F.R.利维斯与文化研究——从利维斯到霍加特,再到威廉斯
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摘要
本文尝试厘清利维斯之文化批评经验与其身后文化研究(Cultural Studies)之历史发生学关系。文章将对利维斯的思想做一文化层面上的总体考察,同时将之下衔于50年代伊始的文化研究经历,对利维斯所代表的前文化研究与霍加特、威廉斯的文化研究之间在转承过程中经历的复杂性、矛盾性、斗争性方面做一探索性考证。本文以利维斯的文化诗学以及霍加特和威廉斯的早期文化文本《识字的用途》、《文化与社会》为研究对象,对三者文化观之学理联系做一分析,试图借之而获得对三者文化观之内在关系的一个较为完整的互文图解。研究证明:文化研究自诞生之日起,对大众文化的接纳,曾经历了从利维斯主义的否定到文化主义的矛盾肯定和批判肯定的复杂过程。
The present paper aims to clarify the genetic historical relationships between F. R. Leavis' s cultural criticism and the discipline of Cultural Studies. It attempts a general survey of Leavis' s criticism on culture,connecting him with the early development of Cultural Studies represented by Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams in the 1950 s,and examines the complexity,contradictions and struggles in the transition from Leavis to Hoggrat and to Williams. Through an analysis of Leavis' s cultural criticism,Hoggart's Uses of Literacy and Williams' Culture and Society,the paper delineates the internal relationships of intertextuality. The development of Cultural Studies has been a complicated process of absorbing mass culture and denying Leavisism,with contradictive and critical affirmation of culturalism.
The present paper aims to clarify the genetic historical relationships between F. R. Leavis' s cultural criticism and the discipline of Cultural Studies. It attempts a general survey of Leavis' s criticism on culture,connecting him with the early development of Cultural Studies represented by Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams in the 1950 s,and examines the complexity,contradictions and struggles in the transition from Leavis to Hoggrat and to Williams. Through an analysis of Leavis' s cultural criticism,Hoggart's Uses of Literacy and Williams' Culture and Society,the paper delineates the internal relationships of intertextuality. The development of Cultural Studies has been a complicated process of absorbing mass culture and denying Leavisism,with contradictive and critical affirmation of culturalism.
引文
Corner,John.“Studying Culture-Reflections and Assessments:An Interview with Richard Hoggart.”Uses of Literacy.New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers,1998.
特里·伊格尔顿:《二十世纪西方文学理论》,伍晓明译。北京:北京大学出版社,2007年。[Eagleton,Terry.Literary Theory:An Introduction.Trans.Wu Xiaoming.Beijing:Peking University PublishingHouse,2007.]
Eliot,T.S..“The Metaphysical Poets.”Selected Essays.London:Faber&Faber.1941.
Hall,Stuart.“De-constructing the Popular.”People's Historyand Socialist Theory.Ed.Raphael Samuel.London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981.
Hoggart,Richard.“A Sort of Clowning:1940-1959.”AMeasured Life:The Times&Places of an OrphanedIntellectual.Transaction Publishers,1994.
——.The Uses of Literacy.Boston:Beacon Press,1966.
Inglis,Fred.Cultural Studies.Oxford:Blackwell,1993.
Johnson,Lesley.The Cultural Critics:From Matthew Arnoldto Raymond Williams.London:Routledge&KeganPaul,1979.
Jones,Paul.Raymond Williams'Sociology of Culture:ACritical Reconstruction.Palgrave Macmillan,2004.
Leavis,F.R..“Anna Karenina”and Other Essays.London:Chatto&Windus.January,1967.
——.Determination.London:Haskell House Publishers,1970.
——.Education&University.London:Chatto&Wintus,1943.
——.For Continuity.Cambridge:Minority Press,1933.
——.The Great Tradition:George Eliot,Henry James,JosephConrad.London:Chatto&Windus,1948.
——.The Living Principle:“English”as a Discipline ofThought.London:Chatto&Windus,1975.
——.Mass Civilization and Minority Culture.Cambridge:Minority Press,1930.
——.Revaluation:Tradition&Development in English Poetry.London:Chatto&Wintus,1936.
——.Towards the Standards of Criticism.London:Wishart,1933.
Leavis,F.R.,and Denys Thompson.Culture and Environment:The Training of Critical Awareness.London:Chatto&Windus,1933.
Leavis,Q.D..Fiction and the Reading Public.London:Chatto&Wintus,1932.
MacK illop,Ian.F.R.Leavis:A Life of Criticism.London:The Penguin Press,1995.
Owen,Sue.“The Abuses of Literacy and the Feeling Heart:the Trials of Richard Hoggart.”The CambridgeQuarterly,2005.
Palmer,D.J..The Rise of English Studies.Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1965.
Richards,I.A..The Principles of Literary Criticism.London:Kegan Paul.Trench.Trubner,1924.
Selden,Raman.A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory.Beijing:Foreign Languages Teaching&Research Press,2004.
Williams,Raymond.“Culture is Ordinary.”The Raymond Williams Reader.Ed.John Higgins.Blackwell Publishers,2001.
——.“Culture and Revolution:A Response.”From Culture to Revolution.Eds.Terry Eagleton&Brian Wicker.London:Sheed&Ward,1968.
——.Culture and Society.London:Chatto&Windus,1958.
——.The Long Revolution.London:Chatto&Windus,1961.
——.Marxism and Literature.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1977.
——.Politics and Letters.London:Verso,1981.
雷蒙·威廉斯:《文化与社会》,吴松江、张文定译。北京大学出版社,1991年。[Williams,Raymond.Culture and Society.Trans.Wu Songjiang&Zhang Wending.Beijing:Peking University Publishing House,1991.]
赵国新:《新左派的文化政治:雷蒙·威廉斯的文化理论》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009年。[Zhao,Guoxin.The Cultural Politics of New Left:Raymond Williams’Theory of Culture.Beijing:The Foreign Language Teaching&Research Press,2009.]
1细察集团(Scrutiny Group)源自利维斯夫妇于1932年创办的《细察》季刊(Scrutiny,1932-1953),投稿人多为利维斯夫妇的学生团队。该刊以优质、敏锐、智性的批评智慧著称。创刊二十一年中,曾吸引众多英国著名学者,他们既是《细察》的热心读者,也是积极撰稿人,比如T.S.艾略特、乔治·桑塔亚纳、R.H.托尼、奥尔多斯·赫胥黎、雷纳·韦勒克等。
2 See MacK illop,Ian.F.R.Leavis:A Life of Criticism.London:The Penguin Press,1995.53-77.持相同观点的理论家还有Fred Inglis,D.J.Palmer和Terry Eagleton。参见Inglis,Fred.Cultural Studies.Oxford&Cambridge:Blackwell,1993.33-37;see also Palmer,D.J..The Rise of English Studies.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1965.97-100 ;see also Eagleton,Terry.Literary Theory:An Introduction.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching&Research Press,2004.22-28.
3 “具体性”(concreteness)是利维斯文学批评重要的评价标准之一。他曾在《走向批评标准》中对这一术语做了限定性说明,后在《重新评价》中,在分析比较莎翁和雪莱语言之优劣时做了详细阐释。See Leavis,F.R..Towards the Standards of Criticism.London:Wishart,1933.9;see also Leavis,F.R..Revaluation:Tradition&Development in English Poetry.London:Chatto&Wintus,1936.187-188,196.
4 “健康性”(healthiness)作为利维斯另一批评术语,初见于他1930年面世的小册子《大众文明与少数人文化》,文中引用I.A.理查兹在《文学批评原理》中的一段话“批评家[……]对于心灵健康的关注一如医生对于身体健康的关注”(The critic[...]is as much concerned with the health of the mind as any doctor with the health of the body.),借以强调“健康性”标准在文学批评中的重要性。See Leavis,F.R..“Mass Civilization and Minority Culture”.Education&University.London:Chatto&Wintus,1943.144;see also Richards,I.A..The Principles of Literary Criticism.London:Kegan Paul.Trench.Trubner,1924.61;see also Leavis,F.R.&Denys Thompson.Culture and Environment.London:Chatto&Wintus,1933.94-95.
5 “成熟性”和“道德关怀”(maturity&moral concern)作为利维斯小说批评的重要术语,是其评价英国19世纪至20 世纪经典小说的评价标准。See Leavis,F.R..The Great Tradition.New York:NY University Press,1960.49-67 ,93-109,8-29;see also Leavis,F.R..Determination.London:Haskell House Publishers LTD,1970.2.
6 “活的原则”(living principle)是利维斯文学批评所遵循的核心原则,即一种对诗歌及文学语言“全身心的回应、感受和领悟”,其优势在于进入一个文本的“具体完满性”之中。1933年,在《走向批评标准》的绪论中,利维斯借助对《现代文学纪事》(The Calendar of Modern Letters,1925-1927)的评价,明确提出“活的原则”的批评思想。1937年,在与雷纳·韦勒克交换意见的著名文章《文学批评与哲学》中,基于学科差异的论证,利维斯坚守文学批评“活的原则”的合法性。1975年,在其后期的批评著作《活的原则》中,他深入、系统地阐述了“活的原则”的美学思想。See Leavis,F.R..The Common Pursuit.London:Chatto&Windus,January.1952.213;see also Leavis,F.R..Towards the Standards of Criticism,1933.6-9;see also Leavis,F.R..“Literary Criticism and Philosophy”.Scrutiny.Vol.V.No.4.March,1937,及其The Living Principle.London:Chatto&Windus,1975.71-150,212.
7 从利维斯的小册子《大众文明与少数人文化》开篇直接引用阿诺德的语录,就不难看出利维斯与阿诺德文化思想的亲缘关系。原文如下:“And this function is particularly important in our modern world,of which the whole civilization is,to a much greater degree than the civilization of Greece and Rome,mechanical and external,and tends constantly to become so.”—Culture and Anarchy,1869.See Leavis,F.R..Education&the University.London:Chatto&Wintus,1943.143.
8 “感受性分离”(disassociation of sensibility)这一术语是利维斯借自T.S.艾略特在《玄学派诗人》一文中提出的“感受性分离”的问题。艾略特讲到:“在17世纪,某种感受性分离的现象开始出现,从此未得以恢复,伴随17世纪两位最重要的诗人——弥尔顿和德莱顿——的影响,这种感受性分离的状况日益严重。”See Eliot,T.S..“The Metaphysical Poets.”Selected Essays.London:Faber&Faber Limited,1932.1941.288。利维斯在其批评著作《论延续性》和《〈安娜·卡列妮娜〉及其他文章》中对该术语又做了深入阐述。See Leavis,F.R..For Continuity.Cambridge:Minority Press,50-56;see also Leavis,F.R..“Anna Karenina”and Other Essays.London:Chatto&Windus.January,1967.163.
9 See Hall,Stuart.“De-constructing the Popular”.Raphael Samuel,ed.People's History and Socialist Theory.London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981.
10 这段话来自霍加特的《识字的误用》(Abuses of Literacy)的原稿。See Owen,Sue.“The Abuses of Literacy and the Feeling Heart:the Trials of Richard Hoggart”.The Cambridge Quarterly,2005.174-75.
特里·伊格尔顿:《二十世纪西方文学理论》,伍晓明译。北京:北京大学出版社,2007年。[Eagleton,Terry.Literary Theory:An Introduction.Trans.Wu Xiaoming.Beijing:Peking University PublishingHouse,2007.]
Eliot,T.S..“The Metaphysical Poets.”Selected Essays.London:Faber&Faber.1941.
Hall,Stuart.“De-constructing the Popular.”People's Historyand Socialist Theory.Ed.Raphael Samuel.London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981.
Hoggart,Richard.“A Sort of Clowning:1940-1959.”AMeasured Life:The Times&Places of an OrphanedIntellectual.Transaction Publishers,1994.
——.The Uses of Literacy.Boston:Beacon Press,1966.
Inglis,Fred.Cultural Studies.Oxford:Blackwell,1993.
Johnson,Lesley.The Cultural Critics:From Matthew Arnoldto Raymond Williams.London:Routledge&KeganPaul,1979.
Jones,Paul.Raymond Williams'Sociology of Culture:ACritical Reconstruction.Palgrave Macmillan,2004.
Leavis,F.R..“Anna Karenina”and Other Essays.London:Chatto&Windus.January,1967.
——.Determination.London:Haskell House Publishers,1970.
——.Education&University.London:Chatto&Wintus,1943.
——.For Continuity.Cambridge:Minority Press,1933.
——.The Great Tradition:George Eliot,Henry James,JosephConrad.London:Chatto&Windus,1948.
——.The Living Principle:“English”as a Discipline ofThought.London:Chatto&Windus,1975.
——.Mass Civilization and Minority Culture.Cambridge:Minority Press,1930.
——.Revaluation:Tradition&Development in English Poetry.London:Chatto&Wintus,1936.
——.Towards the Standards of Criticism.London:Wishart,1933.
Leavis,F.R.,and Denys Thompson.Culture and Environment:The Training of Critical Awareness.London:Chatto&Windus,1933.
Leavis,Q.D..Fiction and the Reading Public.London:Chatto&Wintus,1932.
MacK illop,Ian.F.R.Leavis:A Life of Criticism.London:The Penguin Press,1995.
Owen,Sue.“The Abuses of Literacy and the Feeling Heart:the Trials of Richard Hoggart.”The CambridgeQuarterly,2005.
Palmer,D.J..The Rise of English Studies.Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1965.
Richards,I.A..The Principles of Literary Criticism.London:Kegan Paul.Trench.Trubner,1924.
Selden,Raman.A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory.Beijing:Foreign Languages Teaching&Research Press,2004.
Williams,Raymond.“Culture is Ordinary.”The Raymond Williams Reader.Ed.John Higgins.Blackwell Publishers,2001.
——.“Culture and Revolution:A Response.”From Culture to Revolution.Eds.Terry Eagleton&Brian Wicker.London:Sheed&Ward,1968.
——.Culture and Society.London:Chatto&Windus,1958.
——.The Long Revolution.London:Chatto&Windus,1961.
——.Marxism and Literature.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1977.
——.Politics and Letters.London:Verso,1981.
雷蒙·威廉斯:《文化与社会》,吴松江、张文定译。北京大学出版社,1991年。[Williams,Raymond.Culture and Society.Trans.Wu Songjiang&Zhang Wending.Beijing:Peking University Publishing House,1991.]
赵国新:《新左派的文化政治:雷蒙·威廉斯的文化理论》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009年。[Zhao,Guoxin.The Cultural Politics of New Left:Raymond Williams’Theory of Culture.Beijing:The Foreign Language Teaching&Research Press,2009.]
1细察集团(Scrutiny Group)源自利维斯夫妇于1932年创办的《细察》季刊(Scrutiny,1932-1953),投稿人多为利维斯夫妇的学生团队。该刊以优质、敏锐、智性的批评智慧著称。创刊二十一年中,曾吸引众多英国著名学者,他们既是《细察》的热心读者,也是积极撰稿人,比如T.S.艾略特、乔治·桑塔亚纳、R.H.托尼、奥尔多斯·赫胥黎、雷纳·韦勒克等。
2 See MacK illop,Ian.F.R.Leavis:A Life of Criticism.London:The Penguin Press,1995.53-77.持相同观点的理论家还有Fred Inglis,D.J.Palmer和Terry Eagleton。参见Inglis,Fred.Cultural Studies.Oxford&Cambridge:Blackwell,1993.33-37;see also Palmer,D.J..The Rise of English Studies.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1965.97-100 ;see also Eagleton,Terry.Literary Theory:An Introduction.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching&Research Press,2004.22-28.
3 “具体性”(concreteness)是利维斯文学批评重要的评价标准之一。他曾在《走向批评标准》中对这一术语做了限定性说明,后在《重新评价》中,在分析比较莎翁和雪莱语言之优劣时做了详细阐释。See Leavis,F.R..Towards the Standards of Criticism.London:Wishart,1933.9;see also Leavis,F.R..Revaluation:Tradition&Development in English Poetry.London:Chatto&Wintus,1936.187-188,196.
4 “健康性”(healthiness)作为利维斯另一批评术语,初见于他1930年面世的小册子《大众文明与少数人文化》,文中引用I.A.理查兹在《文学批评原理》中的一段话“批评家[……]对于心灵健康的关注一如医生对于身体健康的关注”(The critic[...]is as much concerned with the health of the mind as any doctor with the health of the body.),借以强调“健康性”标准在文学批评中的重要性。See Leavis,F.R..“Mass Civilization and Minority Culture”.Education&University.London:Chatto&Wintus,1943.144;see also Richards,I.A..The Principles of Literary Criticism.London:Kegan Paul.Trench.Trubner,1924.61;see also Leavis,F.R.&Denys Thompson.Culture and Environment.London:Chatto&Wintus,1933.94-95.
5 “成熟性”和“道德关怀”(maturity&moral concern)作为利维斯小说批评的重要术语,是其评价英国19世纪至20 世纪经典小说的评价标准。See Leavis,F.R..The Great Tradition.New York:NY University Press,1960.49-67 ,93-109,8-29;see also Leavis,F.R..Determination.London:Haskell House Publishers LTD,1970.2.
6 “活的原则”(living principle)是利维斯文学批评所遵循的核心原则,即一种对诗歌及文学语言“全身心的回应、感受和领悟”,其优势在于进入一个文本的“具体完满性”之中。1933年,在《走向批评标准》的绪论中,利维斯借助对《现代文学纪事》(The Calendar of Modern Letters,1925-1927)的评价,明确提出“活的原则”的批评思想。1937年,在与雷纳·韦勒克交换意见的著名文章《文学批评与哲学》中,基于学科差异的论证,利维斯坚守文学批评“活的原则”的合法性。1975年,在其后期的批评著作《活的原则》中,他深入、系统地阐述了“活的原则”的美学思想。See Leavis,F.R..The Common Pursuit.London:Chatto&Windus,January.1952.213;see also Leavis,F.R..Towards the Standards of Criticism,1933.6-9;see also Leavis,F.R..“Literary Criticism and Philosophy”.Scrutiny.Vol.V.No.4.March,1937,及其The Living Principle.London:Chatto&Windus,1975.71-150,212.
7 从利维斯的小册子《大众文明与少数人文化》开篇直接引用阿诺德的语录,就不难看出利维斯与阿诺德文化思想的亲缘关系。原文如下:“And this function is particularly important in our modern world,of which the whole civilization is,to a much greater degree than the civilization of Greece and Rome,mechanical and external,and tends constantly to become so.”—Culture and Anarchy,1869.See Leavis,F.R..Education&the University.London:Chatto&Wintus,1943.143.
8 “感受性分离”(disassociation of sensibility)这一术语是利维斯借自T.S.艾略特在《玄学派诗人》一文中提出的“感受性分离”的问题。艾略特讲到:“在17世纪,某种感受性分离的现象开始出现,从此未得以恢复,伴随17世纪两位最重要的诗人——弥尔顿和德莱顿——的影响,这种感受性分离的状况日益严重。”See Eliot,T.S..“The Metaphysical Poets.”Selected Essays.London:Faber&Faber Limited,1932.1941.288。利维斯在其批评著作《论延续性》和《〈安娜·卡列妮娜〉及其他文章》中对该术语又做了深入阐述。See Leavis,F.R..For Continuity.Cambridge:Minority Press,50-56;see also Leavis,F.R..“Anna Karenina”and Other Essays.London:Chatto&Windus.January,1967.163.
9 See Hall,Stuart.“De-constructing the Popular”.Raphael Samuel,ed.People's History and Socialist Theory.London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1981.
10 这段话来自霍加特的《识字的误用》(Abuses of Literacy)的原稿。See Owen,Sue.“The Abuses of Literacy and the Feeling Heart:the Trials of Richard Hoggart”.The Cambridge Quarterly,2005.174-75.