利维斯“实践中的批评”之渊源与内涵
摘要
"实践中的批评"是利维斯及追随者所推崇的批评范式,反映了利维斯批评体系的核心内涵,亦是剑桥英文的有机组成部分。本文追溯了实践中的批评的主要理论渊源,指出其乃是对瑞恰慈"实用批评"的扬弃,一方面继承了后者以文本为核心的分析批评方法,另一方面摒弃了后者将文学批评科学化的做法,因而在瑞恰慈语义批评之外开辟了剑桥批评传统的另一条发展脉络。同时,本文也辨析并阐释了"实践中的批评"的核心内涵,指出"具体"原则、"评判和分析"、"第三领域"以及问答式批评思路等是其具有代表性的批评原则;考察了"实践中的批评"既根植于灵活的文本细察,又强调社会维度和文化影响的批评实践,指出"实践中的批评"亦是"鲜活的"批评。
"Criticism in Practice"refers to the criticism that Leavis and his followers advocate. It reveals the core thoughts of Leavis' s system of criticism and serves as an organic component of Cambridge English. This essay traces a major theoretical origin of criticism in practice by pointing out that it is a sublation of Richards' s"Practical Criticism". Criticism in practice inherits Richards' s close attention to the text and careful textual analysis and at the same time abandons Richard's scientization of literary criticism,thus inaugurating another line of development of the Cambridge critical tradition besides Richards' s semantic criticism.
"Criticism in Practice"refers to the criticism that Leavis and his followers advocate. It reveals the core thoughts of Leavis' s system of criticism and serves as an organic component of Cambridge English. This essay traces a major theoretical origin of criticism in practice by pointing out that it is a sublation of Richards' s"Practical Criticism". Criticism in practice inherits Richards' s close attention to the text and careful textual analysis and at the same time abandons Richard's scientization of literary criticism,thus inaugurating another line of development of the Cambridge critical tradition besides Richards' s semantic criticism.
引文
(1)Gary Day,Re-Reading Leavis:Culture and Literary Criticism(Houndmills and London:Macmillan Press Ltd.,1996),p.x.
(2)Raman Selden,Peter Widdowson and Peter Brooker,A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory(Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005),p.23.
(3)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle:“English”as a Discipline of Thought(New York:Oxford University Press,1975),p.19.
(4)Frank Whitehead,“F.R.Leavis and the Schools”,in The Leavises:Recollections and Impressions,ed.Denys Thompson(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009),p.147.
(5)利维斯在剑桥大学伊曼纽尔学院完成了第一年的学习后决定中断学业服务前线。很大程度上由于一战造成的鸿沟,虽然瑞恰慈比利维斯仅年长两岁,但是,其无论是在学术界的影响还是在剑桥大学的立足都先于利维斯几乎十年。如果以二人代表作的集中出版作为正式登上批评舞台的标志,那么瑞恰慈在20世纪20年代初便已崭露头角,而利维斯则在30年代初才大器“晚”成。
(6)Ian Mac Killop,F.R.Leavis:A Life in Criticism(London:Penguin Books,1997),p.44.
(7)瑞恰慈携夫人来到中国,在1929至1931年间于清华大学执教,讲授多门文学类课程,并积极推广“基本英语”。
(8)徐葆耕:《序:瑞恰慈与清华》,载《瑞恰慈:科学与诗》,徐葆耕编,清华大学出版社2003年版,1页。
(9)I.A.Richards,Practical Criticism(New York:Harcourt,Brace&World,Inc.,1929),p.291.
(10)I.A.Richards,Principles of Literary Criticism(London&New York:Routledge,2001),p.103.
(11)曹莉:《瑞恰慈实用批评的价值与局限》,载《外国文学》2015年第5期,106页。
(12)David Ellis,Memoirs of a Leavisite(Liverpool:Liverpool U-niversity Press,2013),p.22.
(13)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,ed.G.Singh(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986),p.161.
(14)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.162.
(15)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.166.
(16)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.164.
(17)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.19.
(18)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit(Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1963),p.200.
(19)雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》第五卷,杨自伍译,上海译文出版社2009年版,435页。
(20)利维斯对“第三领域”的表述有时用首字母大写,作“the Third Realm”,有时用小写,作“the third realm”。
(21)F.R.Leavis,Revaluation:Tradition and Development in English Poetry(London:Chatto&Windus,1949),p.2.
(22)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit,p.212.
(23)Raman Selden et al.,A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory,p.23.
(24)G.Singh,F.R.Leavis:A Literary Biography(London:Gerald Duckworth&Co.Ltd.,1995),p.36.
(25)George Steiner,Language and Silence:Essays on Language,Literature,and the Inhuman(New York:Atheneum,1967),p.227.
(26)托·斯·艾略特:《荒原:T.S.艾略特诗选》,赵萝蕤、张子清等译,北京燕山出版社2011年版,175页。
(27)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.163.
(28)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.36.
(29)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.36.
(30)F.R.Leavis,Two Cultures?The Significance of C.P.Snow(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013),p.74.
(31)F.R.Leavis,Two Cultures?,p.75.
(32)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.278.
(33)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.35.
(34)Terry Eagleton,Literary Theory:An Introduction(Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005),pp.36-38.
(35)Chris Baldick,The Modern Movement(Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008),p.79.
(36)弗·雷·利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店2009年版,79页。
(37)T.S.Eliot,After Strange Gods:A Primer of Modern Heresy(London:Faber&Faber,1934),p.37.
(38)T.S.Eliot,After Strange Gods,p.38.
(39)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit,p.245.
(40)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit,p.241.
(41)F.R.Leavis,Education and the University:A Sketch for an“English School”(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),p.130.
(42)F.R.Leavis,For Continuity(Cambridge:The Minority Press,1933),p.15.
(43)F.R.Leavis,English Literature in Our Time and the University(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),p.111.
(44)G.Singh,“The Achievement of F.R.Leavis”,Modern Age,Vol.40,No.4,Fall 1998,p.405.
(45)C.P.Snow,The Two Cultures(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014),p.2.
(46)F.R.Leavis,Two Cultures?,p.61.
(47)Ian Mac Killop,F.R.Leavis:A Life in Criticism,p.154.
(48)David Ellis,Memoirs of a Leavisite,p.13.
(49)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.222.
(2)Raman Selden,Peter Widdowson and Peter Brooker,A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory(Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005),p.23.
(3)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle:“English”as a Discipline of Thought(New York:Oxford University Press,1975),p.19.
(4)Frank Whitehead,“F.R.Leavis and the Schools”,in The Leavises:Recollections and Impressions,ed.Denys Thompson(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009),p.147.
(5)利维斯在剑桥大学伊曼纽尔学院完成了第一年的学习后决定中断学业服务前线。很大程度上由于一战造成的鸿沟,虽然瑞恰慈比利维斯仅年长两岁,但是,其无论是在学术界的影响还是在剑桥大学的立足都先于利维斯几乎十年。如果以二人代表作的集中出版作为正式登上批评舞台的标志,那么瑞恰慈在20世纪20年代初便已崭露头角,而利维斯则在30年代初才大器“晚”成。
(6)Ian Mac Killop,F.R.Leavis:A Life in Criticism(London:Penguin Books,1997),p.44.
(7)瑞恰慈携夫人来到中国,在1929至1931年间于清华大学执教,讲授多门文学类课程,并积极推广“基本英语”。
(8)徐葆耕:《序:瑞恰慈与清华》,载《瑞恰慈:科学与诗》,徐葆耕编,清华大学出版社2003年版,1页。
(9)I.A.Richards,Practical Criticism(New York:Harcourt,Brace&World,Inc.,1929),p.291.
(10)I.A.Richards,Principles of Literary Criticism(London&New York:Routledge,2001),p.103.
(11)曹莉:《瑞恰慈实用批评的价值与局限》,载《外国文学》2015年第5期,106页。
(12)David Ellis,Memoirs of a Leavisite(Liverpool:Liverpool U-niversity Press,2013),p.22.
(13)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,ed.G.Singh(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986),p.161.
(14)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.162.
(15)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.166.
(16)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.164.
(17)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.19.
(18)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit(Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1963),p.200.
(19)雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》第五卷,杨自伍译,上海译文出版社2009年版,435页。
(20)利维斯对“第三领域”的表述有时用首字母大写,作“the Third Realm”,有时用小写,作“the third realm”。
(21)F.R.Leavis,Revaluation:Tradition and Development in English Poetry(London:Chatto&Windus,1949),p.2.
(22)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit,p.212.
(23)Raman Selden et al.,A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory,p.23.
(24)G.Singh,F.R.Leavis:A Literary Biography(London:Gerald Duckworth&Co.Ltd.,1995),p.36.
(25)George Steiner,Language and Silence:Essays on Language,Literature,and the Inhuman(New York:Atheneum,1967),p.227.
(26)托·斯·艾略特:《荒原:T.S.艾略特诗选》,赵萝蕤、张子清等译,北京燕山出版社2011年版,175页。
(27)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.163.
(28)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.36.
(29)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.36.
(30)F.R.Leavis,Two Cultures?The Significance of C.P.Snow(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013),p.74.
(31)F.R.Leavis,Two Cultures?,p.75.
(32)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.278.
(33)F.R.Leavis,The Living Principle,p.35.
(34)Terry Eagleton,Literary Theory:An Introduction(Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005),pp.36-38.
(35)Chris Baldick,The Modern Movement(Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008),p.79.
(36)弗·雷·利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店2009年版,79页。
(37)T.S.Eliot,After Strange Gods:A Primer of Modern Heresy(London:Faber&Faber,1934),p.37.
(38)T.S.Eliot,After Strange Gods,p.38.
(39)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit,p.245.
(40)F.R.Leavis,The Common Pursuit,p.241.
(41)F.R.Leavis,Education and the University:A Sketch for an“English School”(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),p.130.
(42)F.R.Leavis,For Continuity(Cambridge:The Minority Press,1933),p.15.
(43)F.R.Leavis,English Literature in Our Time and the University(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),p.111.
(44)G.Singh,“The Achievement of F.R.Leavis”,Modern Age,Vol.40,No.4,Fall 1998,p.405.
(45)C.P.Snow,The Two Cultures(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014),p.2.
(46)F.R.Leavis,Two Cultures?,p.61.
(47)Ian Mac Killop,F.R.Leavis:A Life in Criticism,p.154.
(48)David Ellis,Memoirs of a Leavisite,p.13.
(49)F.R.Leavis,Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays,p.222.