中国地区生态效率的空间特征及收敛性分析
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摘要
文章利用共同前沿方向距离函数和Bootstrap-DEA纠偏方法测算中国省级行政辖区生态效率,并利用空间自相关检验方法对省级行政辖区生态效率的空间特征进行分析和判断,最后利用动态空间计量方法对其收敛性特征进行检验。研究结果发现:近年来中国生态效率水平依然较低,许多省份的生态效率低至0.50以下,还有一些省份的生态效率甚至低至0.20以下。中国各省份的整体生态效率水平不仅较低而且还存在着严重的地区差异性。从全国数据的估计结果看,中国地区生态效率呈β条件收敛。
This paper calculates the ecological efficiency of provincial administrative districts in China by using the directional meta-distance function and Bootstrap-DEA correction method. We use spatial autocorrelation test to analyze and judge the spatial characteristics of ecological efficiency in provincial administrative areas in China and finally,we use dynamic spatial econometric method to test its convergence characteristics. The results show that: in recent years,the level of ecological Chinese efficiency is still low,the ecological efficiency of many provinces below 0. 50,and the ecological efficiency of some provinces even below 0. 20.The overall ecological efficiency level of China's provinces is not only low,but also contains serious regional differences. According to the estimation results of the national data,the ecological efficiency of China shows β conditional convergence.
This paper calculates the ecological efficiency of provincial administrative districts in China by using the directional meta-distance function and Bootstrap-DEA correction method. We use spatial autocorrelation test to analyze and judge the spatial characteristics of ecological efficiency in provincial administrative areas in China and finally,we use dynamic spatial econometric method to test its convergence characteristics. The results show that: in recent years,the level of ecological Chinese efficiency is still low,the ecological efficiency of many provinces below 0. 50,and the ecological efficiency of some provinces even below 0. 20.The overall ecological efficiency level of China's provinces is not only low,but also contains serious regional differences. According to the estimation results of the national data,the ecological efficiency of China shows β conditional convergence.
引文
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[9]张炳,毕军,黄和平.基于DEA的企业生态效率评价:以杭州湾精细化工园区企业为例[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008(4):159-166.
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[11]杨文举.中国地区工业的动态环境绩效:基于DEA的经验分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009(6):87-99.
[12]张炳,黄和平,毕军,等.基于物质流分析和数据包络分析的区域生态效率评价——以江苏省为例[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2473-2480.
[13]王恩旭,武春友.基于超效率DEA模型的中国省际生态效率时空差异研究[J].管理学报,2011(8):443-450.
[14]付丽娜,陈晓红,冷智花.基于超效率DEA模型的城市群生态效率研究——以长株潭“3+5”城市群为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013(4):169-175.
[15]成金华,孙琼,郭明晶,等.中国生态效率的区域差异及动态演化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(1):47-54.
[16]陈浩,陈平,罗艳.基于超效率DEA模型的中国资源型城市生态效率评价[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):34-40.
[17]孙欣,赵鑫,宋马林.长江经济带生态效率评价及收敛性分析[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):1-10.
[18]邓波,张学军,郭军华.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究[J].中国软科学,2011(1):92-99.
[19]张煊,王国顺,王一苇.生态经济效率评价及时空差异研究[J].经济地理,2014(12):153-160.
[20]查建平,王挺之.环境约束条件下景区旅游效率与旅游生产率评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(5):92-99.
[21]程晓娟,韩庆兰,全春光.基于PCA-DEA组合模型的中国煤炭产业生态效率研究[J].资源科学,2013(6):1292-1299.
[22]王敏,张晓平.基于PCA-DEA模型的中国省际生态效率研究[J].中国科学院大学学报,2015(4):520-527.
[23]汪克亮,孟祥瑞,程云鹤.环境压力视角下区域生态效率测度及收敛性——以长江经济带为例[J].系统工程,2016(4):109-116.
[24]DE KOEIJER T J,WOSSINK G,STRUIK P C,et al.Measuring agricultural sustainability in terms of efficiency:the case of Dutch sugar beet growers[J].Environ Manage,2002,66(1):9-17.
[25]PICAZO-TADEO A J,CASTILLO-GIMENEZ J,BELTRAN-ESTEVE M.An intertemporal approach to measuring environmental performance with directional distance functions:greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union[J].Ecoloigcal Economics,2014,100(3):173-182.
[26]SIMAR L,WILSON P W.Estimating and bootstrapping malmquist indices[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1999,115(3):459-471.
[27]KNEIP A,SIMAR L,WILSON P W.Computational efficient,consistent bootstrap for inference with non-parametric DEA estimators[J].Computational Economics,2011,38(4):483-515.
[28]SAEZ-FERNANDEZ F,PICAZO-TADEO A J,LLORCA-RODRIGUEZ C.Do labour societies perform differently to cooperatives?Evidence from the Spanish building industry[J].Annals Public&Cooperative Economics,2012,83(1):61-81.
[29]ANSELIN L.Spatial externalities,spatial multipliers,and spatial econometrics[J].International Regional Science Review,2003,26(2):153-166.
[30]SALA-I-MARTIN X.The classical approach to convergence analysis[J].The Economic Journal,1996,106(437):1019-1036.
[31]于伟,张鹏.城市化进程、空间溢出与绿色经济效率增长——基于2002-2012年省域单元的空间计量研究[J].经济问题探索,2016(1):77-82.
[32]李小胜,余芝雅,安庆贤.中国省际环境全要素生产率及其影响因素分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(10):17-23.
[33]王小鲁,樊纲,余静文.中国分省份市场化指数报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017:52-76.
[34]樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数——各地区市场化相对进程(2009)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2010:33-47.
[35]LEE LUNG-FEI,YU JIHAI.Efficienct GMM estimation of spatial dynamic panel data models with fixed effects[J].Journal of Econometrics,2014,180(3):174-197.
(1)也有一些研究将环境变量作为非合意产出,进行环境效率的评价。但究竟是应该环境变量作为投入还是产出,目前学术界并未得到一致结论(Dyckhoff和Allen,2001;Seiford和Zhu,2002)[3-4]。
(1)Picazo-Tadeo等(2012)[2]认为环境压力下的共同技术满足如下的一些性质:(1)经济增加值生产的过程中必然伴随着对环境的压力;(2)经济增加值作为产出具有自由可处置性;(3)环境压力下的共同技术集合具有凸性。
(1)利用R软件包-FEAR计算得到(美国Clemson大学Wilson教授于2013年开发)。
[2]PICAZO-TADEO A J,BELTRAN-ESTEVE M,GOMEZ-LIMON J A.Assessing eco-efficiency with directional distance functions[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2012,220(3):798-809.
[3]DYCKHOFF H,ALLEN K.Measuring ecological efficiency with data envelopment analysis[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2001,132(2):312-325.
[4]SEIFORD L M,ZHU J.Modeling undersirable factors in efficiency evaluation[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2002,142(1):16-20.
[5]KORHONEN P J,LUPTACIK M.Eco-efficiency analysis of power plants:an extension of data envelopment analysis[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2004,154(3):437-446.
[6]KUOSMANEN T,KORTELAINEN M.Measuring eco-efficiency of production with data envelopment analysis[J].Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):59-72.
[7]ZHANG B,BI J,FAN Z.Eco-efficiency analysis of industrial system in China:a data envelopment analysis approach[J].Ecological Economics,2008,68(3):306-316.
[8]PICAZO-TADEO A J,REIG-MARTINEZ E,GOMEZ-LIMON J A.Assessing farming eco-efficiency:a data envelopment analysis approach[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(4):1154-1164.
[9]张炳,毕军,黄和平.基于DEA的企业生态效率评价:以杭州湾精细化工园区企业为例[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008(4):159-166.
[10]KORTELAINEN M.Dynamic environmental performance analysis:a malmquist index approach[J].Ecological Economics,2008,64(4):701-715.
[11]杨文举.中国地区工业的动态环境绩效:基于DEA的经验分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009(6):87-99.
[12]张炳,黄和平,毕军,等.基于物质流分析和数据包络分析的区域生态效率评价——以江苏省为例[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2473-2480.
[13]王恩旭,武春友.基于超效率DEA模型的中国省际生态效率时空差异研究[J].管理学报,2011(8):443-450.
[14]付丽娜,陈晓红,冷智花.基于超效率DEA模型的城市群生态效率研究——以长株潭“3+5”城市群为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013(4):169-175.
[15]成金华,孙琼,郭明晶,等.中国生态效率的区域差异及动态演化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(1):47-54.
[16]陈浩,陈平,罗艳.基于超效率DEA模型的中国资源型城市生态效率评价[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):34-40.
[17]孙欣,赵鑫,宋马林.长江经济带生态效率评价及收敛性分析[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):1-10.
[18]邓波,张学军,郭军华.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究[J].中国软科学,2011(1):92-99.
[19]张煊,王国顺,王一苇.生态经济效率评价及时空差异研究[J].经济地理,2014(12):153-160.
[20]查建平,王挺之.环境约束条件下景区旅游效率与旅游生产率评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(5):92-99.
[21]程晓娟,韩庆兰,全春光.基于PCA-DEA组合模型的中国煤炭产业生态效率研究[J].资源科学,2013(6):1292-1299.
[22]王敏,张晓平.基于PCA-DEA模型的中国省际生态效率研究[J].中国科学院大学学报,2015(4):520-527.
[23]汪克亮,孟祥瑞,程云鹤.环境压力视角下区域生态效率测度及收敛性——以长江经济带为例[J].系统工程,2016(4):109-116.
[24]DE KOEIJER T J,WOSSINK G,STRUIK P C,et al.Measuring agricultural sustainability in terms of efficiency:the case of Dutch sugar beet growers[J].Environ Manage,2002,66(1):9-17.
[25]PICAZO-TADEO A J,CASTILLO-GIMENEZ J,BELTRAN-ESTEVE M.An intertemporal approach to measuring environmental performance with directional distance functions:greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union[J].Ecoloigcal Economics,2014,100(3):173-182.
[26]SIMAR L,WILSON P W.Estimating and bootstrapping malmquist indices[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1999,115(3):459-471.
[27]KNEIP A,SIMAR L,WILSON P W.Computational efficient,consistent bootstrap for inference with non-parametric DEA estimators[J].Computational Economics,2011,38(4):483-515.
[28]SAEZ-FERNANDEZ F,PICAZO-TADEO A J,LLORCA-RODRIGUEZ C.Do labour societies perform differently to cooperatives?Evidence from the Spanish building industry[J].Annals Public&Cooperative Economics,2012,83(1):61-81.
[29]ANSELIN L.Spatial externalities,spatial multipliers,and spatial econometrics[J].International Regional Science Review,2003,26(2):153-166.
[30]SALA-I-MARTIN X.The classical approach to convergence analysis[J].The Economic Journal,1996,106(437):1019-1036.
[31]于伟,张鹏.城市化进程、空间溢出与绿色经济效率增长——基于2002-2012年省域单元的空间计量研究[J].经济问题探索,2016(1):77-82.
[32]李小胜,余芝雅,安庆贤.中国省际环境全要素生产率及其影响因素分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(10):17-23.
[33]王小鲁,樊纲,余静文.中国分省份市场化指数报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017:52-76.
[34]樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数——各地区市场化相对进程(2009)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2010:33-47.
[35]LEE LUNG-FEI,YU JIHAI.Efficienct GMM estimation of spatial dynamic panel data models with fixed effects[J].Journal of Econometrics,2014,180(3):174-197.
(1)也有一些研究将环境变量作为非合意产出,进行环境效率的评价。但究竟是应该环境变量作为投入还是产出,目前学术界并未得到一致结论(Dyckhoff和Allen,2001;Seiford和Zhu,2002)[3-4]。
(1)Picazo-Tadeo等(2012)[2]认为环境压力下的共同技术满足如下的一些性质:(1)经济增加值生产的过程中必然伴随着对环境的压力;(2)经济增加值作为产出具有自由可处置性;(3)环境压力下的共同技术集合具有凸性。
(1)利用R软件包-FEAR计算得到(美国Clemson大学Wilson教授于2013年开发)。