技术创新与中小企业雇佣需求——基于员工技能结构的再审视
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摘要
创新是经济持续增长的动力,企业雇佣需求是维护社会稳定的基石.本研究结合中国经济发展转型的背景,在区分产品创新与工艺创新的基础上,通过数理模型推导,分离出技术创新对中小制造业企业雇佣增长影响的直接途径与间接途径,并利用2012年世界银行对中国中小企业运营环境的调查数据,实证考察了中小企业技术创新对其雇佣增长的影响.研究结果表明,技术创新不仅会通过工艺创新的"价格效应"与"生产率效应"以及产品创新的"市场效应"与"替代效应"四种直接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长,还会通过"员工技能结构高级化"的间接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长.与国外研究不同的是,对中国中小制造业企业而言,工艺创新的"生产率效应"与产品创新的"替代效应"是阻碍其雇佣增长的主要途径;与国内研究不同的是,"员工技能结构高级化"是技术创新促进中国中小企业雇佣增长的重要途径.进一步研究发现,技术创新对中低技术制造业企业雇佣增长的影响更为敏感.本研究从微观层面证实了技能偏向性技术进步对中国中小企业雇佣需求的重大影响,同时也为缓解中国"就业难"与"招工难"的结构性问题提供了政策依据.
Innovation is the driving force for sustainable economic growth. The employment of enterprises is the cornerstone of maintaining social stability. Under the background of Chinese economic development and transformation,the paper distinguishes product innovation from process innovation,and uses a mathematical model to separate the mechanisms of both direct and indirect effects of innovation on employment growth in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. By using the World Bank's survey data,which focus on the operating environment of small and medium-sized enterprises in China,this study empirically examines the impact of SMEs' technological innovation on their employment growth. The results indicate that technological innovation will not only affect the employment growth of SMEs through four direct ways——which are referred to as "price effect"and "productivity effect"of process innovation and "market effect"and "substitution effect"of product innovation,but also through an indirect route which are referred to as "advancement of employee skill structure". The difference of our study from foreign studies is that,for small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in China,the "productivity effect " of process innovation and the "substitution effect"of product innovation are the main ways to hinder their employment growth. At the same time,unlike domestic research,the "advancement of employee skill structure"is an important way for technological innovation to promote the growth of employment in Chinese SMEs. The paper further finds that the impact of technological innovation on employment growth in low-tech manufacturing companies is more sensitive. From the micro level,the results of this study confirm the influence of skill-biased technical progress on the employment in Chinese SMEs and provide a policy basis for alleviating the structural problems of"employment difficulties"and "recruitment difficulties"in China.
Innovation is the driving force for sustainable economic growth. The employment of enterprises is the cornerstone of maintaining social stability. Under the background of Chinese economic development and transformation,the paper distinguishes product innovation from process innovation,and uses a mathematical model to separate the mechanisms of both direct and indirect effects of innovation on employment growth in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. By using the World Bank's survey data,which focus on the operating environment of small and medium-sized enterprises in China,this study empirically examines the impact of SMEs' technological innovation on their employment growth. The results indicate that technological innovation will not only affect the employment growth of SMEs through four direct ways——which are referred to as "price effect"and "productivity effect"of process innovation and "market effect"and "substitution effect"of product innovation,but also through an indirect route which are referred to as "advancement of employee skill structure". The difference of our study from foreign studies is that,for small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in China,the "productivity effect " of process innovation and the "substitution effect"of product innovation are the main ways to hinder their employment growth. At the same time,unlike domestic research,the "advancement of employee skill structure"is an important way for technological innovation to promote the growth of employment in Chinese SMEs. The paper further finds that the impact of technological innovation on employment growth in low-tech manufacturing companies is more sensitive. From the micro level,the results of this study confirm the influence of skill-biased technical progress on the employment in Chinese SMEs and provide a policy basis for alleviating the structural problems of"employment difficulties"and "recruitment difficulties"in China.
引文
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[2]陈晓红,马鸿烈.中小企业技术创新对成长性影响———科技型企业不同于非科技型企业?[J].科学学研究,2012,30(11):1749-1760.Chen Xiaohong,Ma Honglie. The effects of technological innovation on growth in small and medium-sized enterprises:Science and technology enterprises are different from non-science and technology enterprises[J]. Studies in Science of Science,2012,30(11):1749-1760.(in Chinese)
[3]解学梅.中小企业协同创新网络与创新绩效的实证研究[J].管理科学学报,2010,13(8):51-64.Xie Xuemei. Empirical study on cooperative innovation network and innovation performance of small and medium-sized enterprises[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China,2010,13(8):51-64.(in Chinese)
[4]孙耀吾,秦毓,贺石中.高技术中小企业知识搜索对创新能力的影响[J].科学学研究,2018,36(3):550-557.Sun Yaowu,Qin Yu,He Shizhong. Effect of knowledge search on innovation capability of SMEs[J]. Studies in Science of Science,2018,36(3):550-557.(in Chinese)
[5]李小瑛,赵忠.城镇劳动力市场雇佣关系的演化及影响因素[J].经济研究,2012,(9):85-98.Li Xiaoying,Zhao Zhong. Evolution and influencing factors of employment relationship in urban labor market[J]. Economic Research Journal,2012,(9):85-98.(in Chinese)
[6]魏峰,李燚,卢长宝,等.心理契约破裂、管理欺凌与反生产行为关系研究[J].管理科学学报,2015,18(3):52-63.Wei Feng,Li Yi,Lu Changbao,et al. Study on the relationship between psychological contract rupture,management bullying and anti-production behavior[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China,2015,18(3):52-63.(in Chinese)
[7]徐细雄,淦未宇.组织支持契合、心理授权与雇员组织承诺:一个新生代农民工雇佣关系管理的理论框架———基于海底捞的案例研究[J].管理世界,2011,(12):131-147.Xu Xixiong,Gan Weiyu. Organization support fit,psychological authorization and employee organizational commitment:A theory framework for relationship management of migrant workers employment,which based on sea fishing case study[J].Management World,2011,(12):131-147.(in Chinese)
[8]李召敏,韩小芳,赵曙明.民营企业雇佣关系模式关键影响因素的多案例研究[J].管理科学,2017,30(5):119-135.Li Zhaomin,Han Xiaofang,Zhao Shuming. A multiple case study of key influencing factors of employment relationship approach of private enterprises[J]. Journal of Management Science,2017,30(5):119-135.(in Chinese)
[9]张燕,王辉,樊景立.组织支持对人力资源措施和员工绩效的影响[J].管理科学学报,2008,11(2):120-131.Zhang Yan,Wang Hui,Fan Jingli. Effects of organizational support on human resource measures and employee performance[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China,2008,11(2):120-131.(in Chinese)
[10]刘智强,邓传军,廖建桥,等.组织支持、地位认知与员工创新:雇佣多样性视角[J].管理科学学报,2015,18(10):80-94.Liu Zhiqiang,Deng Chuanjun,Liao Jianqiao,et al. Organization support,status recognition and employee innovation:Employment diversity perspective[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China,2015,18(10):80-94.(in Chinese)
[11]蒋军锋,王茜.熊彼特竞争,交叉效应与创新激励[J].管理科学学报,2016,19(9):79-93.Jiang Junfeng,Wang Qian. Schumpeter’s competition,crossover effect and innovation incentive[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China,2016,19(9):79-93.(in Chinese)
[12]Mortensen B D,Pissarides C. Job creation and job destruction in the theory of unemployment[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2015,61(3):397-415.
[13]Vivarelli M. Technology,employment and skills:An interpretative framework[J]. Eurasian Business Review,2013,3(1):66-89.
[14]Vivarelli M. Innovation,employment and skills in advanced and developing countries:A survey of economic literature[J].Journal of Economic Issues,2014,48(1):123-154.
[15]Matuzeviciute K,Butkus M,Karaliute A. Do technological innovations affect unemployment? Some empirical evidence from European countries[J]. Economies,2017,48(5):1-19.
[16]朱轶,熊思敏.技术进步、产业结构变动对我国就业效应的经验研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(5):107-119.Zhu Yi,Xiong Simin. The empirical research of technological progress,industrial structure changes on China’s employment effect[J]. The Journal of Quantitative&Technology Economics,2009,(5):107-119.(in Chinese)
[17]方建国,尹丽波.技术创新对就业的影响:创造还是毁灭工作岗位———以福建省为例[J].中国人口科学,2012,(6):34-43.Fang Jianguo,Yin Libo. The impact of technological innovation on employment:Creating or destroying jobs:Taking Fujian province as an example[J]. Chinese Journal of Population Science,2012,(6):34-43.(in Chinese)
[18]Biagi F,Falk M. The impact of ICT and e-commerce on employment in Europe[J]. Journal of Policy Modeling,2017,39(1):1-18.
[19]Herstad S J. Product innovation and employment growth at the firm level:A quantile regression approach to inter-industry differences[J]. Applied Economics Letters,2017,(12):139-149.
[20]Garcia R. Uses of agent-based modeling in innovation[J]. The Journal of Product Innovation Management,2005,22(5):380-398.
[21]Fukao K,Ikeuchi K,Kim Y G,et al. Innovation and employment growth in Japan:Analysis based on microdata from the basic survey of Japanese business structure and activities[J]. Japanese Economic Review,2017,68(3):200-216
[22]Silva H C,Lima F. Technology,employment and skills:A look into job duration[J]. Research Policy,2017,46(8):1519-1530.
[23]Hall B H,Lotti F,Mairesse J. Employment,innovation,and productivity:Evidence from Italian microdata[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change,2007,(4):813-839.
[24]Lachenmaier S,Rottmann H. Effects of innovation on employment:A dynamic panel analysis[J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization,2011,29(2):210-220.
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