突发灾害背景下组织韧性及其演化——东方汽轮机有限公司应对“5.12”汶川地震与恢复重建的案例研究
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摘要
以"5.12"汶川地震重灾区代表性国有企业——东方汽轮机有限公司为例,采用案例分析法,从能力、过程和结果三个维度研究了案例企业在地震中的灾害响应和恢复重建,分析了不同阶段组织韧性的作用机理。研究表明:中国管理情景下组织文化和社会网络在灾害应对中发挥了积极作用;案例企业的组织韧性具有内在"适应能力",呈现出"递进式"演化的特征。
This paper takes Dongfang Steam Turbine Factory as the case study which is a representative state-owned enterprise in the hardest hit areas of "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake.It uses the case analysis method to study the disaster response and restoration as well as the reconstruction of the case enterprises in "5.12" earthquake from three dimensions of capability,process and result,and analyzes the mechanism of organizational resilience at different stages.The result shows as follows:organizational culture and social network in China's management scenarios play an active role in disaster response process;the organizational resilience of the case state-owned enterprises has an inherent "adaptive ability",and is characterized by "gradual" evolution.
This paper takes Dongfang Steam Turbine Factory as the case study which is a representative state-owned enterprise in the hardest hit areas of "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake.It uses the case analysis method to study the disaster response and restoration as well as the reconstruction of the case enterprises in "5.12" earthquake from three dimensions of capability,process and result,and analyzes the mechanism of organizational resilience at different stages.The result shows as follows:organizational culture and social network in China's management scenarios play an active role in disaster response process;the organizational resilience of the case state-owned enterprises has an inherent "adaptive ability",and is characterized by "gradual" evolution.
引文
[1]白雪音,翟国方,何仲禹.组织韧性提升的国际经验与启示[J].灾害学,2017,32(3):183-190.
[2]KANTUR D,ISERI-SAY A.Organizational resilience:a conceptual integrative framework[J].Journal of Management&Organization,2012,18(6):762-773.
[3]罗东霞,田雅琳,时勘.组织抗逆力研究---微观和宏观视角之启示[J].经济研究导刊,2011(36):208-212.
[4]PATTERSON J.Coming Clean about Organizational Change:Leadership in the Real World[M].American Association of School Administrators,PO Box 411,Annapolis Junction,MD 20701-0411(Stock N.21-00750),1997.
[5]MALLAK L.Putting organizational resilience to work[J].Industrial Management,1998,40(6):8-13.
[6]VARGO J,SEVILLE E.Crisis strategic planning for SEMs:finding the silver lining[J].International Journal of Production Research,2011,49(18):5619-5635.
[7]IGNATIADIS I,NANDHAKUMAR J.The impact of enterprise systems on organizational resilience[J].Journal of Information Technology,2007,22(1):36-43.
[8]WITMER H,MELLINGER M S.Organizational resilience:nonprofit organizations'response to change[J].Work,2016,54(2):255-265.
[9]VAN BREDA A D.Resilient workplaces:an initial conceptualization[J].Families in Society:The Journal of Contemporary Social Services,2011,92(1):33-40.
[10]EROL O,SAUSER B J,MANSOURI M.A framework for investigation into extended enterprise resilience[J].Enterprise Information Systems,2010,4(2):111-136.
[11]STEPHEN C,KENNETH A,SCOTT B,et al.General resilience to cope with extreme events[J].Sustainability,2012,4(12),3248-3259.
[12]BHAMRA R,DANI S,BURNARD K.Resilience:the concept,a literature review and future directions[J].International Journal of Production Research,2011,49(18):5375-5393.
[13]CHEWNING L V,LAI C H,DOERFEL M L.Organizational resilience and using information and communication technologies to rebuild communication structures[J].Management Communication Quarterly,2013,27(2):237-263.
[14]MCDONALD N.Organizational Resilience and Industrial Risk[M].Florida:CRC Press,2017.
[15]王勇.组织韧性的构念、测量及其影响因素[J].首都经济贸易大学学报,2016,18(4):120-128.
[16]HAMEL G,VALIKANGAS L.The quest for resilience[J].Harvard Business Review,2003,81(9):52-63.
[17]HOLLING C S.Understanding the complexity of economic,ecological,and social systems[J].Ecosystems,2001,4(5):390-405.
[18]NORRIS F H,STEVENS S P,PFEFFERBAUM B,et al.Community resilience as a metaphor,theory,set of capacities,and strategy for disaster readiness[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,2008,41(1-2):127-150.
[19]LENGNICK-HALL C A,BECKTE,LENGNICK-HALLM L.Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management[J].Human Resource Management Review,2011,21(3):243-255.
[20]AKGUN A E,KESKIN H.Organisational resilience capacity and firm product innovativeness and performance[J].International Journal of Production Research,2014,52(23):6918-6937.
[21]ARSOVSKI S,PUTNIK G,ARSOVSKI Z,et al.Modelling and enhancement of organizational resilience potential in process industry SMEs[J].Sustainability,2015,7(12):16483-16497.
[22]周利敏,原伟麒.迈向韧性城市的灾害治理---基于多案例研究[J].经济社会体制比较,2017(5):22-33.
[23]VOGUS T J,SUTCLIFFE K M.Organizational resilience:towards a theory and research agenda[C]//IEEEInternational Conference on Systems,Man and Cybernetics.Canada,IEEE,2007.
[24]MCMANUS S,SEVILLE E,VARGO J,et al.Facilitated process for improving organizational resilience[J].Natural Hazards Review,2008,9(2):81-90.
[25]SAWALHA I H.Managing adversity:understanding some dimensions of organizational resilience[J].Management Research Review,2015,38(4):346-366.
[26]GIBSON C A,TARRANT M.A"conceptual models"approach to organizational resilience[J].Australian Journal of Emergency Management,2010,25(2):8-14.
[27]ALLIGER G M,CERASOLI C P,TANNENBAUM S I,et al.Team resilience:how teams flourish under pressure[J].Organizational Dynamics,2015,44(3):176-184.
[28]FOLKE C,CARPENTER S,WALKER B,et al.Regime shifts,resilience,and biodiversity in ecosystem management[J].Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics,2004,35(1):557-581.
[29]BONGO P P,MANYENA S B.From"government"to"governance":tensions in disaster-resilience leadership in Zimbabwe[J].Journal of Disaster Risk Studies,2015,7(1):1-10.
[30]BOREKCI D,ROFCANIN Y,SAHIN M.Effects of organizational culture and organizational resilience over subcontractor riskiness:a multi-method study in longitudinal time setting[J].European Business Review,2014,26(1):2-22.
[31]COUTU D L.How resilience works[J].Harvard Business Review,2002,80(5):46-50.
[32]GITTELL J H,CAMERON K,LIM S,et al.Relationships,layoffs,and organizational resilience airline industry responses to September 11[J].Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,2006,42(3):300-329.
[33]STEVENSON J R,CHANG-RICHARDS Y,CONRAD-SON D,et al.Organizational networks and recovery following the Canterbury earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(1):555-575.
[34]BURNARD K,BHAMRA R,TSINOPOULOS C.Building organizational resilience:four configurations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2018,65(3):351-362.
[35]王艳,张海波.灾害抗逆力:定义、维度和测量[J].风险灾害危机研究,2017(1):37-51.
[36]HACKMAN J R.Learning more by crossing levels:evidence from airplanes,hospitals,and orchestras[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2003,24(8):905-922.
[37]GIUSTINIANO L,CANTONI F.Between Sponge and Titanium:Designing Micro and Macro Features for the Resilient Organization[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2018.
[38]TIERNEY K.Structure and process in the study of disaster resilience[C]//14th world conference on earthquake engineering,Beijing,China,2008.
[39]ISMAIL H S,POOLTON J,SHARIFI H.The role of agile strategic capabilities in achieving resilience in manufacturing-based small companies[J].International Journal of Production Research,2011,49(18):5469-5487.
[40]SEVILLE E,OPSTAL V D,VARGO J.A primer in resiliency:seven principles for managing the unexpected[J].Global Business&Organizational Excellence,2015,34(3):6-18.
[41]CAMERON K S,DUTTON J E,QUINN R E,et al.Positive Organizational Scholarship:Foundation of a New Discipline[M].San Francisco:Barrett-Koehler Publishers,2003.
[42]OLCOTT G,OLIVER N.Social capital,sense-making and recovery from disaster:Japanese companies and the March 2011earthquake[J].California Management Review,2014,56(2):5-22.
[43]STEPHANE HALLEGATTE,DUMAS P.Can natural disasters have positive consequences?Investigating the role of embodied technical change[J].Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):777-786.
[44]赵延东.社会资本与灾后恢复---一项自然灾害的社会学研究[J].社会学研究,2007(5):164-187.
[45]蔡长昆.自然灾害治理过程中社会资本的结构性差异[J].公共行政评论,2016,9(1):55-85.
[46]FRANCIS J,MUKHERJI A,MUKHERJI J.Examining relational and resource influences on the performance of border region SMEs[J].International Business Review,2009,18(4):331-343.
[47]COMFORT L K.Information management for complex dynamic systems[C]//Health Monitoring and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems.International Society for Optics and Photonics,CA,United States,2001,4337:17-28.
[48]EISENHARDT K M.Building theories from case study research[J].Academy of Management Review,1989,14(4):532-550.
[49]苏敬勤,刘静.案例研究规范性视角下二手数据可靠性研究[J].管理学报,2013,10(10):1405-1409.
[50]陈永忠.经营管理层面上改革创新的成功范例---东方汽轮机厂调查[J].经济体制改革,2006(2):53-57.
[51]范群林,邵云飞,唐小我.以发电设备制造业为例探讨企业环境创新的动力[J].软科学,2011,25(1):67-70.
[52]邵云飞,李巍.制造型企业的超集群学习模式---基于“东汽”和“格兰仕”的案例研究[J].技术经济,2011,30(11):1-6.
[53]邵云飞,李巍.技术学习、业务转型与企业成长---东汽的案例研究[J].管理案例研究与评论,2012,5(4):256-264.
[54]肖磊,张志英,漆春.基于社会网络的突发事件企业应急管理主体构建[J].电子科技大学学报(社会科学版),2011,13(6):31-34.
[55]何显富,张志英,刘志前等.浴火重生[M].成都:四川出版集团天地出版社,2009,5.
[56]张志英.基于情景剖面的生命救援情景重构与演化研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2014.
(1)organizational resilience的中文翻译为组织韧性,也有学者将之翻译为组织抗逆力、组织恢复力或组织弹性。相较于其他说法,韧性在中文中包含抵御后复原的含义,包括上述弹性、恢复力等含义,且与微观层面的韧性(如个体心理韧性)、中观层面的韧性(如社区面对灾害的韧性)和宏观层面的韧性(如城市应对灾害的韧性)相对应,故本文采用组织韧性的概念。
(2)东方汽轮机有限公司由东方汽轮机厂在2006年底改制成立,公司隶属于中国东方电气集团。
(1)来自凤凰网“废墟上再造新东汽”,http://sc.ifeng.com/a/20171019/6080496_0.shtml。
(2)来自课题组调研和访谈资料。
(3)来自课题组研究报告和访谈资料。
(1)资料来源于课题组成员张志英博士论文、团队研究资料及东汽官方公开资料。
[2]KANTUR D,ISERI-SAY A.Organizational resilience:a conceptual integrative framework[J].Journal of Management&Organization,2012,18(6):762-773.
[3]罗东霞,田雅琳,时勘.组织抗逆力研究---微观和宏观视角之启示[J].经济研究导刊,2011(36):208-212.
[4]PATTERSON J.Coming Clean about Organizational Change:Leadership in the Real World[M].American Association of School Administrators,PO Box 411,Annapolis Junction,MD 20701-0411(Stock N.21-00750),1997.
[5]MALLAK L.Putting organizational resilience to work[J].Industrial Management,1998,40(6):8-13.
[6]VARGO J,SEVILLE E.Crisis strategic planning for SEMs:finding the silver lining[J].International Journal of Production Research,2011,49(18):5619-5635.
[7]IGNATIADIS I,NANDHAKUMAR J.The impact of enterprise systems on organizational resilience[J].Journal of Information Technology,2007,22(1):36-43.
[8]WITMER H,MELLINGER M S.Organizational resilience:nonprofit organizations'response to change[J].Work,2016,54(2):255-265.
[9]VAN BREDA A D.Resilient workplaces:an initial conceptualization[J].Families in Society:The Journal of Contemporary Social Services,2011,92(1):33-40.
[10]EROL O,SAUSER B J,MANSOURI M.A framework for investigation into extended enterprise resilience[J].Enterprise Information Systems,2010,4(2):111-136.
[11]STEPHEN C,KENNETH A,SCOTT B,et al.General resilience to cope with extreme events[J].Sustainability,2012,4(12),3248-3259.
[12]BHAMRA R,DANI S,BURNARD K.Resilience:the concept,a literature review and future directions[J].International Journal of Production Research,2011,49(18):5375-5393.
[13]CHEWNING L V,LAI C H,DOERFEL M L.Organizational resilience and using information and communication technologies to rebuild communication structures[J].Management Communication Quarterly,2013,27(2):237-263.
[14]MCDONALD N.Organizational Resilience and Industrial Risk[M].Florida:CRC Press,2017.
[15]王勇.组织韧性的构念、测量及其影响因素[J].首都经济贸易大学学报,2016,18(4):120-128.
[16]HAMEL G,VALIKANGAS L.The quest for resilience[J].Harvard Business Review,2003,81(9):52-63.
[17]HOLLING C S.Understanding the complexity of economic,ecological,and social systems[J].Ecosystems,2001,4(5):390-405.
[18]NORRIS F H,STEVENS S P,PFEFFERBAUM B,et al.Community resilience as a metaphor,theory,set of capacities,and strategy for disaster readiness[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,2008,41(1-2):127-150.
[19]LENGNICK-HALL C A,BECKTE,LENGNICK-HALLM L.Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management[J].Human Resource Management Review,2011,21(3):243-255.
[20]AKGUN A E,KESKIN H.Organisational resilience capacity and firm product innovativeness and performance[J].International Journal of Production Research,2014,52(23):6918-6937.
[21]ARSOVSKI S,PUTNIK G,ARSOVSKI Z,et al.Modelling and enhancement of organizational resilience potential in process industry SMEs[J].Sustainability,2015,7(12):16483-16497.
[22]周利敏,原伟麒.迈向韧性城市的灾害治理---基于多案例研究[J].经济社会体制比较,2017(5):22-33.
[23]VOGUS T J,SUTCLIFFE K M.Organizational resilience:towards a theory and research agenda[C]//IEEEInternational Conference on Systems,Man and Cybernetics.Canada,IEEE,2007.
[24]MCMANUS S,SEVILLE E,VARGO J,et al.Facilitated process for improving organizational resilience[J].Natural Hazards Review,2008,9(2):81-90.
[25]SAWALHA I H.Managing adversity:understanding some dimensions of organizational resilience[J].Management Research Review,2015,38(4):346-366.
[26]GIBSON C A,TARRANT M.A"conceptual models"approach to organizational resilience[J].Australian Journal of Emergency Management,2010,25(2):8-14.
[27]ALLIGER G M,CERASOLI C P,TANNENBAUM S I,et al.Team resilience:how teams flourish under pressure[J].Organizational Dynamics,2015,44(3):176-184.
[28]FOLKE C,CARPENTER S,WALKER B,et al.Regime shifts,resilience,and biodiversity in ecosystem management[J].Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics,2004,35(1):557-581.
[29]BONGO P P,MANYENA S B.From"government"to"governance":tensions in disaster-resilience leadership in Zimbabwe[J].Journal of Disaster Risk Studies,2015,7(1):1-10.
[30]BOREKCI D,ROFCANIN Y,SAHIN M.Effects of organizational culture and organizational resilience over subcontractor riskiness:a multi-method study in longitudinal time setting[J].European Business Review,2014,26(1):2-22.
[31]COUTU D L.How resilience works[J].Harvard Business Review,2002,80(5):46-50.
[32]GITTELL J H,CAMERON K,LIM S,et al.Relationships,layoffs,and organizational resilience airline industry responses to September 11[J].Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,2006,42(3):300-329.
[33]STEVENSON J R,CHANG-RICHARDS Y,CONRAD-SON D,et al.Organizational networks and recovery following the Canterbury earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(1):555-575.
[34]BURNARD K,BHAMRA R,TSINOPOULOS C.Building organizational resilience:four configurations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2018,65(3):351-362.
[35]王艳,张海波.灾害抗逆力:定义、维度和测量[J].风险灾害危机研究,2017(1):37-51.
[36]HACKMAN J R.Learning more by crossing levels:evidence from airplanes,hospitals,and orchestras[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2003,24(8):905-922.
[37]GIUSTINIANO L,CANTONI F.Between Sponge and Titanium:Designing Micro and Macro Features for the Resilient Organization[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2018.
[38]TIERNEY K.Structure and process in the study of disaster resilience[C]//14th world conference on earthquake engineering,Beijing,China,2008.
[39]ISMAIL H S,POOLTON J,SHARIFI H.The role of agile strategic capabilities in achieving resilience in manufacturing-based small companies[J].International Journal of Production Research,2011,49(18):5469-5487.
[40]SEVILLE E,OPSTAL V D,VARGO J.A primer in resiliency:seven principles for managing the unexpected[J].Global Business&Organizational Excellence,2015,34(3):6-18.
[41]CAMERON K S,DUTTON J E,QUINN R E,et al.Positive Organizational Scholarship:Foundation of a New Discipline[M].San Francisco:Barrett-Koehler Publishers,2003.
[42]OLCOTT G,OLIVER N.Social capital,sense-making and recovery from disaster:Japanese companies and the March 2011earthquake[J].California Management Review,2014,56(2):5-22.
[43]STEPHANE HALLEGATTE,DUMAS P.Can natural disasters have positive consequences?Investigating the role of embodied technical change[J].Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):777-786.
[44]赵延东.社会资本与灾后恢复---一项自然灾害的社会学研究[J].社会学研究,2007(5):164-187.
[45]蔡长昆.自然灾害治理过程中社会资本的结构性差异[J].公共行政评论,2016,9(1):55-85.
[46]FRANCIS J,MUKHERJI A,MUKHERJI J.Examining relational and resource influences on the performance of border region SMEs[J].International Business Review,2009,18(4):331-343.
[47]COMFORT L K.Information management for complex dynamic systems[C]//Health Monitoring and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems.International Society for Optics and Photonics,CA,United States,2001,4337:17-28.
[48]EISENHARDT K M.Building theories from case study research[J].Academy of Management Review,1989,14(4):532-550.
[49]苏敬勤,刘静.案例研究规范性视角下二手数据可靠性研究[J].管理学报,2013,10(10):1405-1409.
[50]陈永忠.经营管理层面上改革创新的成功范例---东方汽轮机厂调查[J].经济体制改革,2006(2):53-57.
[51]范群林,邵云飞,唐小我.以发电设备制造业为例探讨企业环境创新的动力[J].软科学,2011,25(1):67-70.
[52]邵云飞,李巍.制造型企业的超集群学习模式---基于“东汽”和“格兰仕”的案例研究[J].技术经济,2011,30(11):1-6.
[53]邵云飞,李巍.技术学习、业务转型与企业成长---东汽的案例研究[J].管理案例研究与评论,2012,5(4):256-264.
[54]肖磊,张志英,漆春.基于社会网络的突发事件企业应急管理主体构建[J].电子科技大学学报(社会科学版),2011,13(6):31-34.
[55]何显富,张志英,刘志前等.浴火重生[M].成都:四川出版集团天地出版社,2009,5.
[56]张志英.基于情景剖面的生命救援情景重构与演化研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2014.
(1)organizational resilience的中文翻译为组织韧性,也有学者将之翻译为组织抗逆力、组织恢复力或组织弹性。相较于其他说法,韧性在中文中包含抵御后复原的含义,包括上述弹性、恢复力等含义,且与微观层面的韧性(如个体心理韧性)、中观层面的韧性(如社区面对灾害的韧性)和宏观层面的韧性(如城市应对灾害的韧性)相对应,故本文采用组织韧性的概念。
(2)东方汽轮机有限公司由东方汽轮机厂在2006年底改制成立,公司隶属于中国东方电气集团。
(1)来自凤凰网“废墟上再造新东汽”,http://sc.ifeng.com/a/20171019/6080496_0.shtml。
(2)来自课题组调研和访谈资料。
(3)来自课题组研究报告和访谈资料。
(1)资料来源于课题组成员张志英博士论文、团队研究资料及东汽官方公开资料。