劳动力市场分割、人力资本投资与收入回报
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摘要
使用中国省级层面劳动力市场分割数据,结合中国综合社会调查(CGSS)微观数据,考察了中国劳动力市场分割对人力资本投资及其回报的影响。研究表明:(1)劳动力市场分割会显著降低人力资本投资水平。(2)在人力资本投资水平较低时,劳动力市场分割有助于提高人力资本回报,但在人力资本水平高于临界值时,劳动力市场分割会降低人力资本回报。(3)市场分割会显著影响女性、农村劳动者的人力资本投资回报水平,但是对男性、城镇劳动者人力资本投资回报的影响不显著。政策启示是:从短期看,"一刀切"的市场分割保护政策虽然在一定程度上可以提高低素质劳动者的收入,但并不利于高素质劳动力实现资源的优化配置,如何实现低素质劳动力充分就业和高素质劳动力自由流动是政策制定者需要考虑的重要问题;市场分割会降低劳动者的人力资本投资,从长期看,不利于劳动者收入水平的提升和社会地位的提高,鼓励劳动力自由流动,坚持人力资本提升战略才能从根本上提升劳动者的收入回报。
This paper analyzed the effect of labor market segmentation on human capital investment and its return using Chinese provincial labor market segmentation data and Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS)data. The results showed that:(1)labor market segmentation will significantly reduce human capital investment;(2)labor market segmentation will improve the return of human capital when human capital is low, while it will reduce the return of human capital when human capital is high;(3)market segmentation will significantly improve the return of human capital of female and rural workers rather than male and urban workers.The policy enlightenment of this paper is that although the "one size fits all"market segmentation policy can improve the income of lower-skilled workers, while it is at the expense of poorer allocation efficiency of higher-skilled workers. How to protect lower-skilled workers and improve the mobility of higher-skilled workers is what policymakers need to consider. Meanwhile, it will reduce human capital investment which is not helpful to improving workers' income and social status from a long-term perspective.Encouraging workers' free movement and human capital promotion can fundamentally improve workers' income.
This paper analyzed the effect of labor market segmentation on human capital investment and its return using Chinese provincial labor market segmentation data and Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS)data. The results showed that:(1)labor market segmentation will significantly reduce human capital investment;(2)labor market segmentation will improve the return of human capital when human capital is low, while it will reduce the return of human capital when human capital is high;(3)market segmentation will significantly improve the return of human capital of female and rural workers rather than male and urban workers.The policy enlightenment of this paper is that although the "one size fits all"market segmentation policy can improve the income of lower-skilled workers, while it is at the expense of poorer allocation efficiency of higher-skilled workers. How to protect lower-skilled workers and improve the mobility of higher-skilled workers is what policymakers need to consider. Meanwhile, it will reduce human capital investment which is not helpful to improving workers' income and social status from a long-term perspective.Encouraging workers' free movement and human capital promotion can fundamentally improve workers' income.
引文
[1]郝大明. 1978—2014年中国劳动配置效应的分离与实证[J].经济研究,2015(7):16-29.
[2]沈坤荣,余吉祥.农村劳动力流动对中国城镇居民收入的影响——基于市场化进程中城乡劳动力分工视角的研究[J].管理世界,2011(3):58-65.
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[5]陆铭,陈钊.分割市场的经济增长——为什么经济开放可能加剧地方保护?[J].经济研究,2009(3):42-52.
[6]李路路,朱斌,王煜.市场转型、劳动力市场分割与工作组织流动[J].中国社会科学,2016(9):126-145.
[7]王宋涛,朱腾腾,燕波.制度环境、市场分割与劳动收入份额——理论分析与基于中国工业企业的实证研究[J].南开经济研究,2017(3):70-87.
[8]马草原,马文涛,李成.中国劳动力市场所有制分割的根源与表现[J].管理世界,2017(11):22-34.
[9]陈维涛,王永进,毛劲松.出口技术复杂度、劳动力市场分割与中国的人力资本投资[J].管理世界,2014(2):6-20.
[10]李坤望,陈维涛,王永进.对外贸易、劳动力市场分割与中国人力资本投资[J].世界经济,2014(3):56-79.
[11]程名望,盖庆恩,JIN Y H,等.人力资本积累与农户收入增长[J].经济研究,2016(1):168-181.
[12]刘瑞明,亢延锟,黄维乔.就业市场扭曲、人力资本积累与阶层分化[J].经济学动态,2017(8):74-87.
[13] GRUSKY D B. Social stratification:class,race,and gender in sociological perspective(2ed.)[M]. Colorado:Westview Press,2001:438-446.
[14]申晓梅,谭远发,边慧敏.中国大学毕业生就业中的性别歧视甄别[J].经济学家,2010(10):46-55.
[15] BOOTH A L,FRANCESCONI M,FRANK J. A sticky floors model of promotion,pay,and gender[J]. European Economic Review,2003,47(2):295-322.
[16] ARULAMPALAM W,BOOTH A L,BRYAN M L. Is there a glass ceiling over europe? exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution[J]. ILR Review,2007,60(2):163-186.
[17] HASSINK W H,RUSSO G. The glass door:the gender composition of newly-hired workers across hierarchical job levels[R/OL].[2018-04-07].https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1584189.
[18]陆铭,陈钊.分割市场的经济增长——为什么经济开放可能加剧地方保护?[J].经济研究,2009(3):42-52.
[19]吴愈晓.劳动力市场分割、职业流动与城市劳动者经济地位获得的二元路径模式[J].中国社会科学,2011(1):119-137.
[20]桂琦寒,陈敏,陆铭,等.中国国内商品市场趋于分割还是整合:基于相对价格法的分析[J].世界经济,2006(2):20-30.
[21]赵奇伟,熊性美.中国三大市场分割程度的比较分析:时间走势与区域差异[J].世界经济,2009(6):41-53.
[22] PARSLEY D C,WEI S. Convergence to the law of one price without trade barriers of currency fluctuations[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1996:1211-1236.
[23]陈斌开,张鹏飞,杨汝岱.政府教育投入、人力资本投资与中国城乡收入差距[J].管理世界,2010(1):36-43.
[24] MORDUCH J,SICULAR T. Politics,growth,and inequality in rural China:does it pay to join the party?[J]. Journal of Public Economics,2000,77(3):331-356.
[25]程名望,史清华,JIN Y H,等.农户收入差距及其根源:模型与实证[J].管理世界,2015(7):17-28.
[2]沈坤荣,余吉祥.农村劳动力流动对中国城镇居民收入的影响——基于市场化进程中城乡劳动力分工视角的研究[J].管理世界,2011(3):58-65.
[3]余向华,陈雪娟.中国劳动力市场的户籍分割效应及其变迁——工资差异与机会差异双重视角下的实证研究[J].经济研究,2012(12):97-110.
[4]刘瑞明.国有企业、隐性补贴与市场分割:理论与经验证据[J].管理世界,2012(4):21-32.
[5]陆铭,陈钊.分割市场的经济增长——为什么经济开放可能加剧地方保护?[J].经济研究,2009(3):42-52.
[6]李路路,朱斌,王煜.市场转型、劳动力市场分割与工作组织流动[J].中国社会科学,2016(9):126-145.
[7]王宋涛,朱腾腾,燕波.制度环境、市场分割与劳动收入份额——理论分析与基于中国工业企业的实证研究[J].南开经济研究,2017(3):70-87.
[8]马草原,马文涛,李成.中国劳动力市场所有制分割的根源与表现[J].管理世界,2017(11):22-34.
[9]陈维涛,王永进,毛劲松.出口技术复杂度、劳动力市场分割与中国的人力资本投资[J].管理世界,2014(2):6-20.
[10]李坤望,陈维涛,王永进.对外贸易、劳动力市场分割与中国人力资本投资[J].世界经济,2014(3):56-79.
[11]程名望,盖庆恩,JIN Y H,等.人力资本积累与农户收入增长[J].经济研究,2016(1):168-181.
[12]刘瑞明,亢延锟,黄维乔.就业市场扭曲、人力资本积累与阶层分化[J].经济学动态,2017(8):74-87.
[13] GRUSKY D B. Social stratification:class,race,and gender in sociological perspective(2ed.)[M]. Colorado:Westview Press,2001:438-446.
[14]申晓梅,谭远发,边慧敏.中国大学毕业生就业中的性别歧视甄别[J].经济学家,2010(10):46-55.
[15] BOOTH A L,FRANCESCONI M,FRANK J. A sticky floors model of promotion,pay,and gender[J]. European Economic Review,2003,47(2):295-322.
[16] ARULAMPALAM W,BOOTH A L,BRYAN M L. Is there a glass ceiling over europe? exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution[J]. ILR Review,2007,60(2):163-186.
[17] HASSINK W H,RUSSO G. The glass door:the gender composition of newly-hired workers across hierarchical job levels[R/OL].[2018-04-07].https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1584189.
[18]陆铭,陈钊.分割市场的经济增长——为什么经济开放可能加剧地方保护?[J].经济研究,2009(3):42-52.
[19]吴愈晓.劳动力市场分割、职业流动与城市劳动者经济地位获得的二元路径模式[J].中国社会科学,2011(1):119-137.
[20]桂琦寒,陈敏,陆铭,等.中国国内商品市场趋于分割还是整合:基于相对价格法的分析[J].世界经济,2006(2):20-30.
[21]赵奇伟,熊性美.中国三大市场分割程度的比较分析:时间走势与区域差异[J].世界经济,2009(6):41-53.
[22] PARSLEY D C,WEI S. Convergence to the law of one price without trade barriers of currency fluctuations[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1996:1211-1236.
[23]陈斌开,张鹏飞,杨汝岱.政府教育投入、人力资本投资与中国城乡收入差距[J].管理世界,2010(1):36-43.
[24] MORDUCH J,SICULAR T. Politics,growth,and inequality in rural China:does it pay to join the party?[J]. Journal of Public Economics,2000,77(3):331-356.
[25]程名望,史清华,JIN Y H,等.农户收入差距及其根源:模型与实证[J].管理世界,2015(7):17-28.