲砂体成因.天然气地球科学,24(6):1102-1108.[Li S T,Wang Q,Zhong J A,Qiu J L,Liu ZW,Qiao H W,Liao P.2013.The genesis of sandbody in the shallow delta from Chang 81of Jiyuan area in Ordos Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience,24(6):1102-1108]
李元昊,刘池洋,独育国,王秀娟,黄锦绣.2009.鄂尔多斯盆地西北部上三叠统延长组长8油层组浅水三角洲沉积特征及湖岸线控砂.古地理学报,11(3):265-274.[Li Y H,Liu C Y,Du Y G,Wang X J,Huang J X.2009.Sedimentary characteristics of shallow water delta and lake shoreline control on sandbodies of Chang 8 oilbearing interval of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in northwestern Ordos Basin.Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),11(3):265-274]
刘震,郝琦,赵贤正,张以明,杨德相.2007.二连盆地砂岩体形成和分布的多元控制特征分析.地质科学,42(2):319-334.[Liu Z,Hao Q,Zhao X Z,Zhang Y M,Yang D X.2007.Analysis on characteristics of multi-factor controlling sand-bodies formation and distribution in the Erlian basin.Chinese Journal of Geology,42(2):319-334]
王权,李晓红,赵璇,罗金洋,王芳,董雄英.2013.二连盆地断陷湖盆沉积砂体分布主要控制因素.油气地质与采收率,20(6):42-50.[Wang Q,Li X H,Zhao X,Luo J Y,Wang F,Dong X Y.2013.Main controlling factors of sedimentary sandbodies distribution in fault sag,Erlian Basin.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,20(6):42-45]
杨俊杰.2002.鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化与油气分布规律.北京:石油工业出版社.[Yang J J.2002.Tectonic Evolution and Oil and Gas Distribution in Ordos Basin.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press]
于兴河,李胜利,李顺利.2013.三角洲沉积的结构:成因分类与编图方法.沉积学报,31(5):782-797.[Yu X H,Li S L,Li S L.2013.Texture-genetic classifications and mapping methods for deltaic deposits.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,31(5):782-797]
于兴河,李顺利,谭程鹏,瞿建华,张驰,赵晨帆.2018.粗粒沉积及其储层表征的发展历程与热点问题探讨.古地理学报,20(5):713-736.[Yu X H,Li S L,Tan C P,Qu J H,Zhang C,Zhao C F.2018.Coarse-grained deposits and their reservoir characterizations:A look back to see forward and hot issues.Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),20(5):713-736]
张兴阳,罗平,顾家裕,罗忠,刘柳红,陈飞,张玄杰.2006.三级基准面旋回内三角洲砂体骨架模型的建立:以陕北安塞三角洲露头为例.沉积学报,24(4):540-547.[Zhang X Y,Luo P,Gu J Y,Luo Z,Liu L H,Chen F,Zhang X J.2006.Establishment of the delta sandbody frame work model in a 3rd order baselevel cycle:Taking Shanbei Ansai delta outcrop as example.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(4):540-547]
赵贤正,金凤鸣,刘震,张以明,王权,韩春元.2007.二连盆地地层岩性油藏“多元控砂-四元成藏:主元富集”与勘探实践(Ⅰ):“多元控砂”机理.岩性油气藏,19(2):9-15.[Zhao X Z,Jin FM,Liu Z,Zhang Y M,Wang Q,Han C Y.2007.“Multi-factor controlling,four-factor entrapping and key-factor enrichment”of stratigraphic-lithologic reservoir sand exploration practice in Erlian Basin(Ⅰ):“Multi-factor controlling”mechanism.Lithologic Reservoirs,19(2):9-15]
Galloway W E.1975.Process Framework for Describing the Morphologic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Deltaic Depositional Systems.In:Broussard MⅠ(ed).Deltas,Models for Exploration.Houston,TX:Houston Geology Society,87-98.