中国科技创新能否有效支持科技创业——基于创业生态网络视角的省域考察
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摘要
本文从创业生态网络视域出发,构建了科技创新到科技创业传导的两阶段三系统模型,结合网络DEA方法对中国科技创新对科技创业的作用机理进行分省域的效率评价,以探寻科技创业的动力源泉。结果表明,科技研发和成果转化两个阶段效率差异显著,其中第二阶段的产业化效率偏低是影响总体效率的主要原因。由于技术研发和成果转化对接不畅,高科研产出的区域并未获得相当的创业绩效;而区域性分割则造成了彼此资源不足和冗余并存的现象。据此,针对科技创新与创业的具体实践提出了相应的对策建议。
From the ecological perspective,this article constructs a two-stage and three-system model to demonstrate the transmission between technology innovation and entrepreneurship and uses Network DEA to evaluate the efficiency of the model. The result shows that the differences between the two-stage efficiencies are distinctive and the model's efficiency is mainly effected by the second stage's. Regions that have high-tech outputs do not get considerable entrepreneurial performances as a result of the poor exchange between technology and industry; Regional segmentation leads to the phenomenon that resource redundancy and shortage co-exist. Above all,this paper puts forward some new countermeasures for the practice of technology innovation and entrepreneurship.
From the ecological perspective,this article constructs a two-stage and three-system model to demonstrate the transmission between technology innovation and entrepreneurship and uses Network DEA to evaluate the efficiency of the model. The result shows that the differences between the two-stage efficiencies are distinctive and the model's efficiency is mainly effected by the second stage's. Regions that have high-tech outputs do not get considerable entrepreneurial performances as a result of the poor exchange between technology and industry; Regional segmentation leads to the phenomenon that resource redundancy and shortage co-exist. Above all,this paper puts forward some new countermeasures for the practice of technology innovation and entrepreneurship.
引文
[1]郭铁成.创新驱动发展模式的关键支撑要素---学习习近平总书记关于创新发展的重要论述[J].人民论坛·学术前沿,2016(6):76-87.
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[3]项国鹏,宁鹏,罗兴武.创业生态网络系统研究述评及动态模型构建[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2016,37(2):79-87.
[4]杨勇,王志杰.区域科技创业生态网络系统运行机制及政策仿真研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014(12):99-108.
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[6]李时椿,刘冠.关于创业与创新的内涵、比较与集成融合研究[J].经济管理,2007(16):76-80.
[7]彭学兵,张钢.技术创业与技术创新研究[J].科技进步与对策,2010,27(3):15-19.
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[9]SOLOMON G T,LINTON J D.Standing at the crossroad of knowledge:technology,innovation,entrepreneurship and the small business management-policy perspectives[J].Technovation,2016,s 57-58:1-3.
[10]解学芳,刘芹良.创新2.0时代众创空间的生态模式---国内外比较及启示[J].科学学研究,2018(4).
[11]刘玮,李燕凌.科技创新成果转化与产业网络发展[J].科学管理研究,2014(1):15-18.
[12]吴金希.创新生态体系的内涵、特征及其政策含义[J].科学学研究,2014,32(1):44-51.
[13]GUO H,SU Z,AHLSTROM D.Business model innovation:the effects of exploratory orientation,opportunity recognition,and entrepreneurial bricolage in an emerging economy[J].Asia Pacific journal of management,2016,33(2):533-549.
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[15]孙金云,李涛.创业生态网络圈研究:基于共演理论和组织生态理论的视角[J].外国经济与管理,2016,38(12):32-45.
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[17]KICKUL J,FERNANDEZ A M,GRIFFITHS M D,et al.Innovation ecology as a precursor to entrepreneurial growth[J].Journal of small business and enterprise development,2009,16(3):375-390.
[18]VOGEL P.The employment outlook for youth:building entrepreneurship ecosystems as a way forward[M].New York:Social Science Electronic Publishing,2013.
[19]蔡莉,彭秀青,SATISH Nambisan,等.创业生态系统研究回顾与展望[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2016(1):5-16.
[20]张玉利,白峰.基于耗散理论的众创空间演进与优化研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2017,38(1):22-29.
[21]SPILLING O R.The entrepreneurial system:on entrepreneurship in the context of a mega-event[J].Journal of business research,1996,36(1):91-103.
[22]滕堂伟.创业生态系统研究的知识基础与前沿重点[J].管理世界,2017(9):184-185.
[23]HANNAN T,FREEMAN J.The population ecology of organizations[J].American journal of sociology,1977,82(5):929-964.
[24]MOORE J F.The death of competition:leadership&strategy in the age of business ecosystems[M].New York:Harper Business,1996.
[25]CLARYSSE B,WRIGHT M,BRUNEEL J,et al.Creating value in ecosystems:crossing the chasm between knowledge and business ecosystems[J].Research policy,2014,43(7):1164-1176.
[26]HACKETT S M,DILTS D M.A real options-driven theory of business incubation[J].The journal of technology transfer,2004,29(1):41-54.
[27]NECK H M,MEYER G D,CHEN B,et al.An entrepreneurial system view of new venture creation[J].Journal of small business management,2004,42(2):190-208.
[28]COHEN B.Sustainable valley entrepreneurial ecosystems[J].Business strategy and the environment,2006,15(1):1-14.
[29]BROWN R,MASON C.Inside the high-tech black box:a critique of technology entrepreneurship policy[J].Technovation,2014,34(12):773-784.
[30]KSHETRI N.Developing successful entrepreneurial ecosystems:lessons from a comparison of an asian tiger and a baltic tiger[J].Baltic journal of management,2014,9(3):330-356.
[31]STAM E.Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy:a sympathetic critique[J].European planning studies,2015,23(9).
[32]段琪,麦晴峰,汪波,等.基于扎根理论的高校科技创业生态网络系统研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2015,36(11):159-168.
[33]陈向东,刘志春.基于创新生态系统观点的我国科技园区发展观测[J].中国软科学,2014(11):151-161.
[34]AILEEN Huang-Saad,JONATHAN Fay,LAUREN Sheridan.Closing the divide:accelerating technology commercialization by catalyzing the university entrepreneurial ecosystem with I-CorpsTM[J].Journal of technology transfer,2016(12):1-21.
[35]李其玮,顾新,赵长轶.影响因素、知识优势与创新绩效---基于产业创新生态系统视角[J].中国科技论坛,2018(7).
[36]蔡义茹,蔡莉,杨亚倩,等.创业生态系统的特性及评价指标体系---以2006-2015年中关村发展为例[J].中国科技论坛,2018(6):133-142.
[37]AUDRETSCH D B,BELITSKI M.Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities:establishing the framework conditions[J].Journal of technology transfer,2016(4):1-22.
[38]ROURA J R C.Business incubation:innovative services in an entrepreneurship ecosystem[J].Service industries journal,2015,15(9 Supplement):920-927.
[39]AUDRETSCH D B,KURATKO D F,Link A N.Dynamic entrepreneurship and technology-based innovation[J].Journal of evolutionary economics,2016,26(3):603-620.
[40]FRE R,GROSSKOPF S.Decomposing technical efficiency with care[J].Management science,2000,46(1):167-168.
[41]CHEN Y,COOK W D,ZHU J.Deriving the DEA frontier for two-stage processes[J].European journal of operational research,2010,202(1):138-142.
[42]庞瑞芝,范玉,李扬.中国科技创新支撑经济发展了吗[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2014(10).37-52.
[43]JAHANSHAHLOO G R,KHODABAKHSHI M.Determining assurance interval for non-archimedean element in the improving outputs model in DEA[J].Applied mathematics&computation,2004,151(2):501-506.
[44]范硕,何彬.创新激励政策是否能提升高新区的创新效率[J].中国科技论坛,2018(7).
[45]钟卫,陈宝明.中国高校科技成果转化绩效评价研究[J].中国科技论坛,2018(4):41-49.
[46]KAO C,LIU S T.Stochastic data envelopment analysis in measuring the efficiency of taiwan commercial banks[J].European journal of operational research,2009,196(1):312-322.
[2]周元,梁洪力,王海燕.论中国创新悖论:“两张皮”与“76%”[J].科学管理研究,2015(3):1-4.
[3]项国鹏,宁鹏,罗兴武.创业生态网络系统研究述评及动态模型构建[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2016,37(2):79-87.
[4]杨勇,王志杰.区域科技创业生态网络系统运行机制及政策仿真研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014(12):99-108.
[5]XIONG Y,ZHOU Y,XIONG Z,et al.Special issue on innovation and entrepreneurship in China[J].International journal of technology management,2014,65(1-4):1-5.
[6]李时椿,刘冠.关于创业与创新的内涵、比较与集成融合研究[J].经济管理,2007(16):76-80.
[7]彭学兵,张钢.技术创业与技术创新研究[J].科技进步与对策,2010,27(3):15-19.
[8]MACIARIELLO J.Marketing and innovation in the drucker management system[J].Journal of the academy of marketing science,2009,37(1):35-43.
[9]SOLOMON G T,LINTON J D.Standing at the crossroad of knowledge:technology,innovation,entrepreneurship and the small business management-policy perspectives[J].Technovation,2016,s 57-58:1-3.
[10]解学芳,刘芹良.创新2.0时代众创空间的生态模式---国内外比较及启示[J].科学学研究,2018(4).
[11]刘玮,李燕凌.科技创新成果转化与产业网络发展[J].科学管理研究,2014(1):15-18.
[12]吴金希.创新生态体系的内涵、特征及其政策含义[J].科学学研究,2014,32(1):44-51.
[13]GUO H,SU Z,AHLSTROM D.Business model innovation:the effects of exploratory orientation,opportunity recognition,and entrepreneurial bricolage in an emerging economy[J].Asia Pacific journal of management,2016,33(2):533-549.
[14]JACK S,MOULT S,ANDERSON A R,et al.An entrepreneurial network evolving:patterns of change[J].International small business journal,2010,28(4):315-337.
[15]孙金云,李涛.创业生态网络圈研究:基于共演理论和组织生态理论的视角[J].外国经济与管理,2016,38(12):32-45.
[16]ISENBERG D J.How to start an entrepreneurial revolution[J].Harvard business review,2010,36:128-142.
[17]KICKUL J,FERNANDEZ A M,GRIFFITHS M D,et al.Innovation ecology as a precursor to entrepreneurial growth[J].Journal of small business and enterprise development,2009,16(3):375-390.
[18]VOGEL P.The employment outlook for youth:building entrepreneurship ecosystems as a way forward[M].New York:Social Science Electronic Publishing,2013.
[19]蔡莉,彭秀青,SATISH Nambisan,等.创业生态系统研究回顾与展望[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2016(1):5-16.
[20]张玉利,白峰.基于耗散理论的众创空间演进与优化研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2017,38(1):22-29.
[21]SPILLING O R.The entrepreneurial system:on entrepreneurship in the context of a mega-event[J].Journal of business research,1996,36(1):91-103.
[22]滕堂伟.创业生态系统研究的知识基础与前沿重点[J].管理世界,2017(9):184-185.
[23]HANNAN T,FREEMAN J.The population ecology of organizations[J].American journal of sociology,1977,82(5):929-964.
[24]MOORE J F.The death of competition:leadership&strategy in the age of business ecosystems[M].New York:Harper Business,1996.
[25]CLARYSSE B,WRIGHT M,BRUNEEL J,et al.Creating value in ecosystems:crossing the chasm between knowledge and business ecosystems[J].Research policy,2014,43(7):1164-1176.
[26]HACKETT S M,DILTS D M.A real options-driven theory of business incubation[J].The journal of technology transfer,2004,29(1):41-54.
[27]NECK H M,MEYER G D,CHEN B,et al.An entrepreneurial system view of new venture creation[J].Journal of small business management,2004,42(2):190-208.
[28]COHEN B.Sustainable valley entrepreneurial ecosystems[J].Business strategy and the environment,2006,15(1):1-14.
[29]BROWN R,MASON C.Inside the high-tech black box:a critique of technology entrepreneurship policy[J].Technovation,2014,34(12):773-784.
[30]KSHETRI N.Developing successful entrepreneurial ecosystems:lessons from a comparison of an asian tiger and a baltic tiger[J].Baltic journal of management,2014,9(3):330-356.
[31]STAM E.Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy:a sympathetic critique[J].European planning studies,2015,23(9).
[32]段琪,麦晴峰,汪波,等.基于扎根理论的高校科技创业生态网络系统研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2015,36(11):159-168.
[33]陈向东,刘志春.基于创新生态系统观点的我国科技园区发展观测[J].中国软科学,2014(11):151-161.
[34]AILEEN Huang-Saad,JONATHAN Fay,LAUREN Sheridan.Closing the divide:accelerating technology commercialization by catalyzing the university entrepreneurial ecosystem with I-CorpsTM[J].Journal of technology transfer,2016(12):1-21.
[35]李其玮,顾新,赵长轶.影响因素、知识优势与创新绩效---基于产业创新生态系统视角[J].中国科技论坛,2018(7).
[36]蔡义茹,蔡莉,杨亚倩,等.创业生态系统的特性及评价指标体系---以2006-2015年中关村发展为例[J].中国科技论坛,2018(6):133-142.
[37]AUDRETSCH D B,BELITSKI M.Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities:establishing the framework conditions[J].Journal of technology transfer,2016(4):1-22.
[38]ROURA J R C.Business incubation:innovative services in an entrepreneurship ecosystem[J].Service industries journal,2015,15(9 Supplement):920-927.
[39]AUDRETSCH D B,KURATKO D F,Link A N.Dynamic entrepreneurship and technology-based innovation[J].Journal of evolutionary economics,2016,26(3):603-620.
[40]FRE R,GROSSKOPF S.Decomposing technical efficiency with care[J].Management science,2000,46(1):167-168.
[41]CHEN Y,COOK W D,ZHU J.Deriving the DEA frontier for two-stage processes[J].European journal of operational research,2010,202(1):138-142.
[42]庞瑞芝,范玉,李扬.中国科技创新支撑经济发展了吗[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2014(10).37-52.
[43]JAHANSHAHLOO G R,KHODABAKHSHI M.Determining assurance interval for non-archimedean element in the improving outputs model in DEA[J].Applied mathematics&computation,2004,151(2):501-506.
[44]范硕,何彬.创新激励政策是否能提升高新区的创新效率[J].中国科技论坛,2018(7).
[45]钟卫,陈宝明.中国高校科技成果转化绩效评价研究[J].中国科技论坛,2018(4):41-49.
[46]KAO C,LIU S T.Stochastic data envelopment analysis in measuring the efficiency of taiwan commercial banks[J].European journal of operational research,2009,196(1):312-322.