氮肥运筹对黄壤坡耕地作物产量和土壤无机氮累积量的影响
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摘要
通过3年田间试验,探索贵州黄壤坡耕地玉米-小麦间套作体系作物增产、环境友好的适宜氮肥施用量。本研究设置6个小麦氮肥用量(N 0、90、120、150、180和240 kg/hm~2)和6个玉米氮肥用量(N 0、146、195、244、293和390 kg/hm~2),分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5表示。结果表明:玉米在0～146.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过146.25 kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米在0～243.25kg/hm~2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过243.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。小麦在0～150 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过150kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。玉米-小麦间套作在0～236.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过236.25 kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米-小麦间套作在0～315 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过315 kg/hm~2施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。3年试验周期内氮素利用率较低,不超过25%;土壤中残留无机氮随着施肥量的增加而增加,并以NO3--N为主,100 cm土体累积的NO3--N与周年施氮量呈正相关(R2=0.746 3)。N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的0～100 cm土体累积无机氮分别为275.5、301.5、292.1、366.5、431.2、616.9 kg/hm~2,N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的耕层土壤无机氮占100 cm土体内土壤无机氮的比例分别为18.1%、19.0%、27.3%、26.2%、33.9%、22.1%。耕层无机氮表聚效应较弱,而土体累积无机氮含量较高。当每年施氮量为225.6～264.6 kg/hm~2时,籽粒产量为3 784.8～3 888.2 kg/hm~2,NO3--N积累量在217.5～228.9 kg/hm~2,增施氮肥,有利于籽粒增产,土壤NO3--N积累量平均增速为0.29 kg/kg,是贵州黄壤坡耕地麦-玉间套作体系氮肥适宜施用量,更有利于黄壤区农业的可持续发展。
This study aimed to investigate a reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat-maize rotation system on yellow sloping soil to achieve an agricultural sustainability and environment-friendly nitrogen application.A field experiment was conducted to study on the environmental endurance and optimal input rate of nitrogen in a maize-wheat rotation system with different nitrogen amounts(0,146,195,244,293 and 390 kg/hm~2)in maize season and those(0,90,120,150,180 and 240 kg/hm~2)in wheat season.Results showed that the grain yield and total nitrogen accumulation in plants increased and then decreased when the nitrogen application rate was continuously increased.Annual nitrogen use efficiency was less than 25%.Most of nitrogen that resided in soil were NO3--N,which increased with increasing nitrogen application rate.Indeed,there was a positive correlation(R2=0.746 3)between the accumulated NO3--N in 0 ～ 100 cm soil and annual nitrogen rate.Nitrogen in the surface soil was indiscernibly,while that in 0 ～ 100 cm depth of soil was considerably affected by nitrogen application rate.The annual yield was 3 784.8 ～ 3 888.2 kg/hm~2 and the annual accumulated NO3--N in the 0 ～ 100 cm depth of yellow sloping soil was 217.5 ～ 228.9 kg/hm~2 when annual nitrogen application rate was increased in the range of 225.6 ～ 264.6 kg/hm~2.Results suggested that increasing nitrogen fertilizer in the aforementioned range only resulted in the increase of accumulated NO3--N in 0 ～ 100 cm depth of soil at an average rate of 0.29 kg/kg,and thus,which can be optimal nitrogen application rate to the wheat-maize rotation system for sustainable agricultural development in areas with yellow sloping soil.
This study aimed to investigate a reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat-maize rotation system on yellow sloping soil to achieve an agricultural sustainability and environment-friendly nitrogen application.A field experiment was conducted to study on the environmental endurance and optimal input rate of nitrogen in a maize-wheat rotation system with different nitrogen amounts(0,146,195,244,293 and 390 kg/hm~2)in maize season and those(0,90,120,150,180 and 240 kg/hm~2)in wheat season.Results showed that the grain yield and total nitrogen accumulation in plants increased and then decreased when the nitrogen application rate was continuously increased.Annual nitrogen use efficiency was less than 25%.Most of nitrogen that resided in soil were NO3--N,which increased with increasing nitrogen application rate.Indeed,there was a positive correlation(R2=0.746 3)between the accumulated NO3--N in 0 ～ 100 cm soil and annual nitrogen rate.Nitrogen in the surface soil was indiscernibly,while that in 0 ～ 100 cm depth of soil was considerably affected by nitrogen application rate.The annual yield was 3 784.8 ～ 3 888.2 kg/hm~2 and the annual accumulated NO3--N in the 0 ～ 100 cm depth of yellow sloping soil was 217.5 ～ 228.9 kg/hm~2 when annual nitrogen application rate was increased in the range of 225.6 ～ 264.6 kg/hm~2.Results suggested that increasing nitrogen fertilizer in the aforementioned range only resulted in the increase of accumulated NO3--N in 0 ～ 100 cm depth of soil at an average rate of 0.29 kg/kg,and thus,which can be optimal nitrogen application rate to the wheat-maize rotation system for sustainable agricultural development in areas with yellow sloping soil.
引文
[1]张小勇.丹江口库区坡耕地玉米-小麦轮作制度下土壤氮、磷养分流失特征与主控因素研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
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[4]陈维梁,高扬,林勇明,等.紫色土坡耕地氮淋溶过程及其环境健康效应[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2129-2138.
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[12]宿敏敏,黄珊瑜,赵光明,等.黑龙江垦区农户水稻管理现状与对策分析[J].北方水稻,2009,429(2):28-32.
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[16]李渝,张雅蓉,张文安,等.贵州黄壤地区不同施肥处理及降雨量对玉米产量的影响[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(1):230-235.
[17]范成五,罗益,王文华,等.不同管理措施对黄壤坡耕地径流氮输出的控制效果[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1948-1955.
[18]张邦喜,范成五,王萍,等.施氮对黄壤坡地玉/麦轮作体系氮素环境承受力的影响[J].西南农业学报,2015,28(6):2592-2598.
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[20]张邦喜,范成五,罗文海,等.不同施肥模式下黄壤旱地土壤碳氮储量分布特征[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(5):750-756.
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[22]张喜林,周宝库,孙磊,等.长期施用化肥和有机肥料对黑土酸度的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):1221-1223.
[23]黄兴成,石孝均,李渝,等.基础地力对黄壤区粮油高产、稳产和可持续生产的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(8):1476-1485.
[24]徐春丽,谢军,王珂,等.西南地区玉米产量对基础地力和施肥的响应[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(1):129-138.
[25]刘彦伶,李渝,张雅蓉,等.长期氮磷钾肥配施对贵州黄壤玉米产量和土壤养分可持续性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3581-3588.
[26]杜红,杜峰.石河子垦区日照时数变化及对农作物的影响[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2011,5(1):49-52.
[27]刘丽,吴俊铭,徐永灵.贵州小麦生长与光能资源的关系研究[J].贵州气象,2003,27(5):8-12.
[28]吴丽华,杨文雄,邓岑.贵州玉平县53a日照时数变化特征分析[J].贵州气象,2015,39(3):39-42.
[29]姚晓兰,吴就勇,杨胜海.贵州三穗近54年日照时数气候变化特征分析[J].新农村,2012,(11):1-2.
[30]杨绍聪,吕艳玲,沐婵,等.抚仙湖北部农田区不同施肥对水稻产量、氮素吸收及利用率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(15):1-6.
[31]郑海金,胡建民,黄鹏飞,等.红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):41-45.
[32]杨婷婷,王庆惠,陈波浪,等.不同施氮水平对库尔勒香梨园土壤无机氮分布的影响[J].经济林研究,2017,35(4):80-89.
[33]栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(6):1358-1365.
[34]孟建,李雁鸣,党红凯.施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收利用、土壤中硝态氮积累和籽粒产量的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2007,30(2):1-5.
[35]刘海隆,蒋太明,刘洪斌,等.不同土地利用方式对岩溶山区旱坡地土壤水分时空分异的影响[J].土壤学报,2005,42(3):428-433.
[36]蒋太明,魏朝富,谢德体,等.贵州中部喀斯特地区黄壤持水性能的研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):25-29.
[37]吴艳香.土壤氨挥发方法优选及不同pH值的影响[J].贵州科学,2017,35(5):85-90.
[38]巨晓棠,谷保静.氮素管理指标[J].土壤学报,2017,54(2):281-296.
[39]陈正刚,朱青,王文华,等.贵州高海拔地区氮磷钾平衡施肥对小麦产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2006,34(4),39-41.
[40]孙世友,刘孟朝,张国印,等.不同氮肥措施对小麦-玉米轮作农田无机氮分布和累积的影响[J].华北农学报,2011,26(增刊):94-98.
[41]侯云鹏,尹彩侠,孔丽丽,等.氮肥对吉林玉米产量、农学效率和氮养分平衡的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(6):93-98.
[42]赵春晓,郑海春,郜翻身,等.不同处理对河套灌区玉米土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态及氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017,(6):99-105.
[2]范振义.控释肥对坡耕地小麦-玉米生长及径流氮、磷养分流失的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2013.
[3]闫建梅,何丙辉,田太强.不同施肥与耕作对紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀及氮素流失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(20):4027-4035.
[4]陈维梁,高扬,林勇明,等.紫色土坡耕地氮淋溶过程及其环境健康效应[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2129-2138.
[5]赵亚南,宿敏敏,吕阳,等.减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(4):864-873.
[6]Su M M,Kuang F H,Lv Y,et al.Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from paddy soils in southwest China[J].Geoderma Regional,2017,8:1-11.
[7]宿敏敏,王晓军,高洪生.耕作措施与氮肥对黑土流失及氮损失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):1-9.
[8]王金洪.贵州省杂交玉米区试现状、存在问题及对策探讨[J].种子,2010,29(8):108-110.
[9]于丽艳,穆月英.我国玉米地区比较优势研究[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(28):236-239.
[10]Jia X P,Huang J K,Xiang C,et al.Farmer’s adoption of improved nitrogen management strategies in maize production in China:an experimental knowledge training[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(2):364-373.
[11]Zhang W F,Cao G X,Li X L,et al.Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers[J].Nature,2016,537:671-674.
[12]宿敏敏,黄珊瑜,赵光明,等.黑龙江垦区农户水稻管理现状与对策分析[J].北方水稻,2009,429(2):28-32.
[13]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.
[14]Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106(9):3041-3046.
[15]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327(19):1008-1010.
[16]李渝,张雅蓉,张文安,等.贵州黄壤地区不同施肥处理及降雨量对玉米产量的影响[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(1):230-235.
[17]范成五,罗益,王文华,等.不同管理措施对黄壤坡耕地径流氮输出的控制效果[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1948-1955.
[18]张邦喜,范成五,王萍,等.施氮对黄壤坡地玉/麦轮作体系氮素环境承受力的影响[J].西南农业学报,2015,28(6):2592-2598.
[19]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[20]张邦喜,范成五,罗文海,等.不同施肥模式下黄壤旱地土壤碳氮储量分布特征[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(5):750-756.
[21]Huang S,Zhang W,Yu X,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on corn productivity and its sustainability in an Ultisol of Southern China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2010,138(1/2):44-50.
[22]张喜林,周宝库,孙磊,等.长期施用化肥和有机肥料对黑土酸度的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):1221-1223.
[23]黄兴成,石孝均,李渝,等.基础地力对黄壤区粮油高产、稳产和可持续生产的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(8):1476-1485.
[24]徐春丽,谢军,王珂,等.西南地区玉米产量对基础地力和施肥的响应[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(1):129-138.
[25]刘彦伶,李渝,张雅蓉,等.长期氮磷钾肥配施对贵州黄壤玉米产量和土壤养分可持续性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3581-3588.
[26]杜红,杜峰.石河子垦区日照时数变化及对农作物的影响[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2011,5(1):49-52.
[27]刘丽,吴俊铭,徐永灵.贵州小麦生长与光能资源的关系研究[J].贵州气象,2003,27(5):8-12.
[28]吴丽华,杨文雄,邓岑.贵州玉平县53a日照时数变化特征分析[J].贵州气象,2015,39(3):39-42.
[29]姚晓兰,吴就勇,杨胜海.贵州三穗近54年日照时数气候变化特征分析[J].新农村,2012,(11):1-2.
[30]杨绍聪,吕艳玲,沐婵,等.抚仙湖北部农田区不同施肥对水稻产量、氮素吸收及利用率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(15):1-6.
[31]郑海金,胡建民,黄鹏飞,等.红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):41-45.
[32]杨婷婷,王庆惠,陈波浪,等.不同施氮水平对库尔勒香梨园土壤无机氮分布的影响[J].经济林研究,2017,35(4):80-89.
[33]栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(6):1358-1365.
[34]孟建,李雁鸣,党红凯.施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收利用、土壤中硝态氮积累和籽粒产量的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2007,30(2):1-5.
[35]刘海隆,蒋太明,刘洪斌,等.不同土地利用方式对岩溶山区旱坡地土壤水分时空分异的影响[J].土壤学报,2005,42(3):428-433.
[36]蒋太明,魏朝富,谢德体,等.贵州中部喀斯特地区黄壤持水性能的研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):25-29.
[37]吴艳香.土壤氨挥发方法优选及不同pH值的影响[J].贵州科学,2017,35(5):85-90.
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