建国70年中国工资收入分配制度变迁与改革实践――历程、经验与愿景
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摘要
工资收入分配是事关国计民生的重大问题。新中国成立70年来,我国工资分配取得重大成就,既有弥足珍贵的经验,也经历过曲折和反复。本文以70年来我国工资分配的理论和制度体系改革创新、实施成效和经验,以及未来改革愿景为主线,从国家社会经济发展全局视角,阐述了70年来我国从按劳分配到按劳分配为主体多种分配形式并存,再到按劳分配和按要素分配相结合,乃至现在的共建共享致力于全体人民共同富裕,以及工资改革不断适应计划经济、社会主义市场经济和新时代中国特色社会主义的改革轨迹,展现了我党带领人民努力发展经济的目的就是不断提高劳动者收入,提高人民生活水平,不断满足人民对美好生活的向往。
The income distribution is an important factor of national economy and people's livelihood. China has made great achievements in income distribution over the past 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Among them,there are not only valuable experiences, but ups and downs as well. By focusing on the income distribution theory and the reform and innovation of the institutional system, practical results and experience, as well as visions from the perspective of the social and economic development in China,this paper shed light on trajectory reforms on the process from distribution by labor to distribution by labor as the main body while coexisting with distribution by other elements, from a combination of the distribution by labor with distribution by major productivity factors to the efforts dedicated to common prosperity for all the people, as well as wage reforms from adapting to the planned economy to of the socialist market economy and the socialism with Chinese characteristics in a New Era over the past 70 years. It shows the path in which the aim that our Party has led the people to strive for economic development is to constantly raising the income of working people and improving the living standards of the people towards a better life in the future.
The income distribution is an important factor of national economy and people's livelihood. China has made great achievements in income distribution over the past 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Among them,there are not only valuable experiences, but ups and downs as well. By focusing on the income distribution theory and the reform and innovation of the institutional system, practical results and experience, as well as visions from the perspective of the social and economic development in China,this paper shed light on trajectory reforms on the process from distribution by labor to distribution by labor as the main body while coexisting with distribution by other elements, from a combination of the distribution by labor with distribution by major productivity factors to the efforts dedicated to common prosperity for all the people, as well as wage reforms from adapting to the planned economy to of the socialist market economy and the socialism with Chinese characteristics in a New Era over the past 70 years. It shows the path in which the aim that our Party has led the people to strive for economic development is to constantly raising the income of working people and improving the living standards of the people towards a better life in the future.
引文
[1]邓小平文选:第2卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1994:101.
[2]薛暮桥.当前我国经济若干问题[M].北京:人民出版社,1980:137.
[3]李唯一.中国工资制度[M].北京:中国劳动出版社,1991:187.
[4]何宪.改革完善公务员工资制度研究[M].北京:中国人事出版社,2015:157-170.
[5]王忠禹.国企改革攻坚纪实[M].北京:企业管理出版社,2010.
[6]邱小平.工资收入分配[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2004.
[7]人力资源和社会保障统计摘要2018(上)[Z].
[8]人力资源和社会保障事业发展“十三五”规划纲要[Z].
[9]党的十九大报告辅导读本[M].北京:人民出版社,2017.
[10]张士义,等.从一大到十九大(中国共产党全国代表大会史1921-2017)[M].北京:人民东方出版社,2018.
[11]中国劳动和社会保障科学研究院.改革开放四十年我国工资收入分配重大史料研究报告[R].2018.
[12]中共中央,国务院.关于深化国有企业改革的指导意见[EB/OL].新华网http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-09/13/c_1116547305.htm.
[13]中国共产党第十八届三中全会:中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].新华网http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-09/13/c_1116547305.htm.
[14]国务院.关于改革国有企业工资决定机制的意见(国发[2018]16号)[Z].
[15]谭中和.中国薪酬发展报告2017[M].北京:社科文献出版社,2018.
[16]李锡元,等.国有企业推行职业经理人制度的改革路径[J].学习与实践,2018(6).
(1)让老百姓过上好日子:关于改善民生和创新社会治理[EB/OL].(2014-07-10).人民网-人民日报http://opinion.people.com.cn/n/2014/0710/c1003-25264271.html.
(2)八级工资制以技术等级标准为基础,按照技术等级标准采取考工定级或考评结合的办法确定工资等级。有的行业如建筑业实行的是七级工资制。
(3)旧计件只有计件单价,没有劳动定额。
(4)变相工资是指国民党统治时期,由于物价飞涨,正常工资不能维持职工的基本生活而设立的名目繁多的津贴、补贴等。这是旧中国工资制度混乱、腐败、不合理的产物。
(1)李维一.中国工资制度[M].北京:中国劳动出版社,1991.
(2)第一次是1958年在工资分配上“左”倾错误思想影响下“干多干少一个样”“干好干坏一个样”“井上井下一个样”等的平均主义大锅饭分配。
(3)邓小平文选:第二卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1994:101.
[2]薛暮桥.当前我国经济若干问题[M].北京:人民出版社,1980:137.
[3]李唯一.中国工资制度[M].北京:中国劳动出版社,1991:187.
[4]何宪.改革完善公务员工资制度研究[M].北京:中国人事出版社,2015:157-170.
[5]王忠禹.国企改革攻坚纪实[M].北京:企业管理出版社,2010.
[6]邱小平.工资收入分配[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2004.
[7]人力资源和社会保障统计摘要2018(上)[Z].
[8]人力资源和社会保障事业发展“十三五”规划纲要[Z].
[9]党的十九大报告辅导读本[M].北京:人民出版社,2017.
[10]张士义,等.从一大到十九大(中国共产党全国代表大会史1921-2017)[M].北京:人民东方出版社,2018.
[11]中国劳动和社会保障科学研究院.改革开放四十年我国工资收入分配重大史料研究报告[R].2018.
[12]中共中央,国务院.关于深化国有企业改革的指导意见[EB/OL].新华网http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-09/13/c_1116547305.htm.
[13]中国共产党第十八届三中全会:中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].新华网http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-09/13/c_1116547305.htm.
[14]国务院.关于改革国有企业工资决定机制的意见(国发[2018]16号)[Z].
[15]谭中和.中国薪酬发展报告2017[M].北京:社科文献出版社,2018.
[16]李锡元,等.国有企业推行职业经理人制度的改革路径[J].学习与实践,2018(6).
(1)让老百姓过上好日子:关于改善民生和创新社会治理[EB/OL].(2014-07-10).人民网-人民日报http://opinion.people.com.cn/n/2014/0710/c1003-25264271.html.
(2)八级工资制以技术等级标准为基础,按照技术等级标准采取考工定级或考评结合的办法确定工资等级。有的行业如建筑业实行的是七级工资制。
(3)旧计件只有计件单价,没有劳动定额。
(4)变相工资是指国民党统治时期,由于物价飞涨,正常工资不能维持职工的基本生活而设立的名目繁多的津贴、补贴等。这是旧中国工资制度混乱、腐败、不合理的产物。
(1)李维一.中国工资制度[M].北京:中国劳动出版社,1991.
(2)第一次是1958年在工资分配上“左”倾错误思想影响下“干多干少一个样”“干好干坏一个样”“井上井下一个样”等的平均主义大锅饭分配。
(3)邓小平文选:第二卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1994:101.