中国汉族乡村成年人的身高与体质量的地理性分布
|
摘要
目前尚未见大样本的中国乡村汉族人随纬度、经度增长,身高、体质量值的变化规律的报道。为此,2009～2013年测量了16501例汉族人(共36个调查地区)乡村成人的身高、体质量等13项指标值,并计算了3项指数。研究不同纬度、经度地区汉族乡村成人的身高、体质量值变化规律以及这种规律形成的原因。研究发现,汉族人的身高、体质量与纬度、经度均呈正相关。随纬度增加,男性和女性的躯干、下肢的高度值均增大是身高与纬度呈正相关的原因。随纬度增加,男性身高的增加、躯干的增粗共同促进体质量与纬度呈正相关,女性身高、躯干围度、四肢围度、背部皮下脂肪厚度值的增大是体质量与纬度呈正相关的原因。男性随经度增加,身高增大,躯干部的增粗是导致体质量与经度相关的原因。而四肢和躯干的皮下脂肪、四肢的围度并不随经度的增加而线性增大。随经度增加,女性的身高、臀围呈线性增大,这是导致女性体质量与经度相关的主要原因。遗传、环境、经济发展水平的差异是导致身高、体质量与纬度、经度呈正相关的因素。
There is no report of large samples about variations of stature and body mass of rural Han in China increasing with latitude and longitude. As a result of this lack, we measured 13 indicators including stature and weight of 16501 rural Han adults in 36 areas in China from 2009 to 2013. From these measurements we calculated three indices. The results of this research show that stature and latitude of rural Han adults is positively correlated, and that the height of the trunk and lower limb all increased with latitude. With latitude increasing, the velocity of the lower extremity and length increase in males exceeding a positive correlation between body mass and latitude. The increase in stature, trunk circumference, limb circumference of females, and back subcutaneous fat also exceeded the positive correlation between body mass and latitude. This increase in stature was due to an increase in the lower extremity length. With latitude increasing, there was also an increase in Chinese rural Han stature and trunk circumference, thickness of female triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, and supraspinale skinfold. Variations in all the factors above shows a positive correlation between body mass and latitude in our sample. Stature and body mass of males and females are positively correlated with longitude, which means that stature and body mass of rural Han linearly increase with longitude. Stature of males and females show a positive correlation with trunk and lower limbs that are linearly increasing with longitude. Larger stature and thicker trunks associated with longitude in male Han is why body mass is correlated with longitude. Subcutaneous fat of the trunk and limbs are not linearly increased with longitude. Stature and hip circumference of females linearly correlated with longitude explains why female body mass is correlated with longitude. Heredity, geographical conditions and economic development have led to stature and body mass being positively correlated with longitude. Differences of genetic, environment and level of economic development are the main factors that influence different physical characteristics of the Han in southern and northern China.
There is no report of large samples about variations of stature and body mass of rural Han in China increasing with latitude and longitude. As a result of this lack, we measured 13 indicators including stature and weight of 16501 rural Han adults in 36 areas in China from 2009 to 2013. From these measurements we calculated three indices. The results of this research show that stature and latitude of rural Han adults is positively correlated, and that the height of the trunk and lower limb all increased with latitude. With latitude increasing, the velocity of the lower extremity and length increase in males exceeding a positive correlation between body mass and latitude. The increase in stature, trunk circumference, limb circumference of females, and back subcutaneous fat also exceeded the positive correlation between body mass and latitude. This increase in stature was due to an increase in the lower extremity length. With latitude increasing, there was also an increase in Chinese rural Han stature and trunk circumference, thickness of female triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, and supraspinale skinfold. Variations in all the factors above shows a positive correlation between body mass and latitude in our sample. Stature and body mass of males and females are positively correlated with longitude, which means that stature and body mass of rural Han linearly increase with longitude. Stature of males and females show a positive correlation with trunk and lower limbs that are linearly increasing with longitude. Larger stature and thicker trunks associated with longitude in male Han is why body mass is correlated with longitude. Subcutaneous fat of the trunk and limbs are not linearly increased with longitude. Stature and hip circumference of females linearly correlated with longitude explains why female body mass is correlated with longitude. Heredity, geographical conditions and economic development have led to stature and body mass being positively correlated with longitude. Differences of genetic, environment and level of economic development are the main factors that influence different physical characteristics of the Han in southern and northern China.
引文
[1]Xu SH,Yin XY,Li SL,et al.Genomic dissection of population substructure of Han Chinese and its implication in association studies[J].American Journal of Human Genetics,2009,85(6):762-774
[2]林琬生,胡承康.中国青年生长发育环境差异的研究[J].人类学学报,1990,9(2):152-159
[3]季成叶.农村青年学生生长发育的环境差异[J].中国校医,1991,5(3):12-15
[4]马立广,曹彦荣,徐玖瑾,等.中国102个人群的身高与地理环境相关性研究[J].人类学学报,2008,27(3):223-231
[5]唐锡麟.儿童少年生长发育[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991,78-79
[6]雅·雅·罗金斯基,马·格·列文.人类学[M].北京:警官教育出版社,1993,65-66,73-75
[7]Martin R,K Saller.Lehrbuch der Anthropologie[M].Stuttgart:Gustav Fischer Verlag,1957
[8]席焕久,陈昭.人体测量方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2010,145-156
[9]张振标.现代中国人体质特征及其类型的分析[J].人类学学报,1988,7:314-323
[10]刘武,杨茂有,王野城.现代中国人颅骨测量特征及其地区性差异的初步研究[J].人类学学报,1991,10:96-105
[11]Wen B,Li H,Lu DR,et al.Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture[J].Nature,2004,431:302-305
[12]Seungwoo H,Eui SJ,Sungjoon P.Comparison of three-dimensional Korean male anthropometric data with modeling data generated by digital human models[J].Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing&Service Industries,2012,1-14,DOI:10.1002/hfm
[13]Lin YC,Wang MJ,Wang EM.The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia[J].Applied Ergonomics,2004,35:173-178
[14]Wilke HJ,Neef P,Hinz B,et al Intradiscal pressure together with anthropometric data:A data set for the validation of models[J].Clinical Biomechanics,2001,16(1):111-126
[15]Dewangan KN,Prasanna Kumar GV,Suja PL,et al.Anthropometric dimensions of farm youth of the north eastern region of India[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2005,35:979-989
[16]Moss S,Wang Z,Salloum M,et al.Anthropometry for World-SID:A World-Harmonized Midsize Male Side Impact Crash Dummy.SAE Technical Paper Series 2000-01-2202
[17]Jung SG,Kim GH,Roh WJ.Comparison of basic body dimension between Korean and American for design application[J].Korean Society of Basic Design and Art,2000,1(2):65-75
[18]傅世侠,张昀.生命科学与人类文明[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994,61-62
[19]Sinclair D.Human Growth After Birth[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1985
[20]Reddy BM,Pferrer A,Crawford MH,et al.Population substructure and patterns of quantitative variation among the Gollas of southern Andhra Pradesh India[J].Human Biology,2001,73(2):291-306
[21]Pietil?inen KH,Kaprio J,R?s?nen M,et al.Genetic and environmental influences on the tracking of body size from birth to early adulthood[J].Obesity Research,2002,10(9):875-884
[22]Hur M,Kaprio J.Genetic influences on the difference in variability of height,body weight and body mass index between Caucasian and East Asian adolescent twins[J].Int J Obes(Lond),2008,32:1455-1467
[23]Pearson K,Lee A.On the laws of inheritance in man[J].Biometrika,1903,2:356-462
[24]Hirschhorn JN,Lindgren CM,Daly MJ,et al.Genome wide linkage analysis of stature in multiple populations reveals several regions with evidence of linkage to adult height[J].Am J Hum Genet,2001,69(1):106-116
[25]Perola M,Sammalisto S,Hiekkalinna T,et al.Combined genome scans for body stature in 6,602 European twins:Evidence for common Caucasian loci[J].PLo S Genet,2007,3(6):e97
[26]Yang TL,Xiong DH,Guo Y,et al.Comprehensive association analyses of IGF1,ESR2,and CYP17 genes with adult height in Caucasians[J].Eur J Hum Genet,2008,16(11):1380-1387
[27]周伏圣,孙良丹,高敏,等.COL11A1基因启动子多态与汉族人身高的关联分析[J].安徽医科大学学报,2009,44(3):331-333
[28]季林丹,徐进,张亚平.人类群体环境适应性进化研究进展[J].科学通报,2012,57:112-119
[29]Hatton TJ.How have Europeans grown so tall?[M].Oxford Economic Papers,2014,66:349-372
[30]谭婧泽,李黎明,张建波,等.新疆西南部青铜时代欧亚东西方人群混合的颅骨测量学证据[J].科学通报,2012,57:2666-2673
[31]Zheng LB,Li YL,Lu SH,et al.Physical characteristics of Chinese Hakka[J].Sci China Life Sci,2013,56(6):541-551
[32]Fernandez-Real JM,Ricart W.Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome[J].Endocr Rev,2003,24:278-301
[33]Yusuf S,Hawken S,Ounpuu S,et al.Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries:A casecontrol study[J].Lancet,2005,366:1640-1649
[34]Manco M,Fernandez-Real JM,Equitani F,et al.Effect of massive weight loss on inflammatory adipocytokines and the innate immune system in morbidly obese women[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007,92:483-490
[35]Beall CM,Goldstein MC.High prevalence of excess fat and central fat patterning among Mongolian pastoral nomads[J].Am J Hum Biol,1992,4:747-56
[36]Gabrielsson BG,Johansson JM,Lonn M,et al.High expression of complement components in omental adipose tissue in obese men[J].Obes Res,2003,11:699-708
[37]韩丽娜,石昊苏.利用Surfer 8.0绘制地质等值线图[J].计算机与现代化,2008,11:84-87
[2]林琬生,胡承康.中国青年生长发育环境差异的研究[J].人类学学报,1990,9(2):152-159
[3]季成叶.农村青年学生生长发育的环境差异[J].中国校医,1991,5(3):12-15
[4]马立广,曹彦荣,徐玖瑾,等.中国102个人群的身高与地理环境相关性研究[J].人类学学报,2008,27(3):223-231
[5]唐锡麟.儿童少年生长发育[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991,78-79
[6]雅·雅·罗金斯基,马·格·列文.人类学[M].北京:警官教育出版社,1993,65-66,73-75
[7]Martin R,K Saller.Lehrbuch der Anthropologie[M].Stuttgart:Gustav Fischer Verlag,1957
[8]席焕久,陈昭.人体测量方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2010,145-156
[9]张振标.现代中国人体质特征及其类型的分析[J].人类学学报,1988,7:314-323
[10]刘武,杨茂有,王野城.现代中国人颅骨测量特征及其地区性差异的初步研究[J].人类学学报,1991,10:96-105
[11]Wen B,Li H,Lu DR,et al.Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture[J].Nature,2004,431:302-305
[12]Seungwoo H,Eui SJ,Sungjoon P.Comparison of three-dimensional Korean male anthropometric data with modeling data generated by digital human models[J].Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing&Service Industries,2012,1-14,DOI:10.1002/hfm
[13]Lin YC,Wang MJ,Wang EM.The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia[J].Applied Ergonomics,2004,35:173-178
[14]Wilke HJ,Neef P,Hinz B,et al Intradiscal pressure together with anthropometric data:A data set for the validation of models[J].Clinical Biomechanics,2001,16(1):111-126
[15]Dewangan KN,Prasanna Kumar GV,Suja PL,et al.Anthropometric dimensions of farm youth of the north eastern region of India[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2005,35:979-989
[16]Moss S,Wang Z,Salloum M,et al.Anthropometry for World-SID:A World-Harmonized Midsize Male Side Impact Crash Dummy.SAE Technical Paper Series 2000-01-2202
[17]Jung SG,Kim GH,Roh WJ.Comparison of basic body dimension between Korean and American for design application[J].Korean Society of Basic Design and Art,2000,1(2):65-75
[18]傅世侠,张昀.生命科学与人类文明[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994,61-62
[19]Sinclair D.Human Growth After Birth[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1985
[20]Reddy BM,Pferrer A,Crawford MH,et al.Population substructure and patterns of quantitative variation among the Gollas of southern Andhra Pradesh India[J].Human Biology,2001,73(2):291-306
[21]Pietil?inen KH,Kaprio J,R?s?nen M,et al.Genetic and environmental influences on the tracking of body size from birth to early adulthood[J].Obesity Research,2002,10(9):875-884
[22]Hur M,Kaprio J.Genetic influences on the difference in variability of height,body weight and body mass index between Caucasian and East Asian adolescent twins[J].Int J Obes(Lond),2008,32:1455-1467
[23]Pearson K,Lee A.On the laws of inheritance in man[J].Biometrika,1903,2:356-462
[24]Hirschhorn JN,Lindgren CM,Daly MJ,et al.Genome wide linkage analysis of stature in multiple populations reveals several regions with evidence of linkage to adult height[J].Am J Hum Genet,2001,69(1):106-116
[25]Perola M,Sammalisto S,Hiekkalinna T,et al.Combined genome scans for body stature in 6,602 European twins:Evidence for common Caucasian loci[J].PLo S Genet,2007,3(6):e97
[26]Yang TL,Xiong DH,Guo Y,et al.Comprehensive association analyses of IGF1,ESR2,and CYP17 genes with adult height in Caucasians[J].Eur J Hum Genet,2008,16(11):1380-1387
[27]周伏圣,孙良丹,高敏,等.COL11A1基因启动子多态与汉族人身高的关联分析[J].安徽医科大学学报,2009,44(3):331-333
[28]季林丹,徐进,张亚平.人类群体环境适应性进化研究进展[J].科学通报,2012,57:112-119
[29]Hatton TJ.How have Europeans grown so tall?[M].Oxford Economic Papers,2014,66:349-372
[30]谭婧泽,李黎明,张建波,等.新疆西南部青铜时代欧亚东西方人群混合的颅骨测量学证据[J].科学通报,2012,57:2666-2673
[31]Zheng LB,Li YL,Lu SH,et al.Physical characteristics of Chinese Hakka[J].Sci China Life Sci,2013,56(6):541-551
[32]Fernandez-Real JM,Ricart W.Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome[J].Endocr Rev,2003,24:278-301
[33]Yusuf S,Hawken S,Ounpuu S,et al.Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries:A casecontrol study[J].Lancet,2005,366:1640-1649
[34]Manco M,Fernandez-Real JM,Equitani F,et al.Effect of massive weight loss on inflammatory adipocytokines and the innate immune system in morbidly obese women[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007,92:483-490
[35]Beall CM,Goldstein MC.High prevalence of excess fat and central fat patterning among Mongolian pastoral nomads[J].Am J Hum Biol,1992,4:747-56
[36]Gabrielsson BG,Johansson JM,Lonn M,et al.High expression of complement components in omental adipose tissue in obese men[J].Obes Res,2003,11:699-708
[37]韩丽娜,石昊苏.利用Surfer 8.0绘制地质等值线图[J].计算机与现代化,2008,11:84-87