结合宏观和微观视角的城市扩张方向异质性分析
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摘要
探究城市扩张过程在不同方向的异质性及其规律,对理解城市空间结构变化和城市动态增长过程具有重要意义。基于武汉市1995-2016年间5期遥感数据,应用反S函数与邻近扩张指数(PEI)方法,分别从宏观和微观角度定量刻画城市土地密度梯度分布的形态(宏观形态)和斑块扩张过程(微观视角),结合空间形态演变阶段探究方向异质性规律。研究表明:1)扇形方向与交通廊道的城市土地密度在梯度上呈"反S形"分布,反S函数可较好拟合其形态。2)各向城市空间的紧凑与松散变化过程具有异质性,西南方向的宏观形态趋于紧凑,东北方向的宏观形态由紧凑变得松散,东南和西南方向的斑块扩张处于聚合阶段。3)各向城市空间形态演变可划分为块状、块状生长、指状和指状生长时期:在块状生长时期,交通廊道的宏观形态更紧凑,廊道内斑块扩张更紧凑,且与廊道外的差距增大;在指状生长时期,交通廊道的宏观形态更松散,廊道内斑块扩张更紧凑,但与廊道外的差距减小。
Analyzing the heterogeneity of urban expansion in different directions has great significance to understand the change of urban spatial structure and the process of urban growth.Based on the Landsat images of Wuhan in 1995,2000,2007,2011 and 2016,this paper researched the directional heterogeneity combining macrocosmic and microcosmic views,and revealed some rules of directional heterogeneity.Firstly,the study divided Wuhan into 5 sectors(NE,E,SE,SW and NW),meaning the different directions.And then,the inverse S function was used to calculate the urban land densities in concentric rings in each direction,reflecting the macrocosmic form of urban space,and the proximity expansion index(PEI) of new urban patches in each direction was calculated,which characterized the expansion of patches on a microcosmic view.Finally,the urban radius index(R) was introduced to calculate the urban radius of the traffic corridors(NER,ER,SER,SWR,NW-NR and NW-WR)and to compare the urban radius between traffic corridors and sectors,then the study revealed the stage of evolution of urban spatial form and found some rules about directional heterogeneity in the urban expansion process.The results indicate that:1) The distribution of urban land densities in concentric rings in sectors and traffic corridors both show the inverse S shape,and the inverse S function can fit the inverse S shape well.2) There is significantly directional heterogeneity about the process of urban expansion:the macrocosmic form of southwest changes to coalescence,the macrocosmic form of northeast changes from coalescence to diffusion,and the expansion of patches in southeast and southwest is in coalescence(microcosmic view).3) There are four periods about evolution of urban form:block,block-guiding,finger-like and finger-guiding period.During the block-guiding period,compared with sectors,the traffic corridors show more compact macro-form of urban space,and more compact with a disparity tending to decrease about expansion of patches.And during the finger-guiding period,the traffic corridors show more diffused macro-form of urban space than the sectors,and more compact than the sectors with a disparity tending to increase about expansion of patches.
Analyzing the heterogeneity of urban expansion in different directions has great significance to understand the change of urban spatial structure and the process of urban growth.Based on the Landsat images of Wuhan in 1995,2000,2007,2011 and 2016,this paper researched the directional heterogeneity combining macrocosmic and microcosmic views,and revealed some rules of directional heterogeneity.Firstly,the study divided Wuhan into 5 sectors(NE,E,SE,SW and NW),meaning the different directions.And then,the inverse S function was used to calculate the urban land densities in concentric rings in each direction,reflecting the macrocosmic form of urban space,and the proximity expansion index(PEI) of new urban patches in each direction was calculated,which characterized the expansion of patches on a microcosmic view.Finally,the urban radius index(R) was introduced to calculate the urban radius of the traffic corridors(NER,ER,SER,SWR,NW-NR and NW-WR)and to compare the urban radius between traffic corridors and sectors,then the study revealed the stage of evolution of urban spatial form and found some rules about directional heterogeneity in the urban expansion process.The results indicate that:1) The distribution of urban land densities in concentric rings in sectors and traffic corridors both show the inverse S shape,and the inverse S function can fit the inverse S shape well.2) There is significantly directional heterogeneity about the process of urban expansion:the macrocosmic form of southwest changes to coalescence,the macrocosmic form of northeast changes from coalescence to diffusion,and the expansion of patches in southeast and southwest is in coalescence(microcosmic view).3) There are four periods about evolution of urban form:block,block-guiding,finger-like and finger-guiding period.During the block-guiding period,compared with sectors,the traffic corridors show more compact macro-form of urban space,and more compact with a disparity tending to decrease about expansion of patches.And during the finger-guiding period,the traffic corridors show more diffused macro-form of urban space than the sectors,and more compact than the sectors with a disparity tending to increase about expansion of patches.
引文
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[11] 黄宁,吝涛,章伟婕,等.厦门市同安区不同扩展轴上的景观格局梯度分析与比较[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(5):767-774.
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[21] 刘鹏华,刘小平,姚尧,等.耦合约束动态地块分裂和矢量元胞自动机的城市扩张模拟[J].地理与地理信息科学,2018,34(4):74-82.
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[25] 刘小平,黎夏,陈逸敏,等.景观扩张指数及其在城市扩展分析中的应用[J].地理学报,2009,64(12):1430-1438.
[26] LIU X P,LI X,CHEN Y M,et al.A new landscape index for quantifying urban expansion using multi-temporal remotely sensed data[J].Landscape Ecology,2010,25(5):671-682.
[27] JIAO L M,LIU J F,XU G,et al.Proximity expansion index:An improved approach to characterize evolution process of urban expansion[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2018,70:102-112.
[28] JIAO L M.Urban land density function:A new method to characterize urban expansion[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,139:26-39.
[29] XU G,JIAO L M,LIU J F,et al.Understanding urban expansion combining macro patterns and micro dynamics in three Southeast Asian megacities[J].Science of The Total Environment,2019,660:375-383.
[30] 李晓文,方精云,朴世龙.上海及周边主要城镇城市用地扩展空间特征及其比较[J].地理研究,2003,22(6):769-781.
[31] 焦利民,李泽慧,许刚,等.武汉市城市空间集聚要素的分布特征与模式[J].地理学报,2017,72(8):1432-1443.
[32] 宗跃光.城市景观生态规划中的廊道效应研究——以北京市区为例[J].生态学报,1999,19(2):3-8.
[33] 傅伯杰.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[34] 刘盛和.城市土地利用扩展的空间模式与动力机制[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(1):43-50.
[35] 李飞雪,李满春,刘永学,等.建国以来南京城市扩展研究[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(4):524-535.
[36] 王海军,夏畅,张安琪,等.基于空间句法的扩张强度指数及其在城镇扩展分析中的应用[J].地理学报,2016,71(8):1302-1314.
[2] 闫梅,黄金川.国内外城市空间扩展研究评析[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(7):1039-1050.
[3] GOODCHILD M F.The validity and usefulness of laws in geographic information science and geography[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2004,94(2):300-303.
[4] WU W J,ZHAO S Q,ZHU C,et al.A comparative study of urban expansion in Beijing,Tianjin and Shijiazhuang over the past three decades[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,134:93-106.
[5] SCHNEIDER A,CHANG C,PAULSEN K.The changing spatial form of cities in Western China[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,135:40-61.
[6] 尚正永,张小林,周晓钟.基于RS/GIS的城市空间扩展与外部形态演变研究——以江苏省淮安市为例[J].经济地理,2012,32(8):64-70.
[7] 刘盛和,吴传钧,沈洪泉.基于GIS的北京城市土地利用扩展模式[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):407-416.
[8] 李晓文,方精云,朴世龙.上海城市用地扩展强度、模式及其空间分异特征[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(4):412-422.
[9] 王亮.北京市城乡建设用地扩展与空间形态演变分析[J].城市规划,2016(1):50-59.
[10] 冯健.杭州城市形态和土地利用结构的时空演化[J].地理学报,2003,58(3):343-353.
[11] 黄宁,吝涛,章伟婕,等.厦门市同安区不同扩展轴上的景观格局梯度分析与比较[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(5):767-774.
[12] 谢余初,巩杰,王合领,等.绿洲城市不同道路扩展轴的景观梯度变化对比研究[J].地理科学,2013,33(12):1434-1441.
[13] 吕志强,代富强,周启刚.“交通廊道蔓延”视角下山地城市典型样带空间格局梯度分析[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2442-2449.
[14] 武进.中国城市形态:结构、特征及其演变[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1990.
[15] 顾朝林,陈振光.中国大都市空间增长形态[J].城市规划,1994(6):45-50.
[16] 刘纪远,王新生,庄大方,等.凸壳原理用于城市用地空间扩展类型识别[J].地理学报,2003,58(6):855-892
[17] 俞艳,胡珊珊,童艳,等.基于公共边测度的城市扩张模式建模研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2017,33(1):78-81.
[18] 于溪,李强,肖逸雄,等.基于GlobeLand30的中国城市扩张模式及其对生态用地的影响[J].地理与地理信息科学,2018,34(3):5-12.
[19] 黎夏,叶嘉安.基于神经网络的单元自动机CA及真实和优化的城市模拟[J].地理学报,2002,57(2):159-166.
[20] 刘小平,黎夏,张啸虎,等.人工免疫系统与嵌入规划目标的城市模拟及应用[J].地理学报,2008,63(8):882-894.
[21] 刘鹏华,刘小平,姚尧,等.耦合约束动态地块分裂和矢量元胞自动机的城市扩张模拟[J].地理与地理信息科学,2018,34(4):74-82.
[22] 顾朝林,甄峰,张京祥.集聚与扩散城市空间结构新论[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2000.
[23] DIETZEL C,HEROLD M,HEMPHILL J J,et al.Spatio-temporal dynamics in California′s Central Valley:Empirical links to urban theory[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(2):175-195.
[24] DIETZEL C,OGUZ H,HEMPHILL J J,et al.Diffusion and coalescence of the Houston Metropolitan Area:Evidence supporting a new urban theory[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2005,32(2):231-246.
[25] 刘小平,黎夏,陈逸敏,等.景观扩张指数及其在城市扩展分析中的应用[J].地理学报,2009,64(12):1430-1438.
[26] LIU X P,LI X,CHEN Y M,et al.A new landscape index for quantifying urban expansion using multi-temporal remotely sensed data[J].Landscape Ecology,2010,25(5):671-682.
[27] JIAO L M,LIU J F,XU G,et al.Proximity expansion index:An improved approach to characterize evolution process of urban expansion[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2018,70:102-112.
[28] JIAO L M.Urban land density function:A new method to characterize urban expansion[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,139:26-39.
[29] XU G,JIAO L M,LIU J F,et al.Understanding urban expansion combining macro patterns and micro dynamics in three Southeast Asian megacities[J].Science of The Total Environment,2019,660:375-383.
[30] 李晓文,方精云,朴世龙.上海及周边主要城镇城市用地扩展空间特征及其比较[J].地理研究,2003,22(6):769-781.
[31] 焦利民,李泽慧,许刚,等.武汉市城市空间集聚要素的分布特征与模式[J].地理学报,2017,72(8):1432-1443.
[32] 宗跃光.城市景观生态规划中的廊道效应研究——以北京市区为例[J].生态学报,1999,19(2):3-8.
[33] 傅伯杰.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[34] 刘盛和.城市土地利用扩展的空间模式与动力机制[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(1):43-50.
[35] 李飞雪,李满春,刘永学,等.建国以来南京城市扩展研究[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(4):524-535.
[36] 王海军,夏畅,张安琪,等.基于空间句法的扩张强度指数及其在城镇扩展分析中的应用[J].地理学报,2016,71(8):1302-1314.