农地制度变革与乡村集中居住模式演进——以苏南为例
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摘要
农地制度变革通过重构土地产权、改进土地资源配置效率和调整土地增值收益分配,对乡村集中居住模式演进产生深远影响。基于乡村集中居住模式演进的农地制度分析框架,以苏南为例,系统地剖析了苏南乡村集中居住模式演进的土地制度作用机理。研究发现,改革开放以来,伴随农地制度由"放权让利"向"限权争利"再向"还权赋能"的变革,苏南乡村集居模式先后经历了由村社主导土地资本化下的村内集居、政府主导土地资本化下的城郊集居向宅基地置换下的跨村集居的演进路径。最后,基于农地制度改革,对乡村集中社区建设的机制改进、美丽乡村建设进行了进一步思考。
Through reconstituting land property rights, improving efficiency of land resources allocation, and adjusting distribution of land valueadded revenue, land system reform have profound influences on the evolution of concentrated residential pattern. Taking Southern Jiangsu as an example, this paper builds a correlation analysis framework of the rural land system based on concentrated residential pattern evolution, and analyzes systematically the functional mechanism of rural land system of rural concentrated residential. It is found that, in the process that rural land system was reformed from "decentralization of power and transfer of profits" to "centralization of power and competing with the people" and to "returning right and endowing power," pattern evolution of rural concentrated residence in Southern Jiangsu are as follows: from concentrated residence in village under land capitalization led by village collective organization, to concentrated residence in suburb under land capitalization led by local government, and to concentrated residence across boundary of villages under rural homestead displacement. At last, based on the reform of rural land system, this paper further discusses the mechanism improvement of rural concentrated community construction, and beautiful countryside construction.
Through reconstituting land property rights, improving efficiency of land resources allocation, and adjusting distribution of land valueadded revenue, land system reform have profound influences on the evolution of concentrated residential pattern. Taking Southern Jiangsu as an example, this paper builds a correlation analysis framework of the rural land system based on concentrated residential pattern evolution, and analyzes systematically the functional mechanism of rural land system of rural concentrated residential. It is found that, in the process that rural land system was reformed from "decentralization of power and transfer of profits" to "centralization of power and competing with the people" and to "returning right and endowing power," pattern evolution of rural concentrated residence in Southern Jiangsu are as follows: from concentrated residence in village under land capitalization led by village collective organization, to concentrated residence in suburb under land capitalization led by local government, and to concentrated residence across boundary of villages under rural homestead displacement. At last, based on the reform of rural land system, this paper further discusses the mechanism improvement of rural concentrated community construction, and beautiful countryside construction.
引文
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14郭旭,赵琪龙,李广斌.农村土地产权制度变迁与乡村空间转型--以苏南为例[J].城市规划,2015,39(8):75-79.GUO Xu,ZHAO Qilong,LI Guangbin.Changes of Rural Land Property System and Transformation of Rural Space:A Case Study of Southern Jiangsu Province[J].City Planning Review,2015,39(8):75-79.
15王勇,李广斌.苏南农村土地制度变迁及其居住空间转型--以苏州为例[J].城市发展研究,2011,18(4):99-103.WANG Yong,LI Guangbin.Innovation of Rural Land System and Its Residential Spatial Transformation in South Jiangsu Province:A Case Study of Suzhou[J].Urban Development Studies,2011,18(4):99-103.
16翁一峰,吕斌,鲁晓军.“产权关系”视角下的乡村空间发展探究--以无锡市阳山镇为例[J].城市规划,2014,38(10):51-58.WENG Yifeng,L Bin,LU Xiaojun.Research on Rural Development in the View of Property Rights Relationship:A Case Study of Yangshan Town,Wuxi City,Jiangsu Province[J].City Planning Review,2014,38(10):51-58.
17田莉,姚之浩,郭旭,等.基于产权重构的土地再开发--新型城镇化背景下的地方实践与启示[J].城市规划,2015,39(1):22-29.TIAN Li,YAO Zhihao,GUO Xu,et al.Land Redevelopment Based on Property Rights Construction:Local Practice and Implications in the Context of New Urbanization[J].City Planning Review,2015,39(1):22-29.
18王勇,李广斌.苏南乡村聚落功能三次转型及其空间形态重构--以苏州为例[J].城市规划,2011,35(7):54-60.WANG Yong,LI Guangbin.Functional Transformation and Spatial Restructuring of Rural Settlements in Southern Jiangsu:A Case Study of Suzhou[J].City Planning Review,2011,35(7):54-60.
19刘凤芹.新制度经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015:22.LIU Fengqin.New Institutional Economics[M].Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2015:22.
20 ACEMOGLU D.Why Not a Political Coase Theorem?Social Conflict Commitment and Politics[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2003,31(4):620-652.
21刘守英,周飞舟,邵挺.土地制度改革与转变发展方式[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2012:2-6.LIU Shouying,ZHOU Feizhou,SHAO Ting.Reform of Land System and Transformation Development Pattern[M].Beijing:China Development Press,2012:2-6.
22汪晖,陶然.中国土地制度改革:难点、突破与政策组合[M].北京:商务印书馆,2013:15-19.WANG Hui,TAO Ran.China’s Land System Reform:Difficulties,Breakthrough and Policy Combination[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2013:15-19.
23吴毅,陈颀.农地制度变革的路径、空间与界限--“赋权-限权”下行动互构的视角[J].社会学研究,2015(5):36-62.WU Yi,CHEN Qi.The Path,Space and Limitation of Rural Land System Reform in China:From the Perspective of the Construction of the“Empowerment and Restriction of Rights”[J].Sociological Studies,2015(5):36-62.
24叶柏寿.国家政策优惠与乡镇企业的发展[J].计划经济研究,1990(S6):39-41.YE Boshou.Preferential National Policies and the Development of Township Enterprises[J].Planned Economy Research,1990(S6):39-41.
25蔡昉.乡镇企业产权制度改革的逻辑与成功的条件:兼与国有企业改革比较[J].经济研究,1995(10):35-40.CAI Fang.The Logic and Success of Property Right System Reform of the Township Enterprises:A Comparison with the State Owned Enterprises Reform[J].Economic Research Journal,1995(10):35-40.
26杨帅,温铁军.经济波动、财税体制变迁与土地资源资本化--对中国改革开放以来“三次圈地”相关问题的实证分析[J].管理世界,2010(4):32-41.YANG Shuai,WEN Tiejun.The Economic Fluctuations,the Change in Taxation Institution,and the Capitalization of Land Resources:A Case Study on the Problems with“the Three Times of Enclosing Land”Since China’s Reform[J].Management World,2010(4):32-41.
27折晓叶,陈婴婴.超级村庄的基本特征及“中间”形态[J].社会学研究,1997(6):37-45.ZHE Xiaoye,CHEN Yingying.The Basic Characteristics and the“Middle”Form of the Super Village[J].Sociological Studies,1997(6):37-45.
28郑风田,阮荣平,程郁.村企关系的演变:从“村庄型公司”到“公司型村庄”[J].社会学研究,2012(1):52-77.ZHENG Fengtian,RUAN Rongping,CHENG Yu.The Evolution of Relationship Between Village and Enterprise:From“the Company of Village”to“the Village of Company”[J].Sociological Studies,2012(1):52-77.
29温铁军.解读苏南[M].苏州:苏州大学出版社,2011:29-36.WEN Tiejun.Interpretation of Southern Jiangsu[M].Suzhou:Suzhou University Press,2011:29-36.
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31贺雪峰.破除“还权赋能”的迷信--以《还权赋能--成都土地制度改革探索的调查研究》的主要观点与周其仁教授商榷[J].南京师大学报:社会科学版,2013(4):5-15.HE Xuefeng.Fallacy of“Returning Right and Endowing Power”:A Reaction to Zhou Qiren’s Views on Chengdu’s Reform in Its Land System[J].Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Social Science Edition),2013(4):5-15.
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(1)1984年3月1日《中共中央、国务院转发农牧渔业部和部党组〈关于开创社队企业新局面的报告〉的通知》,第一次以正式文件的形式把“社(乡)队(村)举办的企业、部分社员联营的合作企业、其他形式的合作工业和个体企业”称为“乡镇企业”。
(2)“空壳户”类似于“空心户”,是指房屋有房主但长期闲置,无人居住。
2苗长虹.变革中的西方经济地理学:制度、文化、关系与尺度转向[J].人文地理,2004,19(4):68-76.MIAO Changhong.Western Economic Geography in Transformation:Institutional,Culture,Relationship and Scale Turns[J].Human Geography,2004,19(4):68-76.
3胡军,孙莉.制度变迁与中国城市的发展及空间结构的历史演变[J].人文地理,2005,20(1):19-23.HU Jun,SUN Li.Institutional Change&the Urban Development and Structural Evolution in China[J].Human Geography,2005,20(1):19-23.
4殷洁,张京祥,罗小龙.基于制度转型的中国城市空间结构研究初探[J].人文地理,2005,20(3):59-62.YIN Jie,ZHANG Jingxiang,LUO Xiaolong.On the Urban Spatial Structure in China:An Institutional Transformation Perspective[J].Human Geography,2005,20(3):59-62.
5张京祥,罗震东,何建颐.体制转型与中国城市空间重构[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2007:26-30.ZHANG Jingxiang,LUO Zhendong,HE Jianyi.The System Transformation&Reconstruction of Urban Space in China[M].Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2007:26-30.
6张纯,柴彦威,陈零极.从单位社区到城市社区的演替:北京同仁堂的案例[J].国际城市规划,2009,24(5):33-36.ZHANG Chun,CHAI Yanwei,CHEN Lingji.The Evolution from Danwei Community to Citizen Community:Case Study of Tongrentang in Beijing[J].Urban Planning International,2009,24(5):33-36.
7柴彦威,刘天宝,塔娜,等.中国城市单位制研究的一个新框架[J].人文地理,2013,28(4):1-6.CHAI Yanwei,LIU Tianbao,TA Na,et al.A New Framework of Urban Danwei System in China[J].Human Geography,2013,28(4):1-6.
8张京祥,胡毅,赵晨.住房制度变迁驱动下的中国城市住区空间演化[J].上海城市规划,2013(5):69-75.ZHANG Jingxiang,HU Yi,ZHAO Chen.Evolution of Chinese Urban Residential District Under the Changing Housing System[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2013(5):69-75.
9陈鹏.土地使用制度改革对城市空间结构的影响--以汕头市为例[J].城市与区域规划研究,2008(1):70-82.CHEN Peng.Urban Spatial Structure Under Land Use Institution Reform:A Case Study of Shantou City[J].Journal of Urban and Regional Planning,2008(1):70-82.
10洪世键,张京祥.土地使用制度改革背景下中国城市空间扩展:一个理论分析框架[J].城市规划学刊,2009(3):89-94.HONG Shijian,ZHANG Jingxiang.China’s Urban Spatial Grown Based on the Reform of Land Use System:ATheoretical Analysis Framework[J].Urban Planning Forum,2009(3):89-94.
11叶玉瑶.城市群空间演化动力机制初探--以珠江三角洲城市群为例[J].城市规划,2006,30(1):61-66.YE Yuyao.Spatial Evolution Mechanism Urban Conglomeration:A Case Study of the Pearl River Delta[J].City Planning Review,2006,30(1):61-66.
12李广斌,王勇,袁中金.中国城市群空间演化的制度分析框架--基于法团主义的视角[J].城市规划,2013,37(10):9-13.LI Guangbin,WANG Yong,YUAN Zhongjin.An Institutional Analysis Framework for the Spatial Evolution of City Clusters in China:Based on the Perspective of Corporatism[J].City Planning Review,2013,37(10):9-13.
13汪晖,王兰兰,陶然.土地发展权转移与交易的中国地方试验--背景、模式、挑战与突破[J].城市规划,2011,35(7):9-13.WANG Hui,WANG Lanlan,TAO Ran.Local Experiments in Transferrable Land Development Rights in China:Backgrounds,Models,Challenges and Breakthrough[J].City Planning Review,2011,35(7):9-13.
14郭旭,赵琪龙,李广斌.农村土地产权制度变迁与乡村空间转型--以苏南为例[J].城市规划,2015,39(8):75-79.GUO Xu,ZHAO Qilong,LI Guangbin.Changes of Rural Land Property System and Transformation of Rural Space:A Case Study of Southern Jiangsu Province[J].City Planning Review,2015,39(8):75-79.
15王勇,李广斌.苏南农村土地制度变迁及其居住空间转型--以苏州为例[J].城市发展研究,2011,18(4):99-103.WANG Yong,LI Guangbin.Innovation of Rural Land System and Its Residential Spatial Transformation in South Jiangsu Province:A Case Study of Suzhou[J].Urban Development Studies,2011,18(4):99-103.
16翁一峰,吕斌,鲁晓军.“产权关系”视角下的乡村空间发展探究--以无锡市阳山镇为例[J].城市规划,2014,38(10):51-58.WENG Yifeng,L Bin,LU Xiaojun.Research on Rural Development in the View of Property Rights Relationship:A Case Study of Yangshan Town,Wuxi City,Jiangsu Province[J].City Planning Review,2014,38(10):51-58.
17田莉,姚之浩,郭旭,等.基于产权重构的土地再开发--新型城镇化背景下的地方实践与启示[J].城市规划,2015,39(1):22-29.TIAN Li,YAO Zhihao,GUO Xu,et al.Land Redevelopment Based on Property Rights Construction:Local Practice and Implications in the Context of New Urbanization[J].City Planning Review,2015,39(1):22-29.
18王勇,李广斌.苏南乡村聚落功能三次转型及其空间形态重构--以苏州为例[J].城市规划,2011,35(7):54-60.WANG Yong,LI Guangbin.Functional Transformation and Spatial Restructuring of Rural Settlements in Southern Jiangsu:A Case Study of Suzhou[J].City Planning Review,2011,35(7):54-60.
19刘凤芹.新制度经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015:22.LIU Fengqin.New Institutional Economics[M].Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2015:22.
20 ACEMOGLU D.Why Not a Political Coase Theorem?Social Conflict Commitment and Politics[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2003,31(4):620-652.
21刘守英,周飞舟,邵挺.土地制度改革与转变发展方式[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2012:2-6.LIU Shouying,ZHOU Feizhou,SHAO Ting.Reform of Land System and Transformation Development Pattern[M].Beijing:China Development Press,2012:2-6.
22汪晖,陶然.中国土地制度改革:难点、突破与政策组合[M].北京:商务印书馆,2013:15-19.WANG Hui,TAO Ran.China’s Land System Reform:Difficulties,Breakthrough and Policy Combination[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2013:15-19.
23吴毅,陈颀.农地制度变革的路径、空间与界限--“赋权-限权”下行动互构的视角[J].社会学研究,2015(5):36-62.WU Yi,CHEN Qi.The Path,Space and Limitation of Rural Land System Reform in China:From the Perspective of the Construction of the“Empowerment and Restriction of Rights”[J].Sociological Studies,2015(5):36-62.
24叶柏寿.国家政策优惠与乡镇企业的发展[J].计划经济研究,1990(S6):39-41.YE Boshou.Preferential National Policies and the Development of Township Enterprises[J].Planned Economy Research,1990(S6):39-41.
25蔡昉.乡镇企业产权制度改革的逻辑与成功的条件:兼与国有企业改革比较[J].经济研究,1995(10):35-40.CAI Fang.The Logic and Success of Property Right System Reform of the Township Enterprises:A Comparison with the State Owned Enterprises Reform[J].Economic Research Journal,1995(10):35-40.
26杨帅,温铁军.经济波动、财税体制变迁与土地资源资本化--对中国改革开放以来“三次圈地”相关问题的实证分析[J].管理世界,2010(4):32-41.YANG Shuai,WEN Tiejun.The Economic Fluctuations,the Change in Taxation Institution,and the Capitalization of Land Resources:A Case Study on the Problems with“the Three Times of Enclosing Land”Since China’s Reform[J].Management World,2010(4):32-41.
27折晓叶,陈婴婴.超级村庄的基本特征及“中间”形态[J].社会学研究,1997(6):37-45.ZHE Xiaoye,CHEN Yingying.The Basic Characteristics and the“Middle”Form of the Super Village[J].Sociological Studies,1997(6):37-45.
28郑风田,阮荣平,程郁.村企关系的演变:从“村庄型公司”到“公司型村庄”[J].社会学研究,2012(1):52-77.ZHENG Fengtian,RUAN Rongping,CHENG Yu.The Evolution of Relationship Between Village and Enterprise:From“the Company of Village”to“the Village of Company”[J].Sociological Studies,2012(1):52-77.
29温铁军.解读苏南[M].苏州:苏州大学出版社,2011:29-36.WEN Tiejun.Interpretation of Southern Jiangsu[M].Suzhou:Suzhou University Press,2011:29-36.
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(1)1984年3月1日《中共中央、国务院转发农牧渔业部和部党组〈关于开创社队企业新局面的报告〉的通知》,第一次以正式文件的形式把“社(乡)队(村)举办的企业、部分社员联营的合作企业、其他形式的合作工业和个体企业”称为“乡镇企业”。
(2)“空壳户”类似于“空心户”,是指房屋有房主但长期闲置,无人居住。