中国农村改革的基本脉络、经验与展望
|
摘要
自1978年以来,中国农村改革大体经历了家庭经济地位重新确立、资源配置从计划向市场过渡、新型城乡关系初步确立和发展、农村改革全面深化4个阶段,基本脉络是以家庭承包经营为基础,以保障农民权益和主体地位为核心,从单领域到全方位、从点到面、从试点到推广的渐进式市场化改革。这种渐进式改革符合中国的国情特点,激发了农民的积极性和农村的发展活力,为中国农村的持续快速发展奠定了坚实的制度基础。40年的发展历程表明,改革创新是引领农村发展的第一动力。中国农村改革的基本经验是:坚持市场化改革方向,通过市场化解决中国农业农村现代化的资源配置机制和市场主体激励问题;坚持"维护农民经济利益、保障农民政治权利"这个基本主线,确保农民是农村改革与发展的受益主体;坚持破除城乡之间、工农之间等各个维度上的二元结构,让农民分享国家发展成果;坚持基层创新与顶层设计相结合的农村改革"方法论",以把握改革的方向并取得实效。在新时代,要实现农业农村现代化和乡村全面振兴的目标,必须采取综合配套、整体推进的方式,进一步全面深化农村改革,充分调动农民和基层的积极性,全面激发农业农村发展的内生活力和动力。
Since its start in 1978, China's rural reform can be roughly divided into four periods, including a period of reestablishing the economic role of rural households, a period of switching resources allocation mechanism from planning to market, a period of establishing and developing the new urban-rural relationship at a preliminary stage, and a period of comprehensively deepening rural reform. The changes in the periods show a general outline of China's rural reform, which can be characterized as being based on household contract operation system, focusing on protecting farmers' rights and benefits and their principal roles in reform, gradual marketization from single field to comprehensive development, from partial to national reform, and from experimental development to widely promotion. This gradual reform conforms to the characteristics of China's national conditions and stimulates the enthusiasm of farmers' and the vitality of rural development, and lays a solid institutional foundation for the sustained and rapid development of China's rural areas. The forty-year development process demonstrates that reform and innovation are the first driving force leading rural development. The essential experiences of China's rural reform can be generalized as: i) insisting on the direction of market-oriented reform, resolving the resource allocation mechanism and the incentive problem of market agents for China's agricultural and rural modernization through market-oriented reform; ii) adhering to the basic main line of "protecting farmers' economic benefits and political rights",ensuring that farmers are the beneficiaries of rural reform and development; iii) persisting to breaking the dual relationship between rural and urban areas, and between the agricultural sector and the non-agricultural sector, so that farmers can share the benefits of national development; iv) adhering to the "methodology" of rural reform that combines grassroots' innovation with top-level design, so as to assuring the direction and effects of rural reform. In the new era, in order to fulfill the goal of agricultural and rural modernization and all-round rural revitalization, the country should adopt a comprehensive and integrated way to further deepen rural reform, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers and grassroots, and fully stimulate the endogenous vitality and power of agricultural and rural development.
Since its start in 1978, China's rural reform can be roughly divided into four periods, including a period of reestablishing the economic role of rural households, a period of switching resources allocation mechanism from planning to market, a period of establishing and developing the new urban-rural relationship at a preliminary stage, and a period of comprehensively deepening rural reform. The changes in the periods show a general outline of China's rural reform, which can be characterized as being based on household contract operation system, focusing on protecting farmers' rights and benefits and their principal roles in reform, gradual marketization from single field to comprehensive development, from partial to national reform, and from experimental development to widely promotion. This gradual reform conforms to the characteristics of China's national conditions and stimulates the enthusiasm of farmers' and the vitality of rural development, and lays a solid institutional foundation for the sustained and rapid development of China's rural areas. The forty-year development process demonstrates that reform and innovation are the first driving force leading rural development. The essential experiences of China's rural reform can be generalized as: i) insisting on the direction of market-oriented reform, resolving the resource allocation mechanism and the incentive problem of market agents for China's agricultural and rural modernization through market-oriented reform; ii) adhering to the basic main line of "protecting farmers' economic benefits and political rights",ensuring that farmers are the beneficiaries of rural reform and development; iii) persisting to breaking the dual relationship between rural and urban areas, and between the agricultural sector and the non-agricultural sector, so that farmers can share the benefits of national development; iv) adhering to the "methodology" of rural reform that combines grassroots' innovation with top-level design, so as to assuring the direction and effects of rural reform. In the new era, in order to fulfill the goal of agricultural and rural modernization and all-round rural revitalization, the country should adopt a comprehensive and integrated way to further deepen rural reform, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers and grassroots, and fully stimulate the endogenous vitality and power of agricultural and rural development.
引文
1.蔡昉,2009:《中国“三农”政策的60年经验与教训》,《广东社会科学》第6期。
2.陈锡文、赵阳、罗丹,2008:《中国农村改革30年回顾与展望》,北京:人民出版社。
3.道格拉斯·诺斯,1992:《经济史上的结构和变革》,北京:商务印书馆。
4.邓小平,2008:《邓小平文选》第三卷,北京:人民出版社。
5.高培勇,2018:《中国财税改革40年:基本轨迹、基本经验和基本规律》,《经济研究》第3期。
6.关锐捷,1998:《中国农村改革二十年》,石家庄:河北科学技术出版社。
7.李培林、魏后凯,2016:《中国扶贫开发报告(2016)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
8.魏后凯,2017:《中国农业发展的结构性矛盾及其政策转型》,《中国农村经济》第5期。
9.魏后凯,2018a:《2020年后中国减贫的新战略》,《中州学刊》第9期。
10.魏后凯,2018b:《实施化肥、农药使用减量行动计划》,《中国合作经济》第3期。
11.魏后凯、闫坤,2018:《中国农村发展报告(2018)--新时代乡村全面振兴之路》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
12.张晓山、苑鹏,2003:《中国乡镇企业产权改革备忘录》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
13.周其仁,2008:《改革的逻辑》,北京:中信出版社。
(1)诺斯将从狩猎、采集转到定居农业称为“第一次经济革命”,就是因为两种经济形态下人类行为的主要激励因产权制度不同发生了转变(道格拉斯·诺斯,1992)。从集体经营向家庭经营的转变也重构了中国农业生产的激励机制,对中国农业发展来说也是一次革命。
(1)关锐捷(1998)认为,农产品统购统销制度的本质特征是以商品买卖为名,对国民收入实行一次再分配。但是,笔者认为将统购统销界定为影响初次分配更为准确。
(1)1998年以后,粮食产量连续5年下降,尤其是2003年,粮食产量下降比例超过5%。
(1)参见邓小平(2008)。1990年3月,邓小平在谈到农业问题时指出:“中国社会主义农业的改革和发展,从长远的观点看,要有两个飞跃。第一个飞跃,是废除人民公社,实行家庭联产承包为主的责任制。这是一个很大的前进,要长期坚持不变。第二个飞跃,是适应科学种田和生产社会化的需要,发展适度规模经营,发展集体经济。这又是一个很大的前进,当然这是很长的过程。”
(2)本文使用的数据,除特别说明外,均来自国家统计局出版的各种统计资料和公开发布的数据。
(1)参见《2017年全国义务教育均衡发展督导评估工作报告》,http://www.moe.edu.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2018n/xwfb_20180227/sfcl/201802/t20180227_327990.html。
2.陈锡文、赵阳、罗丹,2008:《中国农村改革30年回顾与展望》,北京:人民出版社。
3.道格拉斯·诺斯,1992:《经济史上的结构和变革》,北京:商务印书馆。
4.邓小平,2008:《邓小平文选》第三卷,北京:人民出版社。
5.高培勇,2018:《中国财税改革40年:基本轨迹、基本经验和基本规律》,《经济研究》第3期。
6.关锐捷,1998:《中国农村改革二十年》,石家庄:河北科学技术出版社。
7.李培林、魏后凯,2016:《中国扶贫开发报告(2016)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
8.魏后凯,2017:《中国农业发展的结构性矛盾及其政策转型》,《中国农村经济》第5期。
9.魏后凯,2018a:《2020年后中国减贫的新战略》,《中州学刊》第9期。
10.魏后凯,2018b:《实施化肥、农药使用减量行动计划》,《中国合作经济》第3期。
11.魏后凯、闫坤,2018:《中国农村发展报告(2018)--新时代乡村全面振兴之路》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
12.张晓山、苑鹏,2003:《中国乡镇企业产权改革备忘录》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
13.周其仁,2008:《改革的逻辑》,北京:中信出版社。
(1)诺斯将从狩猎、采集转到定居农业称为“第一次经济革命”,就是因为两种经济形态下人类行为的主要激励因产权制度不同发生了转变(道格拉斯·诺斯,1992)。从集体经营向家庭经营的转变也重构了中国农业生产的激励机制,对中国农业发展来说也是一次革命。
(1)关锐捷(1998)认为,农产品统购统销制度的本质特征是以商品买卖为名,对国民收入实行一次再分配。但是,笔者认为将统购统销界定为影响初次分配更为准确。
(1)1998年以后,粮食产量连续5年下降,尤其是2003年,粮食产量下降比例超过5%。
(1)参见邓小平(2008)。1990年3月,邓小平在谈到农业问题时指出:“中国社会主义农业的改革和发展,从长远的观点看,要有两个飞跃。第一个飞跃,是废除人民公社,实行家庭联产承包为主的责任制。这是一个很大的前进,要长期坚持不变。第二个飞跃,是适应科学种田和生产社会化的需要,发展适度规模经营,发展集体经济。这又是一个很大的前进,当然这是很长的过程。”
(2)本文使用的数据,除特别说明外,均来自国家统计局出版的各种统计资料和公开发布的数据。
(1)参见《2017年全国义务教育均衡发展督导评估工作报告》,http://www.moe.edu.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2018n/xwfb_20180227/sfcl/201802/t20180227_327990.html。