国家认同中的族群不对称研究述评
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摘要
基于社会结构中群体地位和群体权利差异普遍存在的基本认识,社会支配论提出了国家认同中的族群不对称假设。这一假设包括关系不对称和程度不对称两个部分。前者是指支配族群的族群认同与国家认同之间存在积极的正向关系,而从属族群两种认同之间的关系则倾向于相互独立乃至相互冲突;后者是指支配族群的国家认同程度要高于从属族群。尽管存在理论解释上的竞争和实证结论上的抵触,但包括一些大型国际调查数据在内的实证研究部分证明国家认同中族群不对称现象的客观存在。正视这一现象并进一步探讨其背后的现实因素和理论脉络,对于理解国家认同困境的形成和推动多族群国家建设有着不容低估的重要意义。族群不对称假设的现实启示,是将民族平等作为化解多族群国家认同困境的基本理念。
Based on the understanding that the differences of group status and group rights are universal in social structure,the social dominance theory puts forward the hypothesis of ethnic minorities-majorities asymmetry in national identity.This hypothesis comprises of two parts:relationship asymmetry and degree asymmetry.The former means the positive relationship between the ethnic identity and national identity of the dominant ethnic group,and the neutral,even conflict relationship between the two identities of the subordinate ethnic group.The latter means that the degree of national identity of the dominant ethnic group is greater than that of the subordinate ethnic group.Although there is competition in theoretical interpretation and conflict in empirical conclusions,many empirical studies,including some large-scale international survey data,partially prove the existent of the asymmetry in national identity.Being faced with this phenomenon and further exploring its realistic factors and theoretical context is of great importance for understanding the formation of national identity dilemma and promoting the constructions of multi-ethnic countries.The hypothesis is also illuminating to regard the idea of ethnic equality as the fundamental way to resolve the dilemma of national identity in multi-ethnic countries.
Based on the understanding that the differences of group status and group rights are universal in social structure,the social dominance theory puts forward the hypothesis of ethnic minorities-majorities asymmetry in national identity.This hypothesis comprises of two parts:relationship asymmetry and degree asymmetry.The former means the positive relationship between the ethnic identity and national identity of the dominant ethnic group,and the neutral,even conflict relationship between the two identities of the subordinate ethnic group.The latter means that the degree of national identity of the dominant ethnic group is greater than that of the subordinate ethnic group.Although there is competition in theoretical interpretation and conflict in empirical conclusions,many empirical studies,including some large-scale international survey data,partially prove the existent of the asymmetry in national identity.Being faced with this phenomenon and further exploring its realistic factors and theoretical context is of great importance for understanding the formation of national identity dilemma and promoting the constructions of multi-ethnic countries.The hypothesis is also illuminating to regard the idea of ethnic equality as the fundamental way to resolve the dilemma of national identity in multi-ethnic countries.
引文
(1)③ 参见[加]威尔·金里卡著、刘曙辉译:《多民族国家中的认同政治》,《马克思主义与现实》2010年第2期。
(2)超民族认同与熔炉主义的类似之处在于两者都强调在多种民族认同的基础上形成统一的国家认同。威尔·金里卡指出,超民族认同有时看起来像同化主义的升级版。但由于超民族认同对各民族认同有一定的包容性,因此其与熔炉主义的相似性要更高一些。当然我们也必须看到超民族认同与熔炉主义存在显著的区别。一方面超民族认同的形成方式是吸纳且超越,而熔炉主义追求的是吸纳且熔合;另一方面超民族认同并不期待去替代各民族认同,熔炉主义却有意于去取代各民族认同。
(3)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,中国人民大学出版社2011年版。
(4)社会支配论认为所有人类社会都倾向于构造一套基于群体的社会等级系统,因此也可以被称之为群体支配理论(group dominance theory)。其在社会权利和意识形态等方面深受马克思主义阶级理论相关论述的影响。
(5)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第38-43页。
(6)[美]参见吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第59-63页。
(7)《社会支配论》中译版将“legitimizing myths”翻译为“合法化谎言”,本文译为“合法性神话”。合法性神话依据其与社会平等的关系,可以区分为等级强化合法性神话与等级弱化合法性神话。
(8)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第254页。
(9)等级强化合法性神话包括种族主义、性别歧视、阶级对立、国家主义、负面刻板印象等。
(10)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第258页。
(11)支配族群是指在多族群国家的政治、经济、文化、社会生活中具有全面或部分主导地位的族群,而从属族群是指在这些方面全面处于劣势且被赋予大量消极社会价值(negative social value)的族群。通常而言,支配族群与从属族群的概念大致对应于主体族群与少数族群的概念。但在有些国家中,少数族群也可能成为支配族群,例如白人曾长期支配着南非社会,东南亚一些国家的华人群体在经济上也属于支配族群。
(12)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第280页。
(13)[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第264页。
(14)[加]威尔·金里卡著、刘曙辉译:《多民族国家中的认同政治》,《马克思主义与现实》2010年第2期。
(15)参见M.Bush,Breaking the code of good intention:Everyday forms of Whiteness, New York:Rowman & Littlefield,2005。
(16)参见Devos Thierry,Mahzarin R.Banaji,“American=White?”Journal of personality and social psychology,Vol.88,No.3,2005。
(17)J.Citrin ,C.Wong ,B.Duff ,“The Meaning of American National Identity,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction, London:Oxford University Press,2001,pp.71-100.
(18)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(19)C.Staerklé,J.Sidanius ,E.G.T.Green ,et al.,“Ethnic Minority‐majority Asymmetry in National Attitudes around the World:A Multilevel Analysis?”Political Psychology,Vol.31,No.4,2010。
(20)参见C.Staerkle,J.Sidanius,Green E.,Molina L.E.,“Ethnic Minority-Majority Asymmetry Attitudes towards Immigrants across 11 Nations,”Psicologia Politica,Vol.30,N0.4,2005。
(21)参见E.Gellner ,Nations and nationalism,NY:Cornell University Press,1983,p.140。
(22)⑤ 参见T.Devos ,H.Mohamed ,“Shades of American Identity:Implicit Relations between Ethnic and National Identities,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass,Vol.8,No.12,2014。
(23)参见C.Staerklé,J.Sidanius ,E.G.T.Green ,et al.,“Ethnic Minority‐majority Asymmetry in National Attitudes around the World:A Multilevel Analysis,”Political Psychology,Vol.31,No.4,2010。
(24)参见 Devos Thierry,Debbie S.Ma.,“How ‘American’ is Barack Obama?The Role of National Identity in a Historic Bid for the White House,”Journal of Applied Social Psychology,Vol.43,No.1,2013。
(25)参见Devos Thierry,Debbie S.Ma.,“Is Kate Winslet More American than Lucy Liu?The Impact of Construal Processes on the Implicit Ascription of a National Identity,”British Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.47,No.2,2008。
(26)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(27)参见H.Liu James ,et al.,“Social Representations of History in Malaysia and Singapore:On the Relationship between National and Ethnic Identity,”Asian Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.5,No.1,2002。
(28)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(29)参见J.Sidanius ,J.R.Petrocik .,“Communal and National Identity in a Multiethnic State,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction, London:Oxford University Press,2001,pp.101-129。
(30)11个国家中有2个国家因为缺乏族群认同相关测量变量而没有被纳入计算。
(31)参见C.Staerkle ,J.Sidanius ,E.Green,L.E.Molina,“Ethnic Minority-Majority Asymmetry Attitudes towards Immigrants across 11 Nations,” Psicologia Politica,Vol.30,2005。
(32)参见C.Staerklé,J.Sidanius,E.G.T.Green,et al.,“Ethnic Minority‐majority Asymmetry in National Attitudes around the World:A Multilevel Analysis,”Political Psychology,Vol.31,No.4,2010。
(33)参见K.M.Dowley ,B.D.Silver ,“Subnational and National Loyalty:Cross-national Comparisons,” International Journal of Public Opinion Research,Vol.12,No.4,2000。
(34)参见 L.Rodriguez,S.J.Schwartz ,S.K.Whitbourne ,“American Identity Revisited:The Relation between National,Ethnic,and Personal Identity in a Multiethnic Sample of Emerging Adults,” Journal of Adolescent Research,Vol.25,No.2,2010。
(35)参见Devos Thierry,Mahzarin R.Banaji,“American=White?” Journal of personality and social psychology,Vol.88,No.3,2005。
(36)参见J.Sidanius ,J.R.Petrocik ,“Communal and National Identity in a Multiethnic State,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds., Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction,pp.101-129。
(37)参见Z.Elkins ,J.Sides ,“Can Institutions Build Unity in Multiethnic States?” American Political Science Review,Vol.101,No.4,2007。
(38)参见R.O.De la Garza,A.Falcon ,F.C.Garcia ,“Will the Real Americans Please Stand up:Anglo and Mexican-American Support of Core American Political Values,” American Journal of Political Science,Vol.40,No.2,1996。
(39)参见J.Citrin ,C.Wong ,B.Duff ,“The Meaning of American National Identity,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction,pp.71-100。
(40)参见 Y.J.Huo.,“Procedural Justice and Social Regulation across Group Boundaries:Does Subgroup Identity Undermine Relationship-based Governance?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,VoL.29,No.3,2003。
(41)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(42)参见Devos Thierry,Mahzarin R.Banaji,“American=White?”Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol.88,No.3,2005。
(43)参见 J.Sidanius ,J.R.Petrocik ,“Communal and National Identity in a Multiethnic State,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction, pp.101-129。
(44)参见郝亚明:《西方群际接触理论与启示》,《民族研究》2015年第3期。
(45)F.Pettigrew ,L.R.Tropp ,“How Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice?Meta-analytic Tests of Three Mediators,” European Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.38,No.6,2008。
(46)周平:《多民族国家的国家认同问题分析》,《政治学研究》2013年第1期。
(47)Frederick L.Shiels,Ethnic Separatism and World Politic,MD:University Press of America,1984,p.1.
(48)[加]威尔·金里卡著、刘曙辉译:《多民族国家中的认同政治》,《马克思主义与现实》2010年第2期。
(49)Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997.
(50)郑信哲:《论马克思主义民族平等观》,《学术界》2017年第5期。
(2)超民族认同与熔炉主义的类似之处在于两者都强调在多种民族认同的基础上形成统一的国家认同。威尔·金里卡指出,超民族认同有时看起来像同化主义的升级版。但由于超民族认同对各民族认同有一定的包容性,因此其与熔炉主义的相似性要更高一些。当然我们也必须看到超民族认同与熔炉主义存在显著的区别。一方面超民族认同的形成方式是吸纳且超越,而熔炉主义追求的是吸纳且熔合;另一方面超民族认同并不期待去替代各民族认同,熔炉主义却有意于去取代各民族认同。
(3)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,中国人民大学出版社2011年版。
(4)社会支配论认为所有人类社会都倾向于构造一套基于群体的社会等级系统,因此也可以被称之为群体支配理论(group dominance theory)。其在社会权利和意识形态等方面深受马克思主义阶级理论相关论述的影响。
(5)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第38-43页。
(6)[美]参见吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第59-63页。
(7)《社会支配论》中译版将“legitimizing myths”翻译为“合法化谎言”,本文译为“合法性神话”。合法性神话依据其与社会平等的关系,可以区分为等级强化合法性神话与等级弱化合法性神话。
(8)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第254页。
(9)等级强化合法性神话包括种族主义、性别歧视、阶级对立、国家主义、负面刻板印象等。
(10)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第258页。
(11)支配族群是指在多族群国家的政治、经济、文化、社会生活中具有全面或部分主导地位的族群,而从属族群是指在这些方面全面处于劣势且被赋予大量消极社会价值(negative social value)的族群。通常而言,支配族群与从属族群的概念大致对应于主体族群与少数族群的概念。但在有些国家中,少数族群也可能成为支配族群,例如白人曾长期支配着南非社会,东南亚一些国家的华人群体在经济上也属于支配族群。
(12)参见[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第280页。
(13)[美]吉姆·斯达纽斯、费利西娅·普拉图著,刘爽、罗涛译:《社会支配论》,第264页。
(14)[加]威尔·金里卡著、刘曙辉译:《多民族国家中的认同政治》,《马克思主义与现实》2010年第2期。
(15)参见M.Bush,Breaking the code of good intention:Everyday forms of Whiteness, New York:Rowman & Littlefield,2005。
(16)参见Devos Thierry,Mahzarin R.Banaji,“American=White?”Journal of personality and social psychology,Vol.88,No.3,2005。
(17)J.Citrin ,C.Wong ,B.Duff ,“The Meaning of American National Identity,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction, London:Oxford University Press,2001,pp.71-100.
(18)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(19)C.Staerklé,J.Sidanius ,E.G.T.Green ,et al.,“Ethnic Minority‐majority Asymmetry in National Attitudes around the World:A Multilevel Analysis?”Political Psychology,Vol.31,No.4,2010。
(20)参见C.Staerkle,J.Sidanius,Green E.,Molina L.E.,“Ethnic Minority-Majority Asymmetry Attitudes towards Immigrants across 11 Nations,”Psicologia Politica,Vol.30,N0.4,2005。
(21)参见E.Gellner ,Nations and nationalism,NY:Cornell University Press,1983,p.140。
(22)⑤ 参见T.Devos ,H.Mohamed ,“Shades of American Identity:Implicit Relations between Ethnic and National Identities,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass,Vol.8,No.12,2014。
(23)参见C.Staerklé,J.Sidanius ,E.G.T.Green ,et al.,“Ethnic Minority‐majority Asymmetry in National Attitudes around the World:A Multilevel Analysis,”Political Psychology,Vol.31,No.4,2010。
(24)参见 Devos Thierry,Debbie S.Ma.,“How ‘American’ is Barack Obama?The Role of National Identity in a Historic Bid for the White House,”Journal of Applied Social Psychology,Vol.43,No.1,2013。
(25)参见Devos Thierry,Debbie S.Ma.,“Is Kate Winslet More American than Lucy Liu?The Impact of Construal Processes on the Implicit Ascription of a National Identity,”British Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.47,No.2,2008。
(26)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(27)参见H.Liu James ,et al.,“Social Representations of History in Malaysia and Singapore:On the Relationship between National and Ethnic Identity,”Asian Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.5,No.1,2002。
(28)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(29)参见J.Sidanius ,J.R.Petrocik .,“Communal and National Identity in a Multiethnic State,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction, London:Oxford University Press,2001,pp.101-129。
(30)11个国家中有2个国家因为缺乏族群认同相关测量变量而没有被纳入计算。
(31)参见C.Staerkle ,J.Sidanius ,E.Green,L.E.Molina,“Ethnic Minority-Majority Asymmetry Attitudes towards Immigrants across 11 Nations,” Psicologia Politica,Vol.30,2005。
(32)参见C.Staerklé,J.Sidanius,E.G.T.Green,et al.,“Ethnic Minority‐majority Asymmetry in National Attitudes around the World:A Multilevel Analysis,”Political Psychology,Vol.31,No.4,2010。
(33)参见K.M.Dowley ,B.D.Silver ,“Subnational and National Loyalty:Cross-national Comparisons,” International Journal of Public Opinion Research,Vol.12,No.4,2000。
(34)参见 L.Rodriguez,S.J.Schwartz ,S.K.Whitbourne ,“American Identity Revisited:The Relation between National,Ethnic,and Personal Identity in a Multiethnic Sample of Emerging Adults,” Journal of Adolescent Research,Vol.25,No.2,2010。
(35)参见Devos Thierry,Mahzarin R.Banaji,“American=White?” Journal of personality and social psychology,Vol.88,No.3,2005。
(36)参见J.Sidanius ,J.R.Petrocik ,“Communal and National Identity in a Multiethnic State,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds., Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction,pp.101-129。
(37)参见Z.Elkins ,J.Sides ,“Can Institutions Build Unity in Multiethnic States?” American Political Science Review,Vol.101,No.4,2007。
(38)参见R.O.De la Garza,A.Falcon ,F.C.Garcia ,“Will the Real Americans Please Stand up:Anglo and Mexican-American Support of Core American Political Values,” American Journal of Political Science,Vol.40,No.2,1996。
(39)参见J.Citrin ,C.Wong ,B.Duff ,“The Meaning of American National Identity,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction,pp.71-100。
(40)参见 Y.J.Huo.,“Procedural Justice and Social Regulation across Group Boundaries:Does Subgroup Identity Undermine Relationship-based Governance?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,VoL.29,No.3,2003。
(41)参见Sidanius Jim,et al.“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997。
(42)参见Devos Thierry,Mahzarin R.Banaji,“American=White?”Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol.88,No.3,2005。
(43)参见 J.Sidanius ,J.R.Petrocik ,“Communal and National Identity in a Multiethnic State,” In R.D.Ashmore,L.Jussim,eds.,Social Identity,Intergroup Conflict,and Conflict Reduction, pp.101-129。
(44)参见郝亚明:《西方群际接触理论与启示》,《民族研究》2015年第3期。
(45)F.Pettigrew ,L.R.Tropp ,“How Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice?Meta-analytic Tests of Three Mediators,” European Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.38,No.6,2008。
(46)周平:《多民族国家的国家认同问题分析》,《政治学研究》2013年第1期。
(47)Frederick L.Shiels,Ethnic Separatism and World Politic,MD:University Press of America,1984,p.1.
(48)[加]威尔·金里卡著、刘曙辉译:《多民族国家中的认同政治》,《马克思主义与现实》2010年第2期。
(49)Sidanius Jim,et al.,“The Interface between Ethnic and National Attachment:Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?”The Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.61,No.1,1997.
(50)郑信哲:《论马克思主义民族平等观》,《学术界》2017年第5期。