试析古巴修宪的原因、内容及影响
摘要
最近,西半球唯一的社会主义国家古巴经过大规模修宪活动,推出了1959年革命胜利以来的第二部宪法《古巴共和国宪法》。由于新宪法涉及首次承认私有制、首次承认市场、首次实行总统任期制、重新恢复总理职位等重大内容的修改,引起国际社会高度关注,议论纷纷。表面看,此次修宪活动,是继1978年、1992年、2002年后对《1976年宪法》的第四次修订,但实质上是古巴推出了一部全新的宪法,因为新宪法不仅反映了过去40多年古巴政治、经济、社会、外交领域的重大变化,而且标志古巴共产党政府为21世纪古巴社会主义永续发展"谋篇布局",确保古巴社会主义制度不可逆、不变色。因此,此次修宪可谓是1959年古巴革命胜利以来最重大的政治改革,将对古巴未来政治体制、经济体制、社会结构和外交关系产生重大而深远的影响。
引文
① Carmen Sesin,“With Significant Constitutional Changes,Cuba's Leaders Aim for Their System's Survival.”
② 同上。
③ Kirk Semple,“New Cuba Constitution,Recognizing Private Property,Approved by Lawmakers.”
④ “Cuba's Draft Constitution Omits the Aim of Building Communism.”
⑤ Cubadebate,“A Sacred Text that will Guide Our Nation,” Jan.4,2019,http://en.cubadebate.cu/news/2019/01/04/sacred-text-that-will-guide-our-nation/.(上网时间:2019年3月12日)
(1)“Cuba dijo Sí a la nueva Constitución,” 25 de febrero de 2019,http://www.granma.cu/reforma-constitucional/2019-02-25/cuba-dijo-si-por-la-nueva-constitucion-25-02-2019-16-02-47.(上网时间:2019年3月6日)
(2)Flavia L.Dotres Sánchez,“New Constitution and 760 Changes,” February 8,2019,http://www.radioangulo.cu/en/holguin/236658-new-constitution-and-760-changes.(上网时间:2019年3月12日)
(3)“Cuba's New Constitution Preserves Communist Power,” The Economist,July 26,2018,https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2018/07/26/cubas-new-constitution-preserves-communist-power.(上网时间:2018年8月29日)
(4)Marc Frank,“Cuba's Proposed New Constitution:What will Change,”The Reuters,August 13,2018,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-constitution-explainer/cubas-proposed-new-constitution-what-will-change-idUSKBN1KY1UC.(上网时间:2018年8月19日)
(5)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out,” BBC,July 26,2018,https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44971445.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(6)Eugenio Yáňez,Frijoles y caňones,las armas del general,Mayo 1,2014,https://www.cubaencuentro.com/cuba/articulos/frijoles-y-canones-las-armas-del-general-317818.(上网时间:2018年8月27日)
(7)Editorial Board,“Cuba Makes Changes — But Ignores One of the Most Important,” The Washington Post,July 25,2018,https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cuba-makes-changes--but-ignores-one-of-the-most-important/2018/07/25/0b42ef2e-8e99-11e8-8322-b5482bf5e0f5_story.html?utm_term=.73675c075036.(上网时间:2018年8月24日)
(8)Editorial Board,“Cuba Makes Changes — But Ignores One of the Most Important,” The Washington Post,July 25,2018,https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cuba-makes-changes--but-ignores-one-of-the-most-important/2018/07/25/0b42ef2e-8e99-11e8-8322-b5482bf5e0f5_story.html?utm_term=.73675c075036.(上网时间:2018年8月24日)
(9)Kirk Semple,“New Cuba Constitution,Recognizing Private Property,Approved by Lawmakers,”The New York Times,July 22,2018,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/americas/cuba-constitution.html.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(10)“Cuba's New Constitution Preserves Communist Power,” The Economist,July 26,2018.
(11)近年古巴经济增长数据,参见CEPAl,Balance Preliminar de las Economías de América Latina y el Caribe 2017,p.99,https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/42651/117/S1701283_es.pdf.(上网时间:2018年9月1日)
(12)同上。
(13)同上,p.2.
(14)同上,p.99.
(15)同上,p.1.
(16)“Cuba Ditches Aim of Building Communism from Draft Constitution,” The Guardian,July 22,2018,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/cuba-ditches-aim-of-building-communism-from-draft-constitution.(上网时间:2018年8月23日)
(17)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(18)“Constitución de la República de Cuba,” p.3,http://www.granma.cu/file/pdf/gaceta/Nueva%20Constituci%C3%B3n%20240%20KB-1.pdf.(上网时间:2019年3月6日)
(19)Nora Gámez Torres,“Castro Proposes Changes to Constitution,Including Term Limits for President,Gay Marriage,” July 21,2018,The Miami Herald,https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article215296980.html.(2018年8月28日)
(20)同上。
(21)“Las cinco claves de los cambios que plantea Cuba en su nueva contitución,” Agencia AFP,23 de julio de 2018,https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/cambios-plantea-cuba-nueva-constitucion.html.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(22)同上。
(23)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(24)Andrea Diaz,“Cuba's New Draft Constitution Could Pave Way for Same-sex Marriage and Remove Reference to ‘Communism',” CNN,July 26,2018,https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/26/americas/cuba-constitution-gay-marriage-trnd/index.html.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(25)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(26)Editorial Board,“Cuba Makes Changes — But Ignores One of the Most Important.”
(27)同上。
(28)“Proyecto de Constitución de la República de Cuba,” p.12,http://www.granma.cu/reforma-constitucional/2018-08-22/a-la-venta-tabloide-con-el-proyecto-de-constitucion-de-la-republica-de-cuba-30-07-2018-18-07-43.(上网时间:2018年8月28日)
(29)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(30)“Las cinco claves de los cambios que plantea Cuba en su nueva contitución.”
(31)Andrea Diaz,“Cuba's New Draft Constitution Could Pave Way for Same-sex Marriage and Remove Reference to ‘Communism'.”
(32)Carmen Sesin,“With Significant Constitutional Changes,Cuba's Leaders Aim for Their System's Survival,” NBC News,July 24,2018,https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/significant-constitutional-changes-cuba-s-leaders-aim-their-system-s-n893641.(上网时间:2018年8月24日)
(33)“Cuba to Begin Constitutional Reforms to Formalise ‘Opening-up',” BBC,June 2,2018,https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44344028.(上网时间:2018年8月28日)
(34)Kirk Semple,“New Cuba Constitution,Recognizing Private Property,Approved by Lawmakers.”
(35)“Cuba's Draft Constitution Omits the Aim of Building Communism,” Al jazeera,July 22,2018,https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/cuba-draft-constitution-omits-aim-building-communism-180722133339232.html.(上网时间:2018年8月29日)
(36)Marc Frank,“Cuba's Proposed New Constitution:What will Change.”
(37)Prensa Latina,“Next Cuban Constitution Highlights Foreign Investment,” Jan.8,2019,https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=37439&SEO=next-cuban-constitution-highlights-foreign-investment.(上网时间:2019年3月12日)
② 同上。
③ Kirk Semple,“New Cuba Constitution,Recognizing Private Property,Approved by Lawmakers.”
④ “Cuba's Draft Constitution Omits the Aim of Building Communism.”
⑤ Cubadebate,“A Sacred Text that will Guide Our Nation,” Jan.4,2019,http://en.cubadebate.cu/news/2019/01/04/sacred-text-that-will-guide-our-nation/.(上网时间:2019年3月12日)
(1)“Cuba dijo Sí a la nueva Constitución,” 25 de febrero de 2019,http://www.granma.cu/reforma-constitucional/2019-02-25/cuba-dijo-si-por-la-nueva-constitucion-25-02-2019-16-02-47.(上网时间:2019年3月6日)
(2)Flavia L.Dotres Sánchez,“New Constitution and 760 Changes,” February 8,2019,http://www.radioangulo.cu/en/holguin/236658-new-constitution-and-760-changes.(上网时间:2019年3月12日)
(3)“Cuba's New Constitution Preserves Communist Power,” The Economist,July 26,2018,https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2018/07/26/cubas-new-constitution-preserves-communist-power.(上网时间:2018年8月29日)
(4)Marc Frank,“Cuba's Proposed New Constitution:What will Change,”The Reuters,August 13,2018,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-constitution-explainer/cubas-proposed-new-constitution-what-will-change-idUSKBN1KY1UC.(上网时间:2018年8月19日)
(5)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out,” BBC,July 26,2018,https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44971445.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(6)Eugenio Yáňez,Frijoles y caňones,las armas del general,Mayo 1,2014,https://www.cubaencuentro.com/cuba/articulos/frijoles-y-canones-las-armas-del-general-317818.(上网时间:2018年8月27日)
(7)Editorial Board,“Cuba Makes Changes — But Ignores One of the Most Important,” The Washington Post,July 25,2018,https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cuba-makes-changes--but-ignores-one-of-the-most-important/2018/07/25/0b42ef2e-8e99-11e8-8322-b5482bf5e0f5_story.html?utm_term=.73675c075036.(上网时间:2018年8月24日)
(8)Editorial Board,“Cuba Makes Changes — But Ignores One of the Most Important,” The Washington Post,July 25,2018,https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cuba-makes-changes--but-ignores-one-of-the-most-important/2018/07/25/0b42ef2e-8e99-11e8-8322-b5482bf5e0f5_story.html?utm_term=.73675c075036.(上网时间:2018年8月24日)
(9)Kirk Semple,“New Cuba Constitution,Recognizing Private Property,Approved by Lawmakers,”The New York Times,July 22,2018,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/americas/cuba-constitution.html.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(10)“Cuba's New Constitution Preserves Communist Power,” The Economist,July 26,2018.
(11)近年古巴经济增长数据,参见CEPAl,Balance Preliminar de las Economías de América Latina y el Caribe 2017,p.99,https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/42651/117/S1701283_es.pdf.(上网时间:2018年9月1日)
(12)同上。
(13)同上,p.2.
(14)同上,p.99.
(15)同上,p.1.
(16)“Cuba Ditches Aim of Building Communism from Draft Constitution,” The Guardian,July 22,2018,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/cuba-ditches-aim-of-building-communism-from-draft-constitution.(上网时间:2018年8月23日)
(17)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(18)“Constitución de la República de Cuba,” p.3,http://www.granma.cu/file/pdf/gaceta/Nueva%20Constituci%C3%B3n%20240%20KB-1.pdf.(上网时间:2019年3月6日)
(19)Nora Gámez Torres,“Castro Proposes Changes to Constitution,Including Term Limits for President,Gay Marriage,” July 21,2018,The Miami Herald,https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article215296980.html.(2018年8月28日)
(20)同上。
(21)“Las cinco claves de los cambios que plantea Cuba en su nueva contitución,” Agencia AFP,23 de julio de 2018,https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/cambios-plantea-cuba-nueva-constitucion.html.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(22)同上。
(23)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(24)Andrea Diaz,“Cuba's New Draft Constitution Could Pave Way for Same-sex Marriage and Remove Reference to ‘Communism',” CNN,July 26,2018,https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/26/americas/cuba-constitution-gay-marriage-trnd/index.html.(上网时间:2018年8月16日)
(25)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(26)Editorial Board,“Cuba Makes Changes — But Ignores One of the Most Important.”
(27)同上。
(28)“Proyecto de Constitución de la República de Cuba,” p.12,http://www.granma.cu/reforma-constitucional/2018-08-22/a-la-venta-tabloide-con-el-proyecto-de-constitucion-de-la-republica-de-cuba-30-07-2018-18-07-43.(上网时间:2018年8月28日)
(29)Pascal Fletcher,“Cuba's New Constitution:What's in and What's out.”
(30)“Las cinco claves de los cambios que plantea Cuba en su nueva contitución.”
(31)Andrea Diaz,“Cuba's New Draft Constitution Could Pave Way for Same-sex Marriage and Remove Reference to ‘Communism'.”
(32)Carmen Sesin,“With Significant Constitutional Changes,Cuba's Leaders Aim for Their System's Survival,” NBC News,July 24,2018,https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/significant-constitutional-changes-cuba-s-leaders-aim-their-system-s-n893641.(上网时间:2018年8月24日)
(33)“Cuba to Begin Constitutional Reforms to Formalise ‘Opening-up',” BBC,June 2,2018,https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44344028.(上网时间:2018年8月28日)
(34)Kirk Semple,“New Cuba Constitution,Recognizing Private Property,Approved by Lawmakers.”
(35)“Cuba's Draft Constitution Omits the Aim of Building Communism,” Al jazeera,July 22,2018,https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/cuba-draft-constitution-omits-aim-building-communism-180722133339232.html.(上网时间:2018年8月29日)
(36)Marc Frank,“Cuba's Proposed New Constitution:What will Change.”
(37)Prensa Latina,“Next Cuban Constitution Highlights Foreign Investment,” Jan.8,2019,https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=37439&SEO=next-cuban-constitution-highlights-foreign-investment.(上网时间:2019年3月12日)