马克思对卢梭哲学中自由困境的克服与超越
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摘要
为了解决文明社会中的自由问题,卢梭提出了公意概念和社会契约论,希求人们在公意和社会公约的基础上共同构建道德共同体,并作为遵守社会公约的共同体成员而获得自由。然而,道德共同体只是缺乏普适性和现实可行性的理想国,这构成了卢梭哲学中的自由难题。马克思确立了历史唯物主义方法,把现实的人设定为其哲学的出发点,从而揭示了现实的社会实践和社会关系的合理化是实现自由的必由之路。此外,他试图回归市民社会领域探求自由问题的根源,否定了在卢梭式的政治国家中实现人的自由的方案。通过对资产阶级私有制和资本的彻底批判,马克思最终实现了对卢梭哲学中自由困境的超越。
In order to solve the problem of freedom in civilized society, Rousseau put forward the concept of "general will" and social contract theory,he hoped that people would build a moral community on the basis of general will and social contract, and they would be free as members of the community that complied with the social contract. However, the moral community is only a utopia lacking universality and realistic feasibility, and this is the conundrum of freedom in Rousseau's philosophy. Marx established the method of historical materialism and set realistic men as the starting point of his philosophy, thus revealed that social practice and the rationalization of social relations is the only way to achieve freedom. In addition, he tried to return to the civil society to explore the causes of the problem of freedom, and negated the scheme of realizing human freedom in Rousseau's political country.Through the thorough criticism of bourgeois private ownership and capital, Marx finally overcame the conundrum of freedom in Rousseau's philosophy.
In order to solve the problem of freedom in civilized society, Rousseau put forward the concept of "general will" and social contract theory,he hoped that people would build a moral community on the basis of general will and social contract, and they would be free as members of the community that complied with the social contract. However, the moral community is only a utopia lacking universality and realistic feasibility, and this is the conundrum of freedom in Rousseau's philosophy. Marx established the method of historical materialism and set realistic men as the starting point of his philosophy, thus revealed that social practice and the rationalization of social relations is the only way to achieve freedom. In addition, he tried to return to the civil society to explore the causes of the problem of freedom, and negated the scheme of realizing human freedom in Rousseau's political country.Through the thorough criticism of bourgeois private ownership and capital, Marx finally overcame the conundrum of freedom in Rousseau's philosophy.
引文
[1] [法]卢梭.论人与人之间不平等的起因和基础[M].李平沤译.北京:商务印书馆,2015.
[2] [法]卢梭.社会契约论[M].李平沤译.北京:商务印书馆,2011.
[3] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[4] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[5] 王天民.实践的两个层面及其历史性统一[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2017(6):110-115.
[6] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002.
[7] 牛变秀,王峰明.“资本”究竟是什么?——基于马克思《资本论》及其手稿的阐释[J].学习与探索,2014(7):16-23.
[8] 王峰明. 历史唯物主义——一种微观透视[M]. 北京:社会科学文献出版社,2014.
[2] [法]卢梭.社会契约论[M].李平沤译.北京:商务印书馆,2011.
[3] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[4] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[5] 王天民.实践的两个层面及其历史性统一[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2017(6):110-115.
[6] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002.
[7] 牛变秀,王峰明.“资本”究竟是什么?——基于马克思《资本论》及其手稿的阐释[J].学习与探索,2014(7):16-23.
[8] 王峰明. 历史唯物主义——一种微观透视[M]. 北京:社会科学文献出版社,2014.