不同土地利用类型的土壤中多环芳烃的纵向迁移特征
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摘要
为研究城镇化过程中不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向迁移特征,在快速进行城镇化建设的沈阳东部地区选择了3种不同土地利用类型(城市用地、耕地及林地)的5个土壤剖面(0～1 m),分析了土壤剖面层中PAHs的残留特征,讨论了影响PAHs纵向分布和迁移的因素以及土壤PAHs的来源.结果表明,5个采样点土壤表层ΣPAHs的含量为:城市1号点513. 19～12 689. 04μg·kg~(-1)、旱田点36. 18～7 196. 10μg·kg~(-1)、水田点70. 92～747. 53μg·kg~(-1)、城市2号点19. 39～636. 47μg·kg~(-1)和林地点4. 79～349. 24μg·kg~(-1). PAHs在城市用地和林地中主要被截留在0～30 cm浅层土壤中,在耕地可以迁移至较深的土壤层;高环数PAHs在浅层土壤层中所占比例较大,深层土壤低环数占比较高;土壤有机质与PAHs分布呈显著正相关,PAHs的理化属性对其迁移能力有一定影响;源解析表明,研究区域的PAHs主要来源于工业活动和交通等燃烧,部分低环数PAHs来自于石油产品输入.
To study the vertical distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) in the soils from different land use types during urbanization,three land use types( urban land,cultivated land,and woodland) were selected in the eastern part of Shenyang,where urbanization is occurring rapidly. In each case,five soil samples were obtained from different depths( 0-1 m).Change in the concentrations of PAHs,vertical migration factors,and the distribution and sources of PAHs were analyzed in the vertical soil profiles. Total concentrations of PAHs in the different soil type were ordered as follows: city 1( 513. 19-12 689. 04 μg·kg~(-1)); dry field( 36. 18-7 196. 10 μg·kg~(-1)); paddy field( 70. 92-747. 53 μg·kg~(-1)); city 2( 19. 39-636. 47 μg·kg~(-1)); and woodland( 4. 79-349. 24 μg·kg~(-1)). PAHs were mainly trapped in shallow soils in urban and forest land,but can migrate deeper into the soil profile in cultivated land. High-ring PAHs were abundant at depths of 0-30 cm,while low-ring PAHs were abundant deeper in the soil profiles.SOM had a significant effect on the vertical distribution of PAHs,and the physical and chemical properties of PAHs had a significant influence on their migration ability. However,combustion sources from industrial activities and transportation in the region are still considered the main sources of PAHs despite the fact that some low-ring PAHs derive from petroleum product inputs.
To study the vertical distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) in the soils from different land use types during urbanization,three land use types( urban land,cultivated land,and woodland) were selected in the eastern part of Shenyang,where urbanization is occurring rapidly. In each case,five soil samples were obtained from different depths( 0-1 m).Change in the concentrations of PAHs,vertical migration factors,and the distribution and sources of PAHs were analyzed in the vertical soil profiles. Total concentrations of PAHs in the different soil type were ordered as follows: city 1( 513. 19-12 689. 04 μg·kg~(-1)); dry field( 36. 18-7 196. 10 μg·kg~(-1)); paddy field( 70. 92-747. 53 μg·kg~(-1)); city 2( 19. 39-636. 47 μg·kg~(-1)); and woodland( 4. 79-349. 24 μg·kg~(-1)). PAHs were mainly trapped in shallow soils in urban and forest land,but can migrate deeper into the soil profile in cultivated land. High-ring PAHs were abundant at depths of 0-30 cm,while low-ring PAHs were abundant deeper in the soil profiles.SOM had a significant effect on the vertical distribution of PAHs,and the physical and chemical properties of PAHs had a significant influence on their migration ability. However,combustion sources from industrial activities and transportation in the region are still considered the main sources of PAHs despite the fact that some low-ring PAHs derive from petroleum product inputs.
引文
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[2] Suman S, Sinha A, Tarafdar A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)concentration levels, pattern, source identification and soil toxicity assessment in urban traffic soil of Dhanbad,India[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,545-546:353-360.
[3]费佳佳,张枝焕,万甜甜,等.有机碳含量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面残留及迁移的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3871-3881.Fei J J,Zhang Z H,Wan T T,et al. Effects of organic carbon content on the residue and migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil profiles[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(9):3871-3881.
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[5]崔嵩,付强,李天霄,等.冻融期土壤温度对有机污染物迁移行为的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):314-320.Cui S,Fu Q,Li T X,et al. Effect of soil temperature on migration behavior of organic pollutants during freeze-thaw period[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(3):314-320.
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[9] Basavaiah N, Mohite R D, Singare P U, et al. Vertical distribution,composition profiles,sources and toxicity assessment of PAH residues in the reclaimed mudflat sediments from the adjacent Thane Creek of Mumbai[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,118(1-2):112-124.
[10]王静.浑河沈抚段城镇化进程对土壤及河水中多环芳烃残留影响研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2017. 17-21.
[11]张士超.城镇化程度对区域不同介质中PAHs和OCPs累积影响及健康风险评价研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2018. 19-20.
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[14]丁爱芳,潘根兴,李恋卿.南京和宜兴市土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向分布[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(6):115-118.Ding A F,Pan G X,Li L Q. Distribution profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Nanjing and Yixing city[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010, 33(6):115-118.
[15]肖汝,汪群慧,杜晓明,等.典型污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(6):49-53.Xiao R, Wang Q H, Du X M, et al. Vertical distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in typical wastewater irrigated soils[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2006,19(6):49-53.
[16]孙玉川,沈立成,袁道先.多环芳烃在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移及控制因素[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):795-805.Sun Y C,Shen L C,Yuan D X. Rules and controlling factors of vertical migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the overlying soil in karst terranes[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(4):795-805.
[17]刘广民,尹莉莉,刘子靖,等.扎龙湿地沉积物垂向剖面中多环芳烃分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(3):36-39.Liu G M,Yin L L,Liu Z J,et al. Distributional characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vertical section of sediments from Zhalong Wetland[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(3):36-39.
[18]郭雪.上海市郊区土壤—蔬菜系统中多环芳烃污染效应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2015. 3-4.
[19]王静,刘明丽,张士超,等.沈抚新城不同土地利用类型多环芳烃含量、来源及人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):703-710.Wang J,Liu M L,Zhang S C,et al. Concentration,sources and ecological risks of PAHs of different land use types in Shenfu New City[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(2):703-710.
[20]王珂,张枝焕,曾丽,等.淋滤水量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面中纵向迁移的影响研究[J].环境科学与管理,2018,43(1):32-37.Wang K,Zhang Z H,Zeng L,et al. Study on impacts of leaching water amount on vertical migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2018,43(1):32-37.
[21]陈静,王学军,陶澍.天津地区土壤有机碳和粘粒对PAHs纵向分布的影响[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(4):79-83.Chen J,Wang X J,Tao S. The influences of soil total organic carbon and clay contents on PAHs vertical distributions in soils in Tianjin Area[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(4):79-83.
[22]崔嵩,刘丽艳,李一凡.土壤有机质影响多氯联苯土壤残留变化特征[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2013,44(11):4759-4767.Cui S,Liu L Y,Li Y F. Influence of soil organic matter on soil residue characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2013,44(11):4759-4767.
[23] Laskowski D A,Goring C A I,Mc Call P J,et al. Terrestrial environment[A]. In:Conway R A(Ed.). Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals[M]. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1982. 198-240.
[24] Ma Y G, Lei Y D, Xiao H, et al. Critical review and recommended values for the physical-chemical property data of 15polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at 25℃[J]. Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data,2010,55(2):819-825.
[25] He F P,Zhang Z H,Wan Y Y,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Beijing and Tianjin region:vertical distribution,correlation with TOC and transport mechanism[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(5):675-685.
[26] Fukushima T, Watanabe S, Kamiya K, et al. Vertical distributions of PAHs in the sediments of four lakes in Japan[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,12(10):1530-1540.
[2] Suman S, Sinha A, Tarafdar A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)concentration levels, pattern, source identification and soil toxicity assessment in urban traffic soil of Dhanbad,India[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,545-546:353-360.
[3]费佳佳,张枝焕,万甜甜,等.有机碳含量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面残留及迁移的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3871-3881.Fei J J,Zhang Z H,Wan T T,et al. Effects of organic carbon content on the residue and migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil profiles[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(9):3871-3881.
[4]李静雅,吴迪,许芸松,等.长江三角洲区域表土中多环芳烃的近期分布与来源[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):253-261.Li J Y,Wu D,Xu Y S,et al. Recent distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from Yangtze river delta[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):253-261.
[5]崔嵩,付强,李天霄,等.冻融期土壤温度对有机污染物迁移行为的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):314-320.Cui S,Fu Q,Li T X,et al. Effect of soil temperature on migration behavior of organic pollutants during freeze-thaw period[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(3):314-320.
[6]何奉朋,张枝焕,汪淑洁.多环芳烃在土壤剖面中迁移行为的土柱淋滤模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(5):988-996.He F P,Zhang Z H,Wang S J. China University of Petroleum,et al. Modeling vertical migration characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil columns by leaching[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(5):988-996.
[7]薛建涛,张金祥,黄咸雨.武汉城区土壤剖面多环芳烃的分布特征及来源分析[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(2):1-5,11.Xue J T,Zhang J X,Huang X Y. Distributions and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil profiles at Wuhan[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2011,34(2):1-5,11.
[8]曾丽.有机碳含量对土壤剖面中多环芳烃残留作用的影响及模拟研究[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2016. 26-31.
[9] Basavaiah N, Mohite R D, Singare P U, et al. Vertical distribution,composition profiles,sources and toxicity assessment of PAH residues in the reclaimed mudflat sediments from the adjacent Thane Creek of Mumbai[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,118(1-2):112-124.
[10]王静.浑河沈抚段城镇化进程对土壤及河水中多环芳烃残留影响研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2017. 17-21.
[11]张士超.城镇化程度对区域不同介质中PAHs和OCPs累积影响及健康风险评价研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2018. 19-20.
[12]贾晓洋,姜林,夏天翔,等.焦化厂土壤中PAHs的累积、垂向分布特征及来源分析[J].化工学报,2011,62(12):3525-3531.Jia X Y,Jiang L,Xia T X,et al. Analysis on accumulation,distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils under a coking plant[J]. CIESC Journal,2011,62(12):3525-3531.
[13] Bu Q W,Zhang Z H,Lu S,et al. Vertical distribution and environmental significance of PAHs in soil profiles in Beijing,China[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2009,31(1):119-131.
[14]丁爱芳,潘根兴,李恋卿.南京和宜兴市土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向分布[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(6):115-118.Ding A F,Pan G X,Li L Q. Distribution profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Nanjing and Yixing city[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010, 33(6):115-118.
[15]肖汝,汪群慧,杜晓明,等.典型污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(6):49-53.Xiao R, Wang Q H, Du X M, et al. Vertical distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in typical wastewater irrigated soils[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2006,19(6):49-53.
[16]孙玉川,沈立成,袁道先.多环芳烃在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移及控制因素[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):795-805.Sun Y C,Shen L C,Yuan D X. Rules and controlling factors of vertical migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the overlying soil in karst terranes[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(4):795-805.
[17]刘广民,尹莉莉,刘子靖,等.扎龙湿地沉积物垂向剖面中多环芳烃分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(3):36-39.Liu G M,Yin L L,Liu Z J,et al. Distributional characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vertical section of sediments from Zhalong Wetland[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(3):36-39.
[18]郭雪.上海市郊区土壤—蔬菜系统中多环芳烃污染效应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2015. 3-4.
[19]王静,刘明丽,张士超,等.沈抚新城不同土地利用类型多环芳烃含量、来源及人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):703-710.Wang J,Liu M L,Zhang S C,et al. Concentration,sources and ecological risks of PAHs of different land use types in Shenfu New City[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(2):703-710.
[20]王珂,张枝焕,曾丽,等.淋滤水量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面中纵向迁移的影响研究[J].环境科学与管理,2018,43(1):32-37.Wang K,Zhang Z H,Zeng L,et al. Study on impacts of leaching water amount on vertical migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2018,43(1):32-37.
[21]陈静,王学军,陶澍.天津地区土壤有机碳和粘粒对PAHs纵向分布的影响[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(4):79-83.Chen J,Wang X J,Tao S. The influences of soil total organic carbon and clay contents on PAHs vertical distributions in soils in Tianjin Area[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(4):79-83.
[22]崔嵩,刘丽艳,李一凡.土壤有机质影响多氯联苯土壤残留变化特征[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2013,44(11):4759-4767.Cui S,Liu L Y,Li Y F. Influence of soil organic matter on soil residue characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2013,44(11):4759-4767.
[23] Laskowski D A,Goring C A I,Mc Call P J,et al. Terrestrial environment[A]. In:Conway R A(Ed.). Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals[M]. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1982. 198-240.
[24] Ma Y G, Lei Y D, Xiao H, et al. Critical review and recommended values for the physical-chemical property data of 15polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at 25℃[J]. Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data,2010,55(2):819-825.
[25] He F P,Zhang Z H,Wan Y Y,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Beijing and Tianjin region:vertical distribution,correlation with TOC and transport mechanism[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(5):675-685.
[26] Fukushima T, Watanabe S, Kamiya K, et al. Vertical distributions of PAHs in the sediments of four lakes in Japan[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,12(10):1530-1540.