叶尔羌河下游河岸胡杨种群长势与植物多样性对淹灌的响应评估
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摘要
通过定量研究叶尔羌河下游河岸胡杨(Populus euphratica)种群长势与植物多样性对淹灌的响应,为优化叶尔羌河流域水资源管理与生态保护实践提供理论依据。于2016—2018年3次调查叶尔羌河下游植被数据,采用Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和重要值等指标分析植被对淹灌的响应。结果表明,淹灌2 a后,叶尔羌河下游河岸胡杨Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分别增加124. 8%、119. 6%和246. 9%,且新增喜湿和一年生草本植物等12种,植被盖度为42. 5%,增幅达112. 5%。研究区胡杨林为中老龄,胡杨长势没有恶化,中等级以上胡杨林增加3. 9%,胡杨平均枝下高下降7. 7%。随着距生态闸口距离的增加,植物密度和多样性均有减小趋势,但距生态闸口距离450 m处植物多样性和植物密度较高,与150、300和600 m处差异显著(P<0. 05),在150和300 m处优势种为苦豆子和芦苇等一年生草本和喜湿植物,在450 m范围外优势种则为胡杨、柽柳和耐旱多年生草本。2 a的淹灌工程遏制了胡杨林退化趋势,植物多样性和植被盖度显著提高,同时荒漠河岸林植物群落在450 m范围内更新能力得到增强,生物多样性得到保护。为维持目前生态好转趋势,应继续实施淹灌工程。
By quantitatively studying the response of Populus euphratica population growth and plant diversity to flooding irrigation in lower reaches of Yarkant River basin,a theoretical basis for optimizing water resource management regulation and ecological protection practice in Yarkant River Basin is provided. From 2016 to 2018,Three visits were paid to the lower reaches of Yarkant River to obtain vegetation survey data,and to analyze the response of Populus euphratica population to flooding irrigation with the aid of Pielou index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and important values. The results show that after 2 a of flooding irrigation the Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index increased by124. 8%,119. 6% and 246. 9% for Populus euphratica forest in lower reaches of Yarkant River,respectively,and 12 new species of hygrophilous and annual herbaceous plants were found,and vegetation coverage rate was 42. 5%,increased by112. 5%. Populus euphratica forest in the study area were medium aged,growth of Populus euphratica did not deteriorate,growth of Populus euphratica forest above medium grade increased by 3. 9 %,and the height under the crown of Pop-ulus euphratica decreased by 7. 7%. With the increase of distance from ecological gate,plant density and diversity had a decreasing trend,but 450 m distance from ecological gate the plant diversity and plant density was significantly higher than that of the plants with 150,300 and 600 m from ecological gate(P < 0. 05). The dominant species at 150 and 300 m in distance to the ecological gate were annual herbaceous and hygrophilous plant such as Sophora alopecuroides and Phrag-mites australis,etc. Outside the range of 450 m in distance the dominant species were Populus euphratica,Tamarix ra-mosissima and drought-tolerant perennial herbaceous. The 2 a flooding irrigation project ended the tendency of Populus eu-phratica forest degradation,and significantly improved plant diversity and vegetation coverage. At the same time,plant community of desert riparian forest has enhanced its ability to renew within 450 m in distance to the irrigation gate,and biodiversity has been protected. In order to maintain current trend of ecological improvement,flooding irrigation projects should be continued.
By quantitatively studying the response of Populus euphratica population growth and plant diversity to flooding irrigation in lower reaches of Yarkant River basin,a theoretical basis for optimizing water resource management regulation and ecological protection practice in Yarkant River Basin is provided. From 2016 to 2018,Three visits were paid to the lower reaches of Yarkant River to obtain vegetation survey data,and to analyze the response of Populus euphratica population to flooding irrigation with the aid of Pielou index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and important values. The results show that after 2 a of flooding irrigation the Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index increased by124. 8%,119. 6% and 246. 9% for Populus euphratica forest in lower reaches of Yarkant River,respectively,and 12 new species of hygrophilous and annual herbaceous plants were found,and vegetation coverage rate was 42. 5%,increased by112. 5%. Populus euphratica forest in the study area were medium aged,growth of Populus euphratica did not deteriorate,growth of Populus euphratica forest above medium grade increased by 3. 9 %,and the height under the crown of Pop-ulus euphratica decreased by 7. 7%. With the increase of distance from ecological gate,plant density and diversity had a decreasing trend,but 450 m distance from ecological gate the plant diversity and plant density was significantly higher than that of the plants with 150,300 and 600 m from ecological gate(P < 0. 05). The dominant species at 150 and 300 m in distance to the ecological gate were annual herbaceous and hygrophilous plant such as Sophora alopecuroides and Phrag-mites australis,etc. Outside the range of 450 m in distance the dominant species were Populus euphratica,Tamarix ra-mosissima and drought-tolerant perennial herbaceous. The 2 a flooding irrigation project ended the tendency of Populus eu-phratica forest degradation,and significantly improved plant diversity and vegetation coverage. At the same time,plant community of desert riparian forest has enhanced its ability to renew within 450 m in distance to the irrigation gate,and biodiversity has been protected. In order to maintain current trend of ecological improvement,flooding irrigation projects should be continued.
引文
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[21]张云霞,李晓兵,陈云浩.草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):85-93.[ZHANG Yun-xia,LI Xiao-bing,CHEN Yun-hao. Overview of Field and Multi-Scale Remote Sensing Measurement Approaches to Grassland Vegetation Coverage[J]. Advances in Earth Sciences,2003,18(1):85-93.]
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[23]方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,等.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范[J].生物多样性,2009,17(6):533-548.[FANG Jing-yun,WANG Xiang-ping,SHEN Ze-hao,et al. Methods and Protocols for Plant Community Inventory[J]. Biodiversity Science,2009,17(6):533-548.]
[24]李卫红,徐海量,艾合买提·那尤甫.塔里木河下游输水与生态恢复监测初报[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(2):122-128.[LI Wei-hong,XU Hai-liang,Aihemaiti NAYUP. Preliminary Report of Water Transportation and Ecological Restoration in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography,2003,26(2):122-128.]
[25]徐海量,叶茂,李吉玫,等.河水漫溢对荒漠河岸林植物群落生态特征的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):4990-4998.[XU Hai-liang,YE Mao,LI Ji-mei,et al. The Influence of the River Flooding Disturbance on the Native Vegetation Restoration in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(12):4990-4998.]
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[2]陆海曙.基于博弈论的流域水资源利用冲突及初始水权分配研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.[LU Hai-shu. Research on the Utilizing Conflict of Water Resources and Initial Water Right Allocation in a River Basin on Game Theory[D]. Nanjing:Hohai University,2007.]
[3]蔡立新,李娜,丁春元.为了千年胡杨重现生机:新疆多措并举推进塔里木河流域胡杨林生态保护行动[J].新疆林业,2017(4):7-9.
[4]陈芙蓉,程积民,刘伟,等.不同干扰对黄土区典型草原物种多样性和生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2856-2866.[CHEN Fu-rong,CHENG Ji-min,LIU Wei,et al. Effects of Different Disturbances on Diversity and Biomass of Communities in the Typical Steppe of Loess Region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(9):2856-2866.]
[5] TREBINO H J. CHANETON E J,LEON R J. Flooding,Topography,and Successional Age as Determinants of Species Diversity in Old-Field Vegetation[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany,1996,74(4):582-588.
[6] BASKIN C C,BASKIN J M. Seeds:Ecology,Biogeography,and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination[M]. San Diego,USA:Academic Press,1998:11-14.
[7] JESSICA E P,ANDREW H B. Seeding Emergence From Seed Banks of Tidal Fresh Water Wetlands:Response to Inundation and Sedimentation[J]. Aquatic Botany,2004,78(3):243-254.
[8] FLORENTINE S K,WESTBROOKE M E. Invasion of the Noxious Weed Nicotiana Glauca R. Graham After an Episodic Flooding Event in the Arid Zone of Australia[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2005,60(4):531-545.
[9] CONNELl J H. Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs[J]. Science,1978,199:1302-1310.
[10] HUSTON M A. A General Hypothesis of Species Diversity[J].The American Naturalist,1979,113(1):81-101.
[11] POLLOCK M M,NAIMAN R J,HANLEY T A. Plant Species Richness in Riparian Wetlands:A Test of Biodiversity Theory[J]. Ecology,1998,79(1):94-105.
[12]安红燕,叶茂,徐海量,等.塔里木河下游胡杨径向生长量对生态输水的响应[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(4):957-962.[AN Hong-yan,YE Mao,XU Hai-liang,et al. Response of Radial Increment of Populus euphratica to Ecological Water Conveyance in Lower Reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(4):957-962.]
[13]王蕾,罗磊,刘鹏,等.塔里木河中下游水分干扰对胡杨林群落物种多样性的影响[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1275-1281.[WANG Lei,LUO Lei,LIU Peng,et al. Biodiversity of Populus euphratica Communities Under Water Disturbance in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Arid Region Geography,2016,39(6):1275-1281.]
[14]张绘芳,李霞.塔里木河下游胡杨种群空间分布格局分析[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(10):2125-2130.[ZHANG Hui-fang,LI Xia. Spatial Distribution Pattern Analysis of Populus euphratica Populations in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2006,26(10):2125-2130.]
[15]叶茂,徐海量,龚君君,等.不同胸径胡杨径向生长的合理生态水位研究[J].地理科学,2011,31(2):172-177.[YE Mao,XU Hai-liang,GONG Jun-jun,et al. Rational Ecological Groundwater Level of Populus euphratica With Different Diameter in Lower Reaches of Tarim River[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(2):172-177.]
[16]杨丽雯,何秉宇,黄培祐,等.和田河流域天然胡杨林的生态服务价值评估[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):681-689.[YANG Li-wen,HE Bing-yu,HUANG Pei-you,et al. Assessment of Ecological Service Values for Native Populus euphratica Forest in Khotan Watershed[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(3):681-689.]
[17]海鹰,张立运,李卫.《新疆植被及其利用》专著中未曾记载的植物群落类型[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(4):413-419.[HAI Ying,ZHANG Li-yun,LI Wei. Plant Communities Excluded From the Book"The Vegetation and Its Utilization in Xinjiang"[J]. Arid Land Geography,2003,26(4):413-419.]
[18]买尔当·克依木.不同长势及年龄组胡杨的茎流日变化特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2014.[MAIERDANG Keyimu.Study on Diurnal Sap Flow Change of Populus euphratica With Different Age and Vitality Group[D]. Urumchi:Xinjiang University,2014.]
[19]汪飞,玉米提·哈力克,B. Conradie,等.塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨枝下高对应急输水的响应[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(1):286-291.[WANG Fei,UMUT Halik,CONRADIE B,et al. Under Crown Height of Populus euphratica along the Arghan Section in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River in Response to the Emergency Water Transportation[J]. Ecology and Environment,2009,18(1):286-291.]
[20]录叙德,安佳文,任伯建.塔里木盆地胡杨林航视调查报告[J].新疆林业,1980(6):1-9,45-47.
[21]张云霞,李晓兵,陈云浩.草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):85-93.[ZHANG Yun-xia,LI Xiao-bing,CHEN Yun-hao. Overview of Field and Multi-Scale Remote Sensing Measurement Approaches to Grassland Vegetation Coverage[J]. Advances in Earth Sciences,2003,18(1):85-93.]
[22]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究:Ⅱ.丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.[MA Ke-ping,HUANG Jian-hui,YU Shun-li,et al. Plant Community Diversity in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,China:Ⅱ. Species Richness,Eveness and Species Diversities[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(3):268-277.]
[23]方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,等.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范[J].生物多样性,2009,17(6):533-548.[FANG Jing-yun,WANG Xiang-ping,SHEN Ze-hao,et al. Methods and Protocols for Plant Community Inventory[J]. Biodiversity Science,2009,17(6):533-548.]
[24]李卫红,徐海量,艾合买提·那尤甫.塔里木河下游输水与生态恢复监测初报[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(2):122-128.[LI Wei-hong,XU Hai-liang,Aihemaiti NAYUP. Preliminary Report of Water Transportation and Ecological Restoration in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography,2003,26(2):122-128.]
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