指向计算思维能力培养的儿童编程游戏设计
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摘要
在数字时代,计算思维成为个体认识世界、解决问题的基本思维方式之一,而编程游戏是培养儿童计算思维的重要教辅材料。为此,文章分析了现有的游戏化儿童编程产品存在的问题及其原因,提出了"三步走"的解决方法。按此解决方法,文章首先解构了培养计算思维的核心能力,并确定了此能力培养的三大步骤和方式;然后,文章构建了指向计算思维能力培养的儿童编程游戏框架,并确定了与三大步骤相对应的游戏元素及应遵循的设计原则;最后,文章设计了一款儿童编程游戏——"小世界",并将该框架应用于此游戏的具体设计实践。指向计算思维能力培养的儿童编程游戏框架的构建及其在儿童编程游戏中的设计实践应用,可为培养儿童的计算思维、开发儿童编程游戏提供理论和实践参考。
In the digital age, computational thinking has become one of the fundamental thinking ways for the individual to understand the world and solve the problems, and programming games are important teaching aids materials for cultivating kids' computational thinking. Thus, this paper analyzed the problmes and causes of existing gamified programming products for kids, and proposed a "three-step" solution. According to this solution, the core ability of cultivating computational thinking was deconstructed, and three steps and methods of cultivating this ability were determined. Then, this paper constructed the framework of programming games for kids pointed to cultivating computational thinking ability. Meanwhile, the game elements and followed design principles corresponding to three steps were determined. Finally, a programming game for kids –"Small World" was designed, and the constructed framework was applied in design practice of this game. The construction of programming game for kids pointed to cultivating computational thinking ability and its practical application in programming game for kids could provide theoretical and practical reference for cultivating kids' computional thinking and developing kids' pragramming games.
In the digital age, computational thinking has become one of the fundamental thinking ways for the individual to understand the world and solve the problems, and programming games are important teaching aids materials for cultivating kids' computational thinking. Thus, this paper analyzed the problmes and causes of existing gamified programming products for kids, and proposed a "three-step" solution. According to this solution, the core ability of cultivating computational thinking was deconstructed, and three steps and methods of cultivating this ability were determined. Then, this paper constructed the framework of programming games for kids pointed to cultivating computational thinking ability. Meanwhile, the game elements and followed design principles corresponding to three steps were determined. Finally, a programming game for kids –"Small World" was designed, and the constructed framework was applied in design practice of this game. The construction of programming game for kids pointed to cultivating computational thinking ability and its practical application in programming game for kids could provide theoretical and practical reference for cultivating kids' computional thinking and developing kids' pragramming games.
引文
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[15](美)凯文·凯利著.张行舟译.失控:全人类的最终命运和结局[M].北京:新星出版社,2010:10-15.
[2]Bers M U,Ponte I,Juelich C,et al.Teachers as designers:Integrating robotics in early childhood education[J].Information Technology in Childhood Education Annual,2002,(1):123-145.
[3]CODE.课程1[OL].
[4]Lin J.How computer programming languages for kids have evolved and where they are going[OL].
[6]Liu C C,Cheng Y B,Huang C W.The effect of simulation games on the learning of computational problem solving[J].Computers&Education,2011,(3):1907-1918.
[7]Leonard J,Buss A,Gamboa R,et al.Using robotics and game design to enhance children’s self-efficacy,STEMattitudes,and computational thinking skills[J].Journal of Science Education and Technology,2016,(6):860-876.
[8](美)Jonassen D H.钟志贤,谢榕琴编译.面向问题求解的设计理论(上)[J].远程教育杂志,2004,(6):15-19.
[9]Bransford J,Stein B S.The ideal problem solver:A guide for improving thinking,learning,and creativity[M].ASeries of Books in Psychology,New York:Freeman,1984:29-30.
[10](美)Koster R著.赵俐译.游戏设计快乐之道[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2014:55-56.
[11]章益国.凡有所学,皆成性格--论多学科育人的运作机理[J].思想理论教育,2012,(3):40-44.
[12]方海宁.学生问题意识和解决问题能力的培养策略研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2008:39-50.
[13]Kelleher C,Pausch R.Lowering the barriers to programming:A survey of programming environments and languages for novice programmers[A].ACM Computing Surveys[C].Boston:ACM Press,2003:5-12.
[14]Harvey B.Why structure and interpretation of computer programs matters[OL].
[15](美)凯文·凯利著.张行舟译.失控:全人类的最终命运和结局[M].北京:新星出版社,2010:10-15.